The empire of the fun, or talkin' Soviet Union blues: The sound of freedom and U.S. cultural hegemony in Europe

Diplomatic History

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 499-524

  Wagnleitner, Reinhold ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0042783390     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/0145-2096.00179     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Jacques Le Goff, "Les mentalites: Une histoire ambigue" [Mentalities: An ambiguous history], in Faire de l'histoire [Making history], ed. Jacques Le Goff and Pierre Nora (Paris, 1974), vol. 3.
2. Rob Kroes, If You've Seen One, You've Seen the Mall: Europeans and American Mass Culture (Chicago, 1997), ix-xiv and 1-42; Reinhold Wagnleitner, Coca-Colonization and the Cold War: The Cultural Mission of the United States in Austria after the Second World War (Chapel Hill, 1994), ix-xiv and 1-45.
3. Rob Kroes, If You've Seen One, You've Seen the Mall: Europeans and American Mass Culture (Chicago, 1997), ix-xiv and 1-42; Reinhold Wagnleitner, Coca-Colonization and the Cold War: The Cultural Mission of the United States in Austria after the Second World War (Chapel Hill, 1994), ix-xiv and 1-45.
4. Lars Haider, "Das Fernsehen läßt die Riesen wachsen" [Television makes the giants grow], in Kicker Sportmagazin 96 (1993). See Wolfgang Braun, "Where have you gone, Joe DiMaggio? Die Geschichte der US-Teamsportarten und ihre Verbreitung in Europa" [Where have you gone to Joe DiMaggio? The history of U.S. team sports and their dissemination in Europe] (M.A. thesis, University of Salzburg, 1994).
5. Lars Haider, "Das Fernsehen läßt die Riesen wachsen" [Television makes the giants grow], in Kicker Sportmagazin 96 (1993). See Wolfgang Braun, "Where have you gone, Joe DiMaggio? Die Geschichte der US-Teamsportarten und ihre Verbreitung in Europa" [Where have you gone to Joe DiMaggio? The history of U.S. team sports and their dissemination in Europe] (M.A. thesis, University of Salzburg, 1994).
6. Newsweek, 13 April, 1992, 14.
7. "Die Europaeer haben Mickey-Maus ins Herz geschlossen" [The Europeans have fallen in love with Mickey Mouse], Die Presse, 28 April 1998.
8. Howard Temperley and Malcolm Bradbury, eds., Introduction to American Studies, 2d ed. (London, 1989), 303; Geir Lundestad, The American Empire (New York, 1990), 40.
9. Howard Temperley and Malcolm Bradbury, eds., Introduction to American Studies, 2d ed. (London, 1989), 303; Geir Lundestad, The American Empire (New York, 1990), 40.
10. See David W. Ellwood and Rob Kroes, eds., Hollywood in Europe: Experiences of a Cultural Hegemony (Amsterdam, 1994); Mike-Frank G. Epitropoulos and Victor Roudometof, eds., American Culture in Europe: Interdisciplinary Prespectives (New York, 1998); Lary May, "Made for Export: Hollywood and the Creation of Cold War Americanism, 1940-1958," in Empire: American Studies, ed. John G. Blair and Reinhold Wagnleitner (Tuebingen, 1997), 91-121.
11. See David W. Ellwood and Rob Kroes, eds., Hollywood in Europe: Experiences of a Cultural Hegemony (Amsterdam, 1994); Mike-Frank G. Epitropoulos and Victor Roudometof, eds., American Culture in Europe: Interdisciplinary Prespectives (New York, 1998); Lary May, "Made for Export: Hollywood and the Creation of Cold War Americanism, 1940-1958," in Empire: American Studies, ed. John G. Blair and Reinhold Wagnleitner (Tuebingen, 1997), 91-121.
12. See David W. Ellwood and Rob Kroes, eds., Hollywood in Europe: Experiences of a Cultural Hegemony (Amsterdam, 1994); Mike-Frank G. Epitropoulos and Victor Roudometof, eds., American Culture in Europe: Interdisciplinary Prespectives (New York, 1998); Lary May, "Made for Export: Hollywood and the Creation of Cold War Americanism, 1940-1958," in Empire: American Studies, ed. John G. Blair and Reinhold Wagnleitner (Tuebingen, 1997), 91-121.
13. Most recently Kyoko Hirano, Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo. Japanese Cinema under the American Occupation, 1945-1952 (Washington, 1992); Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993); Wagnleitner, Coca-Colonization; Ralph Willett, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989); Roger Rollin, ed., The Americanization of the Global Village: Essays in Comparative Popular Culture (Bowling Green, 1989); Timothy Ryback, Rock around the Bloc: A History of Rock Music in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (New York, 1990); Steven F. White, Progressive Renaissance: America and the Reconstruction of Italian Education, 1943-1962 (New York, 1991); Nicholas Haiducek, Japanese Education: Made in the U.S.A. (New York, 1991); Rob Kroes, Robert W. Rydell, and Doeko F. J. Bosscher, eds., Cultural Transmissions and Receptions: American Mass Culture in Europe (Amsterdam, 1993); Richard P. Horwitz, ed., Exporting America: Essays on American Studies Abroad (New York, 1993); David H. Flaherty and Frank E. Manning, eds., The Beaver Bites Back? American Popular Culture in Canada (Montreal, 1993); Scott Shane, Dismantling the Iron Curtain: How Information Ended the Soviet Union (Chicago, 1994); Philip H. Melling and Jon Roper, eds., Americanization and the Transformation of World Cultures: Melting Pot or Cultural Chernobyl? (New York, 1996); Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1954-1961 (New York, 1997); and Richard F. Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York, 1997).
