Management and the Taff Vale strike of 1900

Business History

Volumn 42, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 63-86

  Harvey, Charles ^a   Press, Jon ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST OF ENGLAND   (United Kingdom)

^b BATH SPA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0042780828     PISSN: 00076791     EISSN: 17437938     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00076790000000221     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Taff Vale Railway Company v. Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants [1901] A.C.426. The Law Lords determined that that a registered trade union could be sued in its registered name; an unregistered trade union could be made collectively liable for damages, and might be sued in the names of its officers, executive committee members and trustees; and that damages and costs could be recovered from the property of the Trade Union, whether or not it was held by trustees. Although Parliament had excluded the crime of conspiracy from trade disputes in 1875, the effect of this decision was to establish a civil liability for conspiracy -as a tort.
2. 6 Edward VII, c.47.
3. Secondary sources which deal with the strike and court case from an essentially labour history perspective include S. and B. Webb, The History of Trade Unionism (1894, 3rd edn. London, 1920), pp.526, 600-606; F. Bealey and H. Pelling, Labour and Politics, 1900-1906: A History of the Labour Representation Committee (London, 1958), pp.55-97; J. Saville, 'The Trade Unions and Free Labour: The Background to the Taff Vale Decision', in A. Briggs and J. Saville (eds.), Essays in Labour History (London, 1960), pp.317-50; P.S. Gupta, 'History of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, 1871-1913' (unpub. D.Phil., Univ. of Oxford, 1960); idem, 'Railway Trade Unionism in Britain, c.1880-1900', Economic History Review, 2nd series, Vol.XIX (1966), pp.124-55; H.A. Clegg, A. Fox and A.F. Thompson, A History of British Trade Unions since 1889: Vol.I, 1889-1910 (Oxford, 1964), pp.308-63; T. Van den Bergh, The Trade Unions: What are They? (London, 1970), pp.108-18; M.J. Daunton, 'The Taff Vale Strike of 1900', in S. Williams (ed.), Glamorgan Historian, Vol.10 (Barry, 1974), pp.208-14; H. Pelling, A History of British Trade Unionism (3rd edn. London, 1976), pp.120-6; J. Lovell, British Trade Unions, 1875-1933 (London, 1990), pp.30-40; N. McCord, 'Taff Vale Revisited', History, Vol.78 No.258 (1993), pp.243-60. Key works on labour law include R.Y. Hedges and A. Winterbottom, The Legal History of Trade Unionism (London, 1930), pp.134-52; O. Kahn-Freund, 'Legal Framework', in A. Flanders and H.A. Clegg (eds.), The System of Industrial Relations in Britain (Oxford, 1954), pp.101-27; K.W. Wedderburn, The Worker and the Law (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1965), pp.228-60; R. Lewis, 'The Historical Development of Labour Law', British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol.XIV (1976), pp.1-17. Saville, 'Trade Unions and Free Labour', is also worth consulting on legal developments in the 1890s and 1900s.
4. Secondary sources which deal with the strike and court case from an essentially labour history perspective include S. and B. Webb, The History of Trade Unionism (1894, 3rd edn. London, 1920), pp.526, 600-606; F. Bealey and H. Pelling, Labour and Politics, 1900-1906: A History of the Labour Representation Committee (London, 1958), pp.55-97; J. Saville, 'The Trade Unions and Free Labour: The Background to the Taff Vale Decision', in A. Briggs and J. Saville (eds.), Essays in Labour History (London, 1960), pp.317-50; P.S. Gupta, 'History of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, 1871-1913' (unpub. D.Phil., Univ. of Oxford, 1960); idem, 'Railway Trade Unionism in Britain, c.1880-1900', Economic History Review, 2nd series, Vol.XIX (1966), pp.124-55; H.A. Clegg, A. Fox and A.F. Thompson, A History of British Trade Unions since 1889: Vol.I, 1889-1910 (Oxford, 1964), pp.308-63; T. Van den Bergh, The Trade Unions: What are They? (London, 1970), pp.108-18; M.J. Daunton, 'The Taff Vale Strike of 1900', in S. Williams (ed.), Glamorgan Historian, Vol.10 (Barry, 1974), pp.208-14; H. Pelling, A History of British Trade Unionism (3rd edn. London, 1976), pp.120-6; J. Lovell, British Trade Unions, 1875-1933 (London, 1990), pp.30-40; N. McCord, 'Taff Vale Revisited', History, Vol.78 No.258 (1993), pp.243-60. Key works on labour law include R.Y. Hedges and A. Winterbottom, The Legal History of Trade Unionism (London, 1930), pp.134-52; O. Kahn-Freund, 'Legal Framework', in A. Flanders and H.A. Clegg (eds.), The System of Industrial Relations in Britain (Oxford, 1954), pp.101-27; K.W. Wedderburn, The Worker and the Law (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1965), pp.228-60; R. Lewis, 'The Historical Development of Labour Law', British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol.XIV (1976), pp.1-17. Saville, 'Trade Unions and Free Labour', is also worth consulting on legal developments in the 1890s and 1900s.