14. Most recently Kyoko Hirano, Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo. Japanese Cinema under the American Occupation, 1945-1952 (Washington, 1992); Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993); Wagnleitner, Coca-Colonization; Ralph Willett, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989); Roger Rollin, ed., The Americanization of the Global Village: Essays in Comparative Popular Culture (Bowling Green, 1989); Timothy Ryback, Rock around the Bloc: A History of Rock Music in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (New York, 1990); Steven F. White, Progressive Renaissance: America and the Reconstruction of Italian Education, 1943-1962 (New York, 1991); Nicholas Haiducek, Japanese Education: Made in the U.S.A. (New York, 1991); Rob Kroes, Robert W. Rydell, and Doeko F. J. Bosscher, eds., Cultural Transmissions and Receptions: American Mass Culture in Europe (Amsterdam, 1993); Richard P. Horwitz, ed., Exporting America: Essays on American Studies Abroad (New York, 1993); David H. Flaherty and Frank E. Manning, eds., The Beaver Bites Back? American Popular Culture in Canada (Montreal, 1993); Scott Shane, Dismantling the Iron Curtain: How Information Ended the Soviet Union (Chicago, 1994); Philip H. Melling and Jon Roper, eds., Americanization and the Transformation of World Cultures: Melting Pot or Cultural Chernobyl? (New York, 1996); Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1954-1961 (New York, 1997); and Richard F. Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York, 1997).
15. Most recently Kyoko Hirano, Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo. Japanese Cinema under the American Occupation, 1945-1952 (Washington, 1992); Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993); Wagnleitner, Coca-Colonization; Ralph Willett, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989); Roger Rollin, ed., The Americanization of the Global Village: Essays in Comparative Popular Culture (Bowling Green, 1989); Timothy Ryback, Rock around the Bloc: A History of Rock Music in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (New York, 1990); Steven F. White, Progressive Renaissance: America and the Reconstruction of Italian Education, 1943-1962 (New York, 1991); Nicholas Haiducek, Japanese Education: Made in the U.S.A. (New York, 1991); Rob Kroes, Robert W. Rydell, and Doeko F. J. Bosscher, eds., Cultural Transmissions and Receptions: American Mass Culture in Europe (Amsterdam, 1993); Richard P. Horwitz, ed., Exporting America: Essays on American Studies Abroad (New York, 1993); David H. Flaherty and Frank E. Manning, eds., The Beaver Bites Back? American Popular Culture in Canada (Montreal, 1993); Scott Shane, Dismantling the Iron Curtain: How Information Ended the Soviet Union (Chicago, 1994); Philip H. Melling and Jon Roper, eds., Americanization and the Transformation of World Cultures: Melting Pot or Cultural Chernobyl? (New York, 1996); Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1954-1961 (New York, 1997); and Richard F. Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York, 1997).
16. Most recently Kyoko Hirano, Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo. Japanese Cinema under the American Occupation, 1945-1952 (Washington, 1992); Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993); Wagnleitner, Coca-Colonization; Ralph Willett, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989); Roger Rollin, ed., The Americanization of the Global Village: Essays in Comparative Popular Culture (Bowling Green, 1989); Timothy Ryback, Rock around the Bloc: A History of Rock Music in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (New York, 1990); Steven F. White, Progressive Renaissance: America and the Reconstruction of Italian Education, 1943-1962 (New York, 1991); Nicholas Haiducek, Japanese Education: Made in the U.S.A. (New York, 1991); Rob Kroes, Robert W. Rydell, and Doeko F. J. Bosscher, eds., Cultural Transmissions and Receptions: American Mass Culture in Europe (Amsterdam, 1993); Richard P. Horwitz, ed., Exporting America: Essays on American Studies Abroad (New York, 1993); David H. Flaherty and Frank E. Manning, eds., The Beaver Bites Back? American Popular Culture in Canada (Montreal, 1993); Scott Shane, Dismantling the Iron Curtain: How Information Ended the Soviet Union (Chicago, 1994); Philip H. Melling and Jon Roper, eds., Americanization and the Transformation of World Cultures: Melting Pot or Cultural Chernobyl? (New York, 1996); Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1954-1961 (New York, 1997); and Richard F. Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York, 1997).