5. Secondary sources which deal with the strike and court case from an essentially labour history perspective include S. and B. Webb, The History of Trade Unionism (1894, 3rd edn. London, 1920), pp.526, 600-606; F. Bealey and H. Pelling, Labour and Politics, 1900-1906: A History of the Labour Representation Committee (London, 1958), pp.55-97; J. Saville, 'The Trade Unions and Free Labour: The Background to the Taff Vale Decision', in A. Briggs and J. Saville (eds.), Essays in Labour History (London, 1960), pp.317-50; P.S. Gupta, 'History of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, 1871-1913' (unpub. D.Phil., Univ. of Oxford, 1960); idem, 'Railway Trade Unionism in Britain, c.1880-1900', Economic History Review, 2nd series, Vol.XIX (1966), pp.124-55; H.A. Clegg, A. Fox and A.F. Thompson, A History of British Trade Unions since 1889: Vol.I, 1889-1910 (Oxford, 1964), pp.308-63; T. Van den Bergh, The Trade Unions: What are They? (London, 1970), pp.108-18; M.J. Daunton, 'The Taff Vale Strike of 1900', in S. Williams (ed.), Glamorgan Historian, Vol.10 (Barry, 1974), pp.208-14; H. Pelling, A History of British Trade Unionism (3rd edn. London, 1976), pp.120-6; J. Lovell, British Trade Unions, 1875-1933 (London, 1990), pp.30-40; N. McCord, 'Taff Vale Revisited', History, Vol.78 No.258 (1993), pp.243-60. Key works on labour law include R.Y. Hedges and A. Winterbottom, The Legal History of Trade Unionism (London, 1930), pp.134-52; O. Kahn-Freund, 'Legal Framework', in A. Flanders and H.A. Clegg (eds.), The System of Industrial Relations in Britain (Oxford, 1954), pp.101-27; K.W. Wedderburn, The Worker and the Law (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1965), pp.228-60; R. Lewis, 'The Historical Development of Labour Law', British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol.XIV (1976), pp.1-17. Saville, 'Trade Unions and Free Labour', is also worth consulting on legal developments in the 1890s and 1900s.
6. Secondary sources which deal with the strike and court case from an essentially labour history perspective include S. and B. Webb, The History of Trade Unionism (1894, 3rd edn. London, 1920), pp.526, 600-606; F. Bealey and H. Pelling, Labour and Politics, 1900-1906: A History of the Labour Representation Committee (London, 1958), pp.55-97; J. Saville, 'The Trade Unions and Free Labour: The Background to the Taff Vale Decision', in A. Briggs and J. Saville (eds.), Essays in Labour History (London, 1960), pp.317-50; P.S. Gupta, 'History of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, 1871-1913' (unpub. D.Phil., Univ. of Oxford, 1960); idem, 'Railway Trade Unionism in Britain, c.1880-1900', Economic History Review, 2nd series, Vol.XIX (1966), pp.124-55; H.A. Clegg, A. Fox and A.F. Thompson, A History of British Trade Unions since 1889: Vol.I, 1889-1910 (Oxford, 1964), pp.308-63; T. Van den Bergh, The Trade Unions: What are They? (London, 1970), pp.108-18; M.J. Daunton, 'The Taff Vale Strike of 1900', in S. Williams (ed.), Glamorgan Historian, Vol.10 (Barry, 1974), pp.208-14; H. Pelling, A History of British Trade Unionism (3rd edn. London, 1976), pp.120-6; J. Lovell, British Trade Unions, 1875-1933 (London, 1990), pp.30-40; N. McCord, 'Taff Vale Revisited', History, Vol.78 No.258 (1993), pp.243-60. Key works on labour law include R.Y. Hedges and A. Winterbottom, The Legal History of Trade Unionism (London, 1930), pp.134-52; O. Kahn-Freund, 'Legal Framework', in A. Flanders and H.A. Clegg (eds.), The System of Industrial Relations in Britain (Oxford, 1954), pp.101-27; K.W. Wedderburn, The Worker and the Law (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1965), pp.228-60; R. Lewis, 'The Historical Development of Labour Law', British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol.XIV (1976), pp.1-17. Saville, 'Trade Unions and Free Labour', is also worth consulting on legal developments in the 1890s and 1900s.
7. Secondary sources which deal with the strike and court case from an essentially labour history perspective include S. and B. Webb, The History of Trade Unionism (1894, 3rd edn. London, 1920), pp.526, 600-606; F. Bealey and H. Pelling, Labour and Politics, 1900-1906: A History of the Labour Representation Committee (London, 1958), pp.55-97; J. Saville, 'The Trade Unions and Free Labour: The Background to the Taff Vale Decision', in A. Briggs and J. Saville (eds.), Essays in Labour History (London, 1960), pp.317-50; P.S. Gupta, 'History of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, 1871-1913' (unpub. D.Phil., Univ. of Oxford, 1960); idem, 'Railway Trade Unionism in Britain, c.1880-1900', Economic History Review, 2nd series, Vol.XIX (1966), pp.124-55; H.A. Clegg, A. Fox and A.F. Thompson, A History of British Trade Unions since 1889: Vol.I, 1889-1910 (Oxford, 1964), pp.308-63; T. Van den Bergh, The Trade Unions: What are They? (London, 1970), pp.108-18; M.J. Daunton, 'The Taff Vale Strike of 1900', in S. Williams (ed.), Glamorgan Historian, Vol.10 (Barry, 1974), pp.208-14; H. Pelling, A History of British Trade Unionism (3rd edn. London, 1976), pp.120-6; J. Lovell, British Trade Unions, 1875-1933 (London, 1990), pp.30-40; N. McCord, 'Taff Vale Revisited', History, Vol.78 No.258 (1993), pp.243-60. Key works on labour law include R.Y. Hedges and A. Winterbottom, The Legal History of Trade Unionism (London, 1930), pp.134-52; O. Kahn-Freund, 'Legal Framework', in A. Flanders and H.A. Clegg (eds.), The System of Industrial Relations in Britain (Oxford, 1954), pp.101-27; K.W. Wedderburn, The Worker and the Law (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1965), pp.228-60; R. Lewis, 'The Historical Development of Labour Law', British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol.XIV (1976), pp.1-17. Saville, 'Trade Unions and Free Labour', is also worth consulting on legal developments in the 1890s and 1900s.