17. Most recently Kyoko Hirano, Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo. Japanese Cinema under the American Occupation, 1945-1952 (Washington, 1992); Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993); Wagnleitner, Coca-Colonization; Ralph Willett, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989); Roger Rollin, ed., The Americanization of the Global Village: Essays in Comparative Popular Culture (Bowling Green, 1989); Timothy Ryback, Rock around the Bloc: A History of Rock Music in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (New York, 1990); Steven F. White, Progressive Renaissance: America and the Reconstruction of Italian Education, 1943-1962 (New York, 1991); Nicholas Haiducek, Japanese Education: Made in the U.S.A. (New York, 1991); Rob Kroes, Robert W. Rydell, and Doeko F. J. Bosscher, eds., Cultural Transmissions and Receptions: American Mass Culture in Europe (Amsterdam, 1993); Richard P. Horwitz, ed., Exporting America: Essays on American Studies Abroad (New York, 1993); David H. Flaherty and Frank E. Manning, eds., The Beaver Bites Back? American Popular Culture in Canada (Montreal, 1993); Scott Shane, Dismantling the Iron Curtain: How Information Ended the Soviet Union (Chicago, 1994); Philip H. Melling and Jon Roper, eds., Americanization and the Transformation of World Cultures: Melting Pot or Cultural Chernobyl? (New York, 1996); Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1954-1961 (New York, 1997); and Richard F. Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York, 1997).
18. Most recently Kyoko Hirano, Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo. Japanese Cinema under the American Occupation, 1945-1952 (Washington, 1992); Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993); Wagnleitner, Coca-Colonization; Ralph Willett, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989); Roger Rollin, ed., The Americanization of the Global Village: Essays in Comparative Popular Culture (Bowling Green, 1989); Timothy Ryback, Rock around the Bloc: A History of Rock Music in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (New York, 1990); Steven F. White, Progressive Renaissance: America and the Reconstruction of Italian Education, 1943-1962 (New York, 1991); Nicholas Haiducek, Japanese Education: Made in the U.S.A. (New York, 1991); Rob Kroes, Robert W. Rydell, and Doeko F. J. Bosscher, eds., Cultural Transmissions and Receptions: American Mass Culture in Europe (Amsterdam, 1993); Richard P. Horwitz, ed., Exporting America: Essays on American Studies Abroad (New York, 1993); David H. Flaherty and Frank E. Manning, eds., The Beaver Bites Back? American Popular Culture in Canada (Montreal, 1993); Scott Shane, Dismantling the Iron Curtain: How Information Ended the Soviet Union (Chicago, 1994); Philip H. Melling and Jon Roper, eds., Americanization and the Transformation of World Cultures: Melting Pot or Cultural Chernobyl? (New York, 1996); Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1954-1961 (New York, 1997); and Richard F. Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York, 1997).
19. Most recently Kyoko Hirano, Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo. Japanese Cinema under the American Occupation, 1945-1952 (Washington, 1992); Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993); Wagnleitner, Coca-Colonization; Ralph Willett, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989); Roger Rollin, ed., The Americanization of the Global Village: Essays in Comparative Popular Culture (Bowling Green, 1989); Timothy Ryback, Rock around the Bloc: A History of Rock Music in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (New York, 1990); Steven F. White, Progressive Renaissance: America and the Reconstruction of Italian Education, 1943-1962 (New York, 1991); Nicholas Haiducek, Japanese Education: Made in the U.S.A. (New York, 1991); Rob Kroes, Robert W. Rydell, and Doeko F. J. Bosscher, eds., Cultural Transmissions and Receptions: American Mass Culture in Europe (Amsterdam, 1993); Richard P. Horwitz, ed., Exporting America: Essays on American Studies Abroad (New York, 1993); David H. Flaherty and Frank E. Manning, eds., The Beaver Bites Back? American Popular Culture in Canada (Montreal, 1993); Scott Shane, Dismantling the Iron Curtain: How Information Ended the Soviet Union (Chicago, 1994); Philip H. Melling and Jon Roper, eds., Americanization and the Transformation of World Cultures: Melting Pot or Cultural Chernobyl? (New York, 1996); Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1954-1961 (New York, 1997); and Richard F. Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York, 1997).
20. Most recently Kyoko Hirano, Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo. Japanese Cinema under the American Occupation, 1945-1952 (Washington, 1992); Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993); Wagnleitner, Coca-Colonization; Ralph Willett, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989); Roger Rollin, ed., The Americanization of the Global Village: Essays in Comparative Popular Culture (Bowling Green, 1989); Timothy Ryback, Rock around the Bloc: A History of Rock Music in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (New York, 1990); Steven F. White, Progressive Renaissance: America and the Reconstruction of Italian Education, 1943-1962 (New York, 1991); Nicholas Haiducek, Japanese Education: Made in the U.S.A. (New York, 1991); Rob Kroes, Robert W. Rydell, and Doeko F. J. Bosscher, eds., Cultural Transmissions and Receptions: American Mass Culture in Europe (Amsterdam, 1993); Richard P. Horwitz, ed., Exporting America: Essays on American Studies Abroad (New York, 1993); David H. Flaherty and Frank E. Manning, eds., The Beaver Bites Back? American Popular Culture in Canada (Montreal, 1993); Scott Shane, Dismantling the Iron Curtain: How Information Ended the Soviet Union (Chicago, 1994); Philip H. Melling and Jon Roper, eds., Americanization and the Transformation of World Cultures: Melting Pot or Cultural Chernobyl? (New York, 1996); Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1954-1961 (New York, 1997); and Richard F. Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York, 1997).