8. Secondary sources which deal with the strike and court case from an essentially labour history perspective include S. and B. Webb, The History of Trade Unionism (1894, 3rd edn. London, 1920), pp.526, 600-606; F. Bealey and H. Pelling, Labour and Politics, 1900-1906: A History of the Labour Representation Committee (London, 1958), pp.55-97; J. Saville, 'The Trade Unions and Free Labour: The Background to the Taff Vale Decision', in A. Briggs and J. Saville (eds.), Essays in Labour History (London, 1960), pp.317-50; P.S. Gupta, 'History of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, 1871-1913' (unpub. D.Phil., Univ. of Oxford, 1960); idem, 'Railway Trade Unionism in Britain, c.1880-1900', Economic History Review, 2nd series, Vol.XIX (1966), pp.124-55; H.A. Clegg, A. Fox and A.F. Thompson, A History of British Trade Unions since 1889: Vol.I, 1889-1910 (Oxford, 1964), pp.308-63; T. Van den Bergh, The Trade Unions: What are They? (London, 1970), pp.108-18; M.J. Daunton, 'The Taff Vale Strike of 1900', in S. Williams (ed.), Glamorgan Historian, Vol.10 (Barry, 1974), pp.208-14; H. Pelling, A History of British Trade Unionism (3rd edn. London, 1976), pp.120-6; J. Lovell, British Trade Unions, 1875-1933 (London, 1990), pp.30-40; N. McCord, 'Taff Vale Revisited', History, Vol.78 No.258 (1993), pp.243-60. Key works on labour law include R.Y. Hedges and A. Winterbottom, The Legal History of Trade Unionism (London, 1930), pp.134-52; O. Kahn-Freund, 'Legal Framework', in A. Flanders and H.A. Clegg (eds.), The System of Industrial Relations in Britain (Oxford, 1954), pp.101-27; K.W. Wedderburn, The Worker and the Law (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1965), pp.228-60; R. Lewis, 'The Historical Development of Labour Law', British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol.XIV (1976), pp.1-17. Saville, 'Trade Unions and Free Labour', is also worth consulting on legal developments in the 1890s and 1900s.
9. Secondary sources which deal with the strike and court case from an essentially labour history perspective include S. and B. Webb, The History of Trade Unionism (1894, 3rd edn. London, 1920), pp.526, 600-606; F. Bealey and H. Pelling, Labour and Politics, 1900-1906: A History of the Labour Representation Committee (London, 1958), pp.55-97; J. Saville, 'The Trade Unions and Free Labour: The Background to the Taff Vale Decision', in A. Briggs and J. Saville (eds.), Essays in Labour History (London, 1960), pp.317-50; P.S. Gupta, 'History of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, 1871-1913' (unpub. D.Phil., Univ. of Oxford, 1960); idem, 'Railway Trade Unionism in Britain, c.1880-1900', Economic History Review, 2nd series, Vol.XIX (1966), pp.124-55; H.A. Clegg, A. Fox and A.F. Thompson, A History of British Trade Unions since 1889: Vol.I, 1889-1910 (Oxford, 1964), pp.308-63; T. Van den Bergh, The Trade Unions: What are They? (London, 1970), pp.108-18; M.J. Daunton, 'The Taff Vale Strike of 1900', in S. Williams (ed.), Glamorgan Historian, Vol.10 (Barry, 1974), pp.208-14; H. Pelling, A History of British Trade Unionism (3rd edn. London, 1976), pp.120-6; J. Lovell, British Trade Unions, 1875-1933 (London, 1990), pp.30-40; N. McCord, 'Taff Vale Revisited', History, Vol.78 No.258 (1993), pp.243-60. Key works on labour law include R.Y. Hedges and A. Winterbottom, The Legal History of Trade Unionism (London, 1930), pp.134-52; O. Kahn-Freund, 'Legal Framework', in A. Flanders and H.A. Clegg (eds.), The System of Industrial Relations in Britain (Oxford, 1954), pp.101-27; K.W. Wedderburn, The Worker and the Law (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1965), pp.228-60; R. Lewis, 'The Historical Development of Labour Law', British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol.XIV (1976), pp.1-17. Saville, 'Trade Unions and Free Labour', is also worth consulting on legal developments in the 1890s and 1900s.
10. Secondary sources which deal with the strike and court case from an essentially labour history perspective include S. and B. Webb, The History of Trade Unionism (1894, 3rd edn. London, 1920), pp.526, 600-606; F. Bealey and H. Pelling, Labour and Politics, 1900-1906: A History of the Labour Representation Committee (London, 1958), pp.55-97; J. Saville, 'The Trade Unions and Free Labour: The Background to the Taff Vale Decision', in A. Briggs and J. Saville (eds.), Essays in Labour History (London, 1960), pp.317-50; P.S. Gupta, 'History of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, 1871-1913' (unpub. D.Phil., Univ. of Oxford, 1960); idem, 'Railway Trade Unionism in Britain, c.1880-1900', Economic History Review, 2nd series, Vol.XIX (1966), pp.124-55; H.A. Clegg, A. Fox and A.F. Thompson, A History of British Trade Unions since 1889: Vol.I, 1889-1910 (Oxford, 1964), pp.308-63; T. Van den Bergh, The Trade Unions: What are They? (London, 1970), pp.108-18; M.J. Daunton, 'The Taff Vale Strike of 1900', in S. Williams (ed.), Glamorgan Historian, Vol.10 (Barry, 1974), pp.208-14; H. Pelling, A History of British Trade Unionism (3rd edn. London, 1976), pp.120-6; J. Lovell, British Trade Unions, 1875-1933 (London, 1990), pp.30-40; N. McCord, 'Taff Vale Revisited', History, Vol.78 No.258 (1993), pp.243-60. Key works on labour law include R.Y. Hedges and A. Winterbottom, The Legal History of Trade Unionism (London, 1930), pp.134-52; O. Kahn-Freund, 'Legal Framework', in A. Flanders and H.A. Clegg (eds.), The System of Industrial Relations in Britain (Oxford, 1954), pp.101-27; K.W. Wedderburn, The Worker and the Law (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1965), pp.228-60; R. Lewis, 'The Historical Development of Labour Law', British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol.XIV (1976), pp.1-17. Saville, 'Trade Unions and Free Labour', is also worth consulting on legal developments in the 1890s and 1900s.
11. Secondary sources which deal with the strike and court case from an essentially labour history perspective include S. and B. Webb, The History of Trade Unionism (1894, 3rd edn. London, 1920), pp.526, 600-606; F. Bealey and H. Pelling, Labour and Politics, 1900-1906: A History of the Labour Representation Committee (London, 1958), pp.55-97; J. Saville, 'The Trade Unions and Free Labour: The Background to the Taff Vale Decision', in A. Briggs and J. Saville (eds.), Essays in Labour History (London, 1960), pp.317-50; P.S. Gupta, 'History of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, 1871-1913' (unpub. D.Phil., Univ. of Oxford, 1960); idem, 'Railway Trade Unionism in Britain, c.1880-1900', Economic History Review, 2nd series, Vol.XIX (1966), pp.124-55; H.A. Clegg, A. Fox and A.F. Thompson, A History of British Trade Unions since 1889: Vol.I, 1889-1910 (Oxford, 1964), pp.308-63; T. Van den Bergh, The Trade Unions: What are They? (London, 1970), pp.108-18; M.J. Daunton, 'The Taff Vale Strike of 1900', in S. Williams (ed.), Glamorgan Historian, Vol.10 (Barry, 1974), pp.208-14; H. Pelling, A History of British Trade Unionism (3rd edn. London, 1976), pp.120-6; J. Lovell, British Trade Unions, 1875-1933 (London, 1990), pp.30-40; N. McCord, 'Taff Vale Revisited', History, Vol.78 No.258 (1993), pp.243-60. Key works on labour law include R.Y. Hedges and A. Winterbottom, The Legal History of Trade Unionism (London, 1930), pp.134-52; O. Kahn-Freund, 'Legal Framework', in A. Flanders and H.A. Clegg (eds.), The System of Industrial Relations in Britain (Oxford, 1954), pp.101-27; K.W. Wedderburn, The Worker and the Law (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1965), pp.228-60; R. Lewis, 'The Historical Development of Labour Law', British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol.XIV (1976), pp.1-17. Saville, 'Trade Unions and Free Labour', is also worth consulting on legal developments in the 1890s and 1900s.
12. Secondary sources which deal with the strike and court case from an essentially labour history perspective include S. and B. Webb, The History of Trade Unionism (1894, 3rd edn. London, 1920), pp.526, 600-606; F. Bealey and H. Pelling, Labour and Politics, 1900-1906: A History of the Labour Representation Committee (London, 1958), pp.55-97; J. Saville, 'The Trade Unions and Free Labour: The Background to the Taff Vale Decision', in A. Briggs and J. Saville (eds.), Essays in Labour History (London, 1960), pp.317-50; P.S. Gupta, 'History of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, 1871-1913' (unpub. D.Phil., Univ. of Oxford, 1960); idem, 'Railway Trade Unionism in Britain, c.1880-1900', Economic History Review, 2nd series, Vol.XIX (1966), pp.124-55; H.A. Clegg, A. Fox and A.F. Thompson, A History of British Trade Unions since 1889: Vol.I, 1889-1910 (Oxford, 1964), pp.308-63; T. Van den Bergh, The Trade Unions: What are They? (London, 1970), pp.108-18; M.J. Daunton, 'The Taff Vale Strike of 1900', in S. Williams (ed.), Glamorgan Historian, Vol.10 (Barry, 1974), pp.208-14; H. Pelling, A History of British Trade Unionism (3rd edn. London, 1976), pp.120-6; J. Lovell, British Trade Unions, 1875-1933 (London, 1990), pp.30-40; N. McCord, 'Taff Vale Revisited', History, Vol.78 No.258 (1993), pp.243-60. Key works on labour law include R.Y. Hedges and A. Winterbottom, The Legal History of Trade Unionism (London, 1930), pp.134-52; O. Kahn-Freund, 'Legal Framework', in A. Flanders and H.A. Clegg (eds.), The System of Industrial Relations in Britain (Oxford, 1954), pp.101-27; K.W. Wedderburn, The Worker and the Law (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1965), pp.228-60; R. Lewis, 'The Historical Development of Labour Law', British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol.XIV (1976), pp.1-17. Saville, 'Trade Unions and Free Labour', is also worth consulting on legal developments in the 1890s and 1900s.