21. Most recently Kyoko Hirano, Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo. Japanese Cinema under the American Occupation, 1945-1952 (Washington, 1992); Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993); Wagnleitner, Coca-Colonization; Ralph Willett, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989); Roger Rollin, ed., The Americanization of the Global Village: Essays in Comparative Popular Culture (Bowling Green, 1989); Timothy Ryback, Rock around the Bloc: A History of Rock Music in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (New York, 1990); Steven F. White, Progressive Renaissance: America and the Reconstruction of Italian Education, 1943-1962 (New York, 1991); Nicholas Haiducek, Japanese Education: Made in the U.S.A. (New York, 1991); Rob Kroes, Robert W. Rydell, and Doeko F. J. Bosscher, eds., Cultural Transmissions and Receptions: American Mass Culture in Europe (Amsterdam, 1993); Richard P. Horwitz, ed., Exporting America: Essays on American Studies Abroad (New York, 1993); David H. Flaherty and Frank E. Manning, eds., The Beaver Bites Back? American Popular Culture in Canada (Montreal, 1993); Scott Shane, Dismantling the Iron Curtain: How Information Ended the Soviet Union (Chicago, 1994); Philip H. Melling and Jon Roper, eds., Americanization and the Transformation of World Cultures: Melting Pot or Cultural Chernobyl? (New York, 1996); Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1954-1961 (New York, 1997); and Richard F. Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York, 1997).
22. Most recently Kyoko Hirano, Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo. Japanese Cinema under the American Occupation, 1945-1952 (Washington, 1992); Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993); Wagnleitner, Coca-Colonization; Ralph Willett, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989); Roger Rollin, ed., The Americanization of the Global Village: Essays in Comparative Popular Culture (Bowling Green, 1989); Timothy Ryback, Rock around the Bloc: A History of Rock Music in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (New York, 1990); Steven F. White, Progressive Renaissance: America and the Reconstruction of Italian Education, 1943-1962 (New York, 1991); Nicholas Haiducek, Japanese Education: Made in the U.S.A. (New York, 1991); Rob Kroes, Robert W. Rydell, and Doeko F. J. Bosscher, eds., Cultural Transmissions and Receptions: American Mass Culture in Europe (Amsterdam, 1993); Richard P. Horwitz, ed., Exporting America: Essays on American Studies Abroad (New York, 1993); David H. Flaherty and Frank E. Manning, eds., The Beaver Bites Back? American Popular Culture in Canada (Montreal, 1993); Scott Shane, Dismantling the Iron Curtain: How Information Ended the Soviet Union (Chicago, 1994); Philip H. Melling and Jon Roper, eds., Americanization and the Transformation of World Cultures: Melting Pot or Cultural Chernobyl? (New York, 1996); Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1954-1961 (New York, 1997); and Richard F. Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York, 1997).
23. Most recently Kyoko Hirano, Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo. Japanese Cinema under the American Occupation, 1945-1952 (Washington, 1992); Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993); Wagnleitner, Coca-Colonization; Ralph Willett, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989); Roger Rollin, ed., The Americanization of the Global Village: Essays in Comparative Popular Culture (Bowling Green, 1989); Timothy Ryback, Rock around the Bloc: A History of Rock Music in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (New York, 1990); Steven F. White, Progressive Renaissance: America and the Reconstruction of Italian Education, 1943-1962 (New York, 1991); Nicholas Haiducek, Japanese Education: Made in the U.S.A. (New York, 1991); Rob Kroes, Robert W. Rydell, and Doeko F. J. Bosscher, eds., Cultural Transmissions and Receptions: American Mass Culture in Europe (Amsterdam, 1993); Richard P. Horwitz, ed., Exporting America: Essays on American Studies Abroad (New York, 1993); David H. Flaherty and Frank E. Manning, eds., The Beaver Bites Back? American Popular Culture in Canada (Montreal, 1993); Scott Shane, Dismantling the Iron Curtain: How Information Ended the Soviet Union (Chicago, 1994); Philip H. Melling and Jon Roper, eds., Americanization and the Transformation of World Cultures: Melting Pot or Cultural Chernobyl? (New York, 1996); Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1954-1961 (New York, 1997); and Richard F. Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York, 1997).
24. Most recently Kyoko Hirano, Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo. Japanese Cinema under the American Occupation, 1945-1952 (Washington, 1992); Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993); Wagnleitner, Coca-Colonization; Ralph Willett, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989); Roger Rollin, ed., The Americanization of the Global Village: Essays in Comparative Popular Culture (Bowling Green, 1989); Timothy Ryback, Rock around the Bloc: A History of Rock Music in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (New York, 1990); Steven F. White, Progressive Renaissance: America and the Reconstruction of Italian Education, 1943-1962 (New York, 1991); Nicholas Haiducek, Japanese Education: Made in the U.S.A. (New York, 1991); Rob Kroes, Robert W. Rydell, and Doeko F. J. Bosscher, eds., Cultural Transmissions and Receptions: American Mass Culture in Europe (Amsterdam, 1993); Richard P. Horwitz, ed., Exporting America: Essays on American Studies Abroad (New York, 1993); David H. Flaherty and Frank E. Manning, eds., The Beaver Bites Back? American Popular Culture in Canada (Montreal, 1993); Scott Shane, Dismantling the Iron Curtain: How Information Ended the Soviet Union (Chicago, 1994); Philip H. Melling and Jon Roper, eds., Americanization and the Transformation of World Cultures: Melting Pot or Cultural Chernobyl? (New York, 1996); Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1954-1961 (New York, 1997); and Richard F. Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York, 1997).