13. Secondary sources which deal with the strike and court case from an essentially labour history perspective include S. and B. Webb, The History of Trade Unionism (1894, 3rd edn. London, 1920), pp.526, 600-606; F. Bealey and H. Pelling, Labour and Politics, 1900-1906: A History of the Labour Representation Committee (London, 1958), pp.55-97; J. Saville, 'The Trade Unions and Free Labour: The Background to the Taff Vale Decision', in A. Briggs and J. Saville (eds.), Essays in Labour History (London, 1960), pp.317-50; P.S. Gupta, 'History of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, 1871-1913' (unpub. D.Phil., Univ. of Oxford, 1960); idem, 'Railway Trade Unionism in Britain, c.1880-1900', Economic History Review, 2nd series, Vol.XIX (1966), pp.124-55; H.A. Clegg, A. Fox and A.F. Thompson, A History of British Trade Unions since 1889: Vol.I, 1889-1910 (Oxford, 1964), pp.308-63; T. Van den Bergh, The Trade Unions: What are They? (London, 1970), pp.108-18; M.J. Daunton, 'The Taff Vale Strike of 1900', in S. Williams (ed.), Glamorgan Historian, Vol.10 (Barry, 1974), pp.208-14; H. Pelling, A History of British Trade Unionism (3rd edn. London, 1976), pp.120-6; J. Lovell, British Trade Unions, 1875-1933 (London, 1990), pp.30-40; N. McCord, 'Taff Vale Revisited', History, Vol.78 No.258 (1993), pp.243-60. Key works on labour law include R.Y. Hedges and A. Winterbottom, The Legal History of Trade Unionism (London, 1930), pp.134-52; O. Kahn-Freund, 'Legal Framework', in A. Flanders and H.A. Clegg (eds.), The System of Industrial Relations in Britain (Oxford, 1954), pp.101-27; K.W. Wedderburn, The Worker and the Law (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1965), pp.228-60; R. Lewis, 'The Historical Development of Labour Law', British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol.XIV (1976), pp.1-17. Saville, 'Trade Unions and Free Labour', is also worth consulting on legal developments in the 1890s and 1900s.
14. Secondary sources which deal with the strike and court case from an essentially labour history perspective include S. and B. Webb, The History of Trade Unionism (1894, 3rd edn. London, 1920), pp.526, 600-606; F. Bealey and H. Pelling, Labour and Politics, 1900-1906: A History of the Labour Representation Committee (London, 1958), pp.55-97; J. Saville, 'The Trade Unions and Free Labour: The Background to the Taff Vale Decision', in A. Briggs and J. Saville (eds.), Essays in Labour History (London, 1960), pp.317-50; P.S. Gupta, 'History of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, 1871-1913' (unpub. D.Phil., Univ. of Oxford, 1960); idem, 'Railway Trade Unionism in Britain, c.1880-1900', Economic History Review, 2nd series, Vol.XIX (1966), pp.124-55; H.A. Clegg, A. Fox and A.F. Thompson, A History of British Trade Unions since 1889: Vol.I, 1889-1910 (Oxford, 1964), pp.308-63; T. Van den Bergh, The Trade Unions: What are They? (London, 1970), pp.108-18; M.J. Daunton, 'The Taff Vale Strike of 1900', in S. Williams (ed.), Glamorgan Historian, Vol.10 (Barry, 1974), pp.208-14; H. Pelling, A History of British Trade Unionism (3rd edn. London, 1976), pp.120-6; J. Lovell, British Trade Unions, 1875-1933 (London, 1990), pp.30-40; N. McCord, 'Taff Vale Revisited', History, Vol.78 No.258 (1993), pp.243-60. Key works on labour law include R.Y. Hedges and A. Winterbottom, The Legal History of Trade Unionism (London, 1930), pp.134-52; O. Kahn-Freund, 'Legal Framework', in A. Flanders and H.A. Clegg (eds.), The System of Industrial Relations in Britain (Oxford, 1954), pp.101-27; K.W. Wedderburn, The Worker and the Law (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1965), pp.228-60; R. Lewis, 'The Historical Development of Labour Law', British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol.XIV (1976), pp.1-17. Saville, 'Trade Unions and Free Labour', is also worth consulting on legal developments in the 1890s and 1900s.
15. Secondary sources which deal with the strike and court case from an essentially labour history perspective include S. and B. Webb, The History of Trade Unionism (1894, 3rd edn. London, 1920), pp.526, 600-606; F. Bealey and H. Pelling, Labour and Politics, 1900-1906: A History of the Labour Representation Committee (London, 1958), pp.55-97; J. Saville, 'The Trade Unions and Free Labour: The Background to the Taff Vale Decision', in A. Briggs and J. Saville (eds.), Essays in Labour History (London, 1960), pp.317-50; P.S. Gupta, 'History of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, 1871-1913' (unpub. D.Phil., Univ. of Oxford, 1960); idem, 'Railway Trade Unionism in Britain, c.1880-1900', Economic History Review, 2nd series, Vol.XIX (1966), pp.124-55; H.A. Clegg, A. Fox and A.F. Thompson, A History of British Trade Unions since 1889: Vol.I, 1889-1910 (Oxford, 1964), pp.308-63; T. Van den Bergh, The Trade Unions: What are They? (London, 1970), pp.108-18; M.J. Daunton, 'The Taff Vale Strike of 1900', in S. Williams (ed.), Glamorgan Historian, Vol.10 (Barry, 1974), pp.208-14; H. Pelling, A History of British Trade Unionism (3rd edn. London, 1976), pp.120-6; J. Lovell, British Trade Unions, 1875-1933 (London, 1990), pp.30-40; N. McCord, 'Taff Vale Revisited', History, Vol.78 No.258 (1993), pp.243-60. Key works on labour law include R.Y. Hedges and A. Winterbottom, The Legal History of Trade Unionism (London, 1930), pp.134-52; O. Kahn-Freund, 'Legal Framework', in A. Flanders and H.A. Clegg (eds.), The System of Industrial Relations in Britain (Oxford, 1954), pp.101-27; K.W. Wedderburn, The Worker and the Law (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1965), pp.228-60; R. Lewis, 'The Historical Development of Labour Law', British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol.XIV (1976), pp.1-17. Saville, 'Trade Unions and Free Labour', is also worth consulting on legal developments in the 1890s and 1900s.
16. Secondary sources which deal with the strike and court case from an essentially labour history perspective include S. and B. Webb, The History of Trade Unionism (1894, 3rd edn. London, 1920), pp.526, 600-606; F. Bealey and H. Pelling, Labour and Politics, 1900-1906: A History of the Labour Representation Committee (London, 1958), pp.55-97; J. Saville, 'The Trade Unions and Free Labour: The Background to the Taff Vale Decision', in A. Briggs and J. Saville (eds.), Essays in Labour History (London, 1960), pp.317-50; P.S. Gupta, 'History of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, 1871-1913' (unpub. D.Phil., Univ. of Oxford, 1960); idem, 'Railway Trade Unionism in Britain, c.1880-1900', Economic History Review, 2nd series, Vol.XIX (1966), pp.124-55; H.A. Clegg, A. Fox and A.F. Thompson, A History of British Trade Unions since 1889: Vol.I, 1889-1910 (Oxford, 1964), pp.308-63; T. Van den Bergh, The Trade Unions: What are They? (London, 1970), pp.108-18; M.J. Daunton, 'The Taff Vale Strike of 1900', in S. Williams (ed.), Glamorgan Historian, Vol.10 (Barry, 1974), pp.208-14; H. Pelling, A History of British Trade Unionism (3rd edn. London, 1976), pp.120-6; J. Lovell, British Trade Unions, 1875-1933 (London, 1990), pp.30-40; N. McCord, 'Taff Vale Revisited', History, Vol.78 No.258 (1993), pp.243-60. Key works on labour law include R.Y. Hedges and A. Winterbottom, The Legal History of Trade Unionism (London, 1930), pp.134-52; O. Kahn-Freund, 'Legal Framework', in A. Flanders and H.A. Clegg (eds.), The System of Industrial Relations in Britain (Oxford, 1954), pp.101-27; K.W. Wedderburn, The Worker and the Law (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1965), pp.228-60; R. Lewis, 'The Historical Development of Labour Law', British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol.XIV (1976), pp.1-17. Saville, 'Trade Unions and Free Labour', is also worth consulting on legal developments in the 1890s and 1900s.
17. Secondary sources which deal with the strike and court case from an essentially labour history perspective include S. and B. Webb, The History of Trade Unionism (1894, 3rd edn. London, 1920), pp.526, 600-606; F. Bealey and H. Pelling, Labour and Politics, 1900-1906: A History of the Labour Representation Committee (London, 1958), pp.55-97; J. Saville, 'The Trade Unions and Free Labour: The Background to the Taff Vale Decision', in A. Briggs and J. Saville (eds.), Essays in Labour History (London, 1960), pp.317-50; P.S. Gupta, 'History of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, 1871-1913' (unpub. D.Phil., Univ. of Oxford, 1960); idem, 'Railway Trade Unionism in Britain, c.1880-1900', Economic History Review, 2nd series, Vol.XIX (1966), pp.124-55; H.A. Clegg, A. Fox and A.F. Thompson, A History of British Trade Unions since 1889: Vol.I, 1889-1910 (Oxford, 1964), pp.308-63; T. Van den Bergh, The Trade Unions: What are They? (London, 1970), pp.108-18; M.J. Daunton, 'The Taff Vale Strike of 1900', in S. Williams (ed.), Glamorgan Historian, Vol.10 (Barry, 1974), pp.208-14; H. Pelling, A History of British Trade Unionism (3rd edn. London, 1976), pp.120-6; J. Lovell, British Trade Unions, 1875-1933 (London, 1990), pp.30-40; N. McCord, 'Taff Vale Revisited', History, Vol.78 No.258 (1993), pp.243-60. Key works on labour law include R.Y. Hedges and A. Winterbottom, The Legal History of Trade Unionism (London, 1930), pp.134-52; O. Kahn-Freund, 'Legal Framework', in A. Flanders and H.A. Clegg (eds.), The System of Industrial Relations in Britain (Oxford, 1954), pp.101-27; K.W. Wedderburn, The Worker and the Law (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1965), pp.228-60; R. Lewis, 'The Historical Development of Labour Law', British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol.XIV (1976), pp.1-17. Saville, 'Trade Unions and Free Labour', is also worth consulting on legal developments in the 1890s and 1900s.