25. Most recently Kyoko Hirano, Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo. Japanese Cinema under the American Occupation, 1945-1952 (Washington, 1992); Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993); Wagnleitner, Coca-Colonization; Ralph Willett, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989); Roger Rollin, ed., The Americanization of the Global Village: Essays in Comparative Popular Culture (Bowling Green, 1989); Timothy Ryback, Rock around the Bloc: A History of Rock Music in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (New York, 1990); Steven F. White, Progressive Renaissance: America and the Reconstruction of Italian Education, 1943-1962 (New York, 1991); Nicholas Haiducek, Japanese Education: Made in the U.S.A. (New York, 1991); Rob Kroes, Robert W. Rydell, and Doeko F. J. Bosscher, eds., Cultural Transmissions and Receptions: American Mass Culture in Europe (Amsterdam, 1993); Richard P. Horwitz, ed., Exporting America: Essays on American Studies Abroad (New York, 1993); David H. Flaherty and Frank E. Manning, eds., The Beaver Bites Back? American Popular Culture in Canada (Montreal, 1993); Scott Shane, Dismantling the Iron Curtain: How Information Ended the Soviet Union (Chicago, 1994); Philip H. Melling and Jon Roper, eds., Americanization and the Transformation of World Cultures: Melting Pot or Cultural Chernobyl? (New York, 1996); Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1954-1961 (New York, 1997); and Richard F. Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York, 1997).
26. Most recently Kyoko Hirano, Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo. Japanese Cinema under the American Occupation, 1945-1952 (Washington, 1992); Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993); Wagnleitner, Coca-Colonization; Ralph Willett, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989); Roger Rollin, ed., The Americanization of the Global Village: Essays in Comparative Popular Culture (Bowling Green, 1989); Timothy Ryback, Rock around the Bloc: A History of Rock Music in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (New York, 1990); Steven F. White, Progressive Renaissance: America and the Reconstruction of Italian Education, 1943-1962 (New York, 1991); Nicholas Haiducek, Japanese Education: Made in the U.S.A. (New York, 1991); Rob Kroes, Robert W. Rydell, and Doeko F. J. Bosscher, eds., Cultural Transmissions and Receptions: American Mass Culture in Europe (Amsterdam, 1993); Richard P. Horwitz, ed., Exporting America: Essays on American Studies Abroad (New York, 1993); David H. Flaherty and Frank E. Manning, eds., The Beaver Bites Back? American Popular Culture in Canada (Montreal, 1993); Scott Shane, Dismantling the Iron Curtain: How Information Ended the Soviet Union (Chicago, 1994); Philip H. Melling and Jon Roper, eds., Americanization and the Transformation of World Cultures: Melting Pot or Cultural Chernobyl? (New York, 1996); Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1954-1961 (New York, 1997); and Richard F. Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York, 1997).
27. Most recently Kyoko Hirano, Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo. Japanese Cinema under the American Occupation, 1945-1952 (Washington, 1992); Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993); Wagnleitner, Coca-Colonization; Ralph Willett, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989); Roger Rollin, ed., The Americanization of the Global Village: Essays in Comparative Popular Culture (Bowling Green, 1989); Timothy Ryback, Rock around the Bloc: A History of Rock Music in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (New York, 1990); Steven F. White, Progressive Renaissance: America and the Reconstruction of Italian Education, 1943-1962 (New York, 1991); Nicholas Haiducek, Japanese Education: Made in the U.S.A. (New York, 1991); Rob Kroes, Robert W. Rydell, and Doeko F. J. Bosscher, eds., Cultural Transmissions and Receptions: American Mass Culture in Europe (Amsterdam, 1993); Richard P. Horwitz, ed., Exporting America: Essays on American Studies Abroad (New York, 1993); David H. Flaherty and Frank E. Manning, eds., The Beaver Bites Back? American Popular Culture in Canada (Montreal, 1993); Scott Shane, Dismantling the Iron Curtain: How Information Ended the Soviet Union (Chicago, 1994); Philip H. Melling and Jon Roper, eds., Americanization and the Transformation of World Cultures: Melting Pot or Cultural Chernobyl? (New York, 1996); Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1954-1961 (New York, 1997); and Richard F. Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York, 1997).
28. S. E. Siwek, "The Dimensions of the Export of American Mass Culture," in The New Global Culture: Is It American? Is It Good for America? Is It Good for the World?, ed. Ben J. Wattenberg (Washington, 1992), 1-49; Annemoon van Hemel, Hans Mommaas, and Cas Smithuijsen, eds., Trading Culture: GATT, European Cultural Policies, and the Transatlantic Market (Amsterdam, 1996); David Puttnam, The Undeclared War: The Struggle for Control of the World's Film Industry (London, 1997).