18. Secondary sources which deal with the strike and court case from an essentially labour history perspective include S. and B. Webb, The History of Trade Unionism (1894, 3rd edn. London, 1920), pp.526, 600-606; F. Bealey and H. Pelling, Labour and Politics, 1900-1906: A History of the Labour Representation Committee (London, 1958), pp.55-97; J. Saville, 'The Trade Unions and Free Labour: The Background to the Taff Vale Decision', in A. Briggs and J. Saville (eds.), Essays in Labour History (London, 1960), pp.317-50; P.S. Gupta, 'History of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, 1871-1913' (unpub. D.Phil., Univ. of Oxford, 1960); idem, 'Railway Trade Unionism in Britain, c.1880-1900', Economic History Review, 2nd series, Vol.XIX (1966), pp.124-55; H.A. Clegg, A. Fox and A.F. Thompson, A History of British Trade Unions since 1889: Vol.I, 1889-1910 (Oxford, 1964), pp.308-63; T. Van den Bergh, The Trade Unions: What are They? (London, 1970), pp.108-18; M.J. Daunton, 'The Taff Vale Strike of 1900', in S. Williams (ed.), Glamorgan Historian, Vol.10 (Barry, 1974), pp.208-14; H. Pelling, A History of British Trade Unionism (3rd edn. London, 1976), pp.120-6; J. Lovell, British Trade Unions, 1875-1933 (London, 1990), pp.30-40; N. McCord, 'Taff Vale Revisited', History, Vol.78 No.258 (1993), pp.243-60. Key works on labour law include R.Y. Hedges and A. Winterbottom, The Legal History of Trade Unionism (London, 1930), pp.134-52; O. Kahn-Freund, 'Legal Framework', in A. Flanders and H.A. Clegg (eds.), The System of Industrial Relations in Britain (Oxford, 1954), pp.101-27; K.W. Wedderburn, The Worker and the Law (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1965), pp.228-60; R. Lewis, 'The Historical Development of Labour Law', British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol.XIV (1976), pp.1-17. Saville, 'Trade Unions and Free Labour', is also worth consulting on legal developments in the 1890s and 1900s.
19. 6 Wm. IV cap.82. On the origins and early history of the Taff Vale Railway, see E.L. Chappell, History of the Port of Cardiff (Cardiff, 1939), pp.82-90; D.S.M. Barrie, The Taff Vale Railway (Lingfield, Surrey, 2nd edn. 1950); H.R. Pollins, The Development of Transport, 1750-1914', in A.H. John and G. Williams (eds.), The Glamorgan County History, Vol.5: Industrial Glamorgan from 1700 to 1970 (Cardiff, 1980), pp.444-7.
20. 6 Wm. IV cap.82. On the origins and early history of the Taff Vale Railway, see E.L. Chappell, History of the Port of Cardiff (Cardiff, 1939), pp.82-90; D.S.M. Barrie, The Taff Vale Railway (Lingfield, Surrey, 2nd edn. 1950); H.R. Pollins, The Development of Transport, 1750-1914', in A.H. John and G. Williams (eds.), The Glamorgan County History, Vol.5: Industrial Glamorgan from 1700 to 1970 (Cardiff, 1980), pp.444-7.
21. 6 Wm. IV cap.82. On the origins and early history of the Taff Vale Railway, see E.L. Chappell, History of the Port of Cardiff (Cardiff, 1939), pp.82-90; D.S.M. Barrie, The Taff Vale Railway (Lingfield, Surrey, 2nd edn. 1950); H.R. Pollins, The Development of Transport, 1750-1914', in A.H. John and G. Williams (eds.), The Glamorgan County History, Vol.5: Industrial Glamorgan from 1700 to 1970 (Cardiff, 1980), pp.444-7.
22. Pollins, 'Transport, 1750-1914', p.459. On the growth of the South Wales coal industry, see, inter alia, D.A. Thomas, Some Notes on the Present State of the Coal Trade in the United Kingdom, with special reference to that of South Wales and Monmouthshire, together with a Proposal for the Prevention of Unfair Competition and for Maintaining Prices at a Remunerative Level (Cardiff, 1896); H.S. Jevons, The British Coal Trade (London, 1915); M.J. Daunton, Coal Metropolis: Cardiff, 1870-1914 (Leicester, 1977); R.H. Walters, The Economics and Business History of the South Wales Steam Coal Industry, 1840-1914 (New York, 1977); N.K. Buxton, The Economic Development of the British Coal Industry (London, 1978), pp.96-7; J. Davies, Cardiff and the Marquesses of Bute (Cardiff, 1981); K.O. Morgan, Rebirth of a Nation: Wales, 1880-1980 (Cardiff, 1981), p.71; M. Asteris, 'The Rise and Fall of South Wales Coal Exports, 1870-1930', Welsh History Review, Vol.13 (1986), pp.24-43; R.A. Church, The History of the British Coal Industry, Vol.II: 1830-1913, Victorian Pre-eminence (Oxford, 1986).