29. S. E. Siwek, "The Dimensions of the Export of American Mass Culture," in The New Global Culture: Is It American? Is It Good for America? Is It Good for the World?, ed. Ben J. Wattenberg (Washington, 1992), 1-49; Annemoon van Hemel, Hans Mommaas, and Cas Smithuijsen, eds., Trading Culture: GATT, European Cultural Policies, and the Transatlantic Market (Amsterdam, 1996); David Puttnam, The Undeclared War: The Struggle for Control of the World's Film Industry (London, 1997).
30. S. E. Siwek, "The Dimensions of the Export of American Mass Culture," in The New Global Culture: Is It American? Is It Good for America? Is It Good for the World?, ed. Ben J. Wattenberg (Washington, 1992), 1-49; Annemoon van Hemel, Hans Mommaas, and Cas Smithuijsen, eds., Trading Culture: GATT, European Cultural Policies, and the Transatlantic Market (Amsterdam, 1996); David Puttnam, The Undeclared War: The Struggle for Control of the World's Film Industry (London, 1997).
31. During the weekend of 19-21 February 1993, only 6 Russian movies were shown in the cinemas of Moscow, as opposed to 111 U.S. films.
32. Reinhold Wagnleitner, "American Popular Culture on the Internet: A Further Step in Americanization or Globalization?" December 1997, http://www.salsem.ac.at/csal/progs/internet/intra.htm.
33. See http://www.nua.org/surveys/1996graphs/location.html; http://www.cyberatlas.com/geographics.html.
34. David Porter, ed., Internet Culture (London, 1997).
35. Richard Maltby, Passing Parade: A History of Popular Culture in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1989), 13.
36. Todd Gitlin, "The New Global Popular Culture: Is It American?" The American Enterprise May/June 1992, 74; Reinhold Wagnleitner "Sitting in the Jungle of the Global Market Place, Watching the American Tiger Prance: Some Fast Food for Thought on American Cultural Imperialism," in Wattenberg, ed., New Global Culture, 1-24.
37. Todd Gitlin, "The New Global Popular Culture: Is It American?" The American Enterprise May/June 1992, 74; Reinhold Wagnleitner "Sitting in the Jungle of the Global Market Place, Watching the American Tiger Prance: Some Fast Food for Thought on American Cultural Imperialism," in Wattenberg, ed., New Global Culture, 1-24.
38. Mel van Elteren, Imagining America: Dutch Youth and Its Sense of Place (Tilburg, 1994).
39. Kaspar Maase, Bravo Amerika. Erkundungen zur Jugendkultur der Bundesrepublik in den fünfziger Jahren [Bravo America: Observations on the youth culture of the Federal Republic of Germany in the 1950s] (Hamburg, 1992).
40. See Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases. Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, 1990); Sherma B. Gluck, Rosie the Riveter Revisited: Woman, the War, and Social Change (Boston, 1987); Marc Hillel, Die Invasion der Be-Freier [The invasion of liberators and suitors] (Bergisch Gladbach, 1983); Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York, 1988); Sibylle Meyer and Eva Schulze, Von Liebe sprach damals keiner: Familienalltag in der Nachkriegszeit [Nobody spoke about love then: Everyday life of families in the postwar period] (Munich, 1985) and Perlonzeit: Wie Frauen ihr Wirtschaftswunder erlebten [Plastic time: How women experienced the economic miracle] (Berlin, 1986); Helke Sander und Barbara Johr, eds., BeFrier und Befreite. Krieg, Vergewaltigungen, Kinder [Liberators, rapists, and liberated: War, rape, children] (Munich, 1992); and Elisabeth Wilson, Only Halfway to Paradise. Women in Postwar Britain, 1945-1948 (London, 1980).
41. See Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases. Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, 1990); Sherma B. Gluck, Rosie the Riveter Revisited: Woman, the War, and Social Change (Boston, 1987); Marc Hillel, Die Invasion der Be-Freier [The invasion of liberators and suitors] (Bergisch Gladbach, 1983); Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York, 1988); Sibylle Meyer and Eva Schulze, Von Liebe sprach damals keiner: Familienalltag in der Nachkriegszeit [Nobody spoke about love then: Everyday life of families in the postwar period] (Munich, 1985) and Perlonzeit: Wie Frauen ihr Wirtschaftswunder erlebten [Plastic time: How women experienced the economic miracle] (Berlin, 1986); Helke Sander und Barbara Johr, eds., BeFrier und Befreite. Krieg, Vergewaltigungen, Kinder [Liberators, rapists, and liberated: War, rape, children] (Munich, 1992); and Elisabeth Wilson, Only Halfway to Paradise. Women in Postwar Britain, 1945-1948 (London, 1980).
42. See Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases. Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, 1990); Sherma B. Gluck, Rosie the Riveter Revisited: Woman, the War, and Social Change (Boston, 1987); Marc Hillel, Die Invasion der Be-Freier [The invasion of liberators and suitors] (Bergisch Gladbach, 1983); Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York, 1988); Sibylle Meyer and Eva Schulze, Von Liebe sprach damals keiner: Familienalltag in der Nachkriegszeit [Nobody spoke about love then: Everyday life of families in the postwar period] (Munich, 1985) and Perlonzeit: Wie Frauen ihr Wirtschaftswunder erlebten [Plastic time: How women experienced the economic miracle] (Berlin, 1986); Helke Sander und Barbara Johr, eds., BeFrier und Befreite. Krieg, Vergewaltigungen, Kinder [Liberators, rapists, and liberated: War, rape, children] (Munich, 1992); and Elisabeth Wilson, Only Halfway to Paradise. Women in Postwar Britain, 1945-1948 (London, 1980).
43. See Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases. Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, 1990); Sherma B. Gluck, Rosie the Riveter Revisited: Woman, the War, and Social Change (Boston, 1987); Marc Hillel, Die Invasion der Be-Freier [The invasion of liberators and suitors] (Bergisch Gladbach, 1983); Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York, 1988); Sibylle Meyer and Eva Schulze, Von Liebe sprach damals keiner: Familienalltag in der Nachkriegszeit [Nobody spoke about love then: Everyday life of families in the postwar period] (Munich, 1985) and Perlonzeit: Wie Frauen ihr Wirtschaftswunder erlebten [Plastic time: How women experienced the economic miracle] (Berlin, 1986); Helke Sander und Barbara Johr, eds., BeFrier und Befreite. Krieg, Vergewaltigungen, Kinder [Liberators, rapists, and liberated: War, rape, children] (Munich, 1992); and Elisabeth Wilson, Only Halfway to Paradise. Women in Postwar Britain, 1945-1948 (London, 1980).
44. See Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases. Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, 1990); Sherma B. Gluck, Rosie the Riveter Revisited: Woman, the War, and Social Change (Boston, 1987); Marc Hillel, Die Invasion der Be-Freier [The invasion of liberators and suitors] (Bergisch Gladbach, 1983); Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York, 1988); Sibylle Meyer and Eva Schulze, Von Liebe sprach damals keiner: Familienalltag in der Nachkriegszeit [Nobody spoke about love then: Everyday life of families in the postwar period] (Munich, 1985) and Perlonzeit: Wie Frauen ihr Wirtschaftswunder erlebten [Plastic time: How women experienced the economic miracle] (Berlin, 1986); Helke Sander und Barbara Johr, eds., BeFrier und Befreite. Krieg, Vergewaltigungen, Kinder [Liberators, rapists, and liberated: War, rape, children] (Munich, 1992); and Elisabeth Wilson, Only Halfway to Paradise. Women in Postwar Britain, 1945-1948 (London, 1980).
45. See Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases. Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, 1990); Sherma B. Gluck, Rosie the Riveter Revisited: Woman, the War, and Social Change (Boston, 1987); Marc Hillel, Die Invasion der Be-Freier [The invasion of liberators and suitors] (Bergisch Gladbach, 1983); Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York, 1988); Sibylle Meyer and Eva Schulze, Von Liebe sprach damals keiner: Familienalltag in der Nachkriegszeit [Nobody spoke about love then: Everyday life of families in the postwar period] (Munich, 1985) and Perlonzeit: Wie Frauen ihr Wirtschaftswunder erlebten [Plastic time: How women experienced the economic miracle] (Berlin, 1986); Helke Sander und Barbara Johr, eds., BeFrier und Befreite. Krieg, Vergewaltigungen, Kinder [Liberators, rapists, and liberated: War, rape, children] (Munich, 1992); and Elisabeth Wilson, Only Halfway to Paradise. Women in Postwar Britain, 1945-1948 (London, 1980).
46. See Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases. Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, 1990); Sherma B. Gluck, Rosie the Riveter Revisited: Woman, the War, and Social Change (Boston, 1987); Marc Hillel, Die Invasion der Be-Freier [The invasion of liberators and suitors] (Bergisch Gladbach, 1983); Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York, 1988); Sibylle Meyer and Eva Schulze, Von Liebe sprach damals keiner: Familienalltag in der Nachkriegszeit [Nobody spoke about love then: Everyday life of families in the postwar period] (Munich, 1985) and Perlonzeit: Wie Frauen ihr Wirtschaftswunder erlebten [Plastic time: How women experienced the economic miracle] (Berlin, 1986); Helke Sander und Barbara Johr, eds., BeFrier und Befreite. Krieg, Vergewaltigungen, Kinder [Liberators, rapists, and liberated: War, rape, children] (Munich, 1992); and Elisabeth Wilson, Only Halfway to Paradise. Women in Postwar Britain, 1945-1948 (London, 1980).
47. See Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases. Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, 1990); Sherma B. Gluck, Rosie the Riveter Revisited: Woman, the War, and Social Change (Boston, 1987); Marc Hillel, Die Invasion der Be-Freier [The invasion of liberators and suitors] (Bergisch Gladbach, 1983); Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York, 1988); Sibylle Meyer and Eva Schulze, Von Liebe sprach damals keiner: Familienalltag in der Nachkriegszeit [Nobody spoke about love then: Everyday life of families in the postwar period] (Munich, 1985) and Perlonzeit: Wie Frauen ihr Wirtschaftswunder erlebten [Plastic time: How women experienced the economic miracle] (Berlin, 1986); Helke Sander und Barbara Johr, eds., BeFrier und Befreite. Krieg, Vergewaltigungen, Kinder [Liberators, rapists, and liberated: War, rape, children] (Munich, 1992); and Elisabeth Wilson, Only Halfway to Paradise. Women in Postwar Britain, 1945-1948 (London, 1980).
48. Ingrid Bauer, "'Austria's Prestige Dragged Into the Dirt?' The GI-Brides and Postwar Austrian Society (1945-1955)," Contemporary Austrian Studies 6 (1998): 41-55; Ingrid Bauer, ed., Welcome Ami Go Home: Die amerikanische Besatzung in Salzburg, 1945-1955 [Welcome American, go home: The American occupation of Salzburg, 1945-1955] (Salzburg, 1998).
49. Ingrid Bauer, "'Austria's Prestige Dragged Into the Dirt?' The GI-Brides and Postwar Austrian Society (1945-1955)," Contemporary Austrian Studies 6 (1998): 41-55; Ingrid Bauer, ed., Welcome Ami Go Home: Die amerikanische Besatzung in Salzburg, 1945-1955 [Welcome American, go home: The American occupation of Salzburg, 1945-1955] (Salzburg, 1998).
50. Hermann-Josef Rupieper, "Bringing Democracy to the Frauleins. Frauen als Zielgruppe amerikanischer Demokratisierungspolitik in Deutschland 1945-1952" [Bringing democracy to the Frauleins: Women as target group of American democratization policies in Germany, 1945-1952] Geschichte und Gesellschaft 17 (1991): 61-91.
51. Ulrich Beck, Risikogesellschaft. Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne [Society of risks: On the road to another kind of modernity] (Frankfurt, 1986).
52. Maltby, Passing Parade, 13.
53. Edward Larkey, Pungent Sounds: Constructing Identity with Popular Music in Austria (New York, 1993).
54. Gitlin, "The New Global Culture."
55. Alison Lurie quoted in Helmut Bausinger, ed., Jeans: Beitraege zur Mode-und Jugendkultur [Jeans: Contributions on fashion and youth culture] (Tuebingen, 1985), 90.
56. Francis Newton (=E.J. Hobsbawm), The Jazz Scene (London, 1959), 43.
57. Virgil Thomson, "America's Musical Autonomy," in A Virgil Thomson Reader, ed. Thomson and John Rockwell (Boston, 1981), quoted in Greil Marcus, Invisible Republic: Bob Dylan's Basement Tapes (New York, 1997), 220.
58. Virgil Thomson, "America's Musical Autonomy," in A Virgil Thomson Reader, ed. Thomson and John Rockwell (Boston, 1981), quoted in Greil Marcus, Invisible Republic: Bob Dylan's Basement Tapes (New York, 1997), 220.
59. Christopher Hitchins, "The Children of '68," Vanity Fair (June 1998): 92-103.
60. Elliot Bratton, "The Sound of Freedom: Jazz and the Cold War. Part One: The Trick Bag," Crisis (February/March 1998): 14-19.
61. Penny M. Von Eschen, Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937-1957 (Ithaca, 1997); "Symposium on African Americans and U.S. Foreign Relations," Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 531-650.
62. Penny M. Von Eschen, Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937-1957 (Ithaca, 1997); "Symposium on African Americans and U.S. Foreign Relations," Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 531-650.
63. New York Times, 25 December 1898, quoted in David Traxel, The Birth of the American Century (New York, 1998), 307; Emily Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890-1945 (New York, 1982); Donald W. White, The American Century: The Rise and Decline of the United States As a World Power (New Haven, 1996).
64. New York Times, 25 December 1898, quoted in David Traxel, The Birth of the American Century (New York, 1998), 307; Emily Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890-1945 (New York, 1982); Donald W. White, The American Century: The Rise and Decline of the United States As a World Power (New Haven, 1996).
65. New York Times, 25 December 1898, quoted in David Traxel, The Birth of the American Century (New York, 1998), 307; Emily Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890-1945 (New York, 1982); Donald W. White, The American Century: The Rise and Decline of the United States As a World Power (New Haven, 1996).
66. New York Times, 25 December 1898, quoted in David Traxel, The Birth of the American Century (New York, 1998), 307; Emily Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890-1945 (New York, 1982); Donald W. White, The American Century: The Rise and Decline of the United States As a World Power (New Haven, 1996).
67. Simon Frith, Sound Effects. Youth, Leisure, and the Politics of Rock 'n' Roll (New York, 1978).
68. A good introduction to James Booker's genius is the CD Junco Partner Rykodisk 1993 HNCD 1359. All quotes in italics are from the album Let's Make a Better World! by James C. Booker, Amiga, 001 91. The cover may be found at http://www.sbg.ac.at/gesc/people/eg/bookerr.gif and http://www.sbg.ac.at/gesc/people/eg/bookerv.jpg
69. Bratton, "Sound of Freedom," 16.