23. Pollins, 'Transport, 1750-1914', p.459. On the growth of the South Wales coal industry, see, inter alia, D.A. Thomas, Some Notes on the Present State of the Coal Trade in the United Kingdom, with special reference to that of South Wales and Monmouthshire, together with a Proposal for the Prevention of Unfair Competition and for Maintaining Prices at a Remunerative Level (Cardiff, 1896); H.S. Jevons, The British Coal Trade (London, 1915); M.J. Daunton, Coal Metropolis: Cardiff, 1870-1914 (Leicester, 1977); R.H. Walters, The Economics and Business History of the South Wales Steam Coal Industry, 1840-1914 (New York, 1977); N.K. Buxton, The Economic Development of the British Coal Industry (London, 1978), pp.96-7; J. Davies, Cardiff and the Marquesses of Bute (Cardiff, 1981); K.O. Morgan, Rebirth of a Nation: Wales, 1880-1980 (Cardiff, 1981), p.71; M. Asteris, 'The Rise and Fall of South Wales Coal Exports, 1870-1930', Welsh History Review, Vol.13 (1986), pp.24-43; R.A. Church, The History of the British Coal Industry, Vol.II: 1830-1913, Victorian Pre-eminence (Oxford, 1986).
24. Pollins, 'Transport, 1750-1914', p.459. On the growth of the South Wales coal industry, see, inter alia, D.A. Thomas, Some Notes on the Present State of the Coal Trade in the United Kingdom, with special reference to that of South Wales and Monmouthshire, together with a Proposal for the Prevention of Unfair Competition and for Maintaining Prices at a Remunerative Level (Cardiff, 1896); H.S. Jevons, The British Coal Trade (London, 1915); M.J. Daunton, Coal Metropolis: Cardiff, 1870-1914 (Leicester, 1977); R.H. Walters, The Economics and Business History of the South Wales Steam Coal Industry, 1840-1914 (New York, 1977); N.K. Buxton, The Economic Development of the British Coal Industry (London, 1978), pp.96-7; J. Davies, Cardiff and the Marquesses of Bute (Cardiff, 1981); K.O. Morgan, Rebirth of a Nation: Wales, 1880-1980 (Cardiff, 1981), p.71; M. Asteris, 'The Rise and Fall of South Wales Coal Exports, 1870-1930', Welsh History Review, Vol.13 (1986), pp.24-43; R.A. Church, The History of the British Coal Industry, Vol.II: 1830-1913, Victorian Pre-eminence (Oxford, 1986).
25. Pollins, 'Transport, 1750-1914', p.459. On the growth of the South Wales coal industry, see, inter alia, D.A. Thomas, Some Notes on the Present State of the Coal Trade in the United Kingdom, with special reference to that of South Wales and Monmouthshire, together with a Proposal for the Prevention of Unfair Competition and for Maintaining Prices at a Remunerative Level (Cardiff, 1896); H.S. Jevons, The British Coal Trade (London, 1915); M.J. Daunton, Coal Metropolis: Cardiff, 1870-1914 (Leicester, 1977); R.H. Walters, The Economics and Business History of the South Wales Steam Coal Industry, 1840-1914 (New York, 1977); N.K. Buxton, The Economic Development of the British Coal Industry (London, 1978), pp.96-7; J. Davies, Cardiff and the Marquesses of Bute (Cardiff, 1981); K.O. Morgan, Rebirth of a Nation: Wales, 1880-1980 (Cardiff, 1981), p.71; M. Asteris, 'The Rise and Fall of South Wales Coal Exports, 1870-1930', Welsh History Review, Vol.13 (1986), pp.24-43; R.A. Church, The History of the British Coal Industry, Vol.II: 1830-1913, Victorian Pre-eminence (Oxford, 1986).
26. Pollins, 'Transport, 1750-1914', p.459. On the growth of the South Wales coal industry, see, inter alia, D.A. Thomas, Some Notes on the Present State of the Coal Trade in the United Kingdom, with special reference to that of South Wales and Monmouthshire, together with a Proposal for the Prevention of Unfair Competition and for Maintaining Prices at a Remunerative Level (Cardiff, 1896); H.S. Jevons, The British Coal Trade (London, 1915); M.J. Daunton, Coal Metropolis: Cardiff, 1870-1914 (Leicester, 1977); R.H. Walters, The Economics and Business History of the South Wales Steam Coal Industry, 1840-1914 (New York, 1977); N.K. Buxton, The Economic Development of the British Coal Industry (London, 1978), pp.96-7; J. Davies, Cardiff and the Marquesses of Bute (Cardiff, 1981); K.O. Morgan, Rebirth of a Nation: Wales, 1880-1980 (Cardiff, 1981), p.71; M. Asteris, 'The Rise and Fall of South Wales Coal Exports, 1870-1930', Welsh History Review, Vol.13 (1986), pp.24-43; R.A. Church, The History of the British Coal Industry, Vol.II: 1830-1913, Victorian Pre-eminence (Oxford, 1986).
27. Pollins, 'Transport, 1750-1914', p.459. On the growth of the South Wales coal industry, see, inter alia, D.A. Thomas, Some Notes on the Present State of the Coal Trade in the United Kingdom, with special reference to that of South Wales and Monmouthshire, together with a Proposal for the Prevention of Unfair Competition and for Maintaining Prices at a Remunerative Level (Cardiff, 1896); H.S. Jevons, The British Coal Trade (London, 1915); M.J. Daunton, Coal Metropolis: Cardiff, 1870-1914 (Leicester, 1977); R.H. Walters, The Economics and Business History of the South Wales Steam Coal Industry, 1840-1914 (New York, 1977); N.K. Buxton, The Economic Development of the British Coal Industry (London, 1978), pp.96-7; J. Davies, Cardiff and the Marquesses of Bute (Cardiff, 1981); K.O. Morgan, Rebirth of a Nation: Wales, 1880-1980 (Cardiff, 1981), p.71; M. Asteris, 'The Rise and Fall of South Wales Coal Exports, 1870-1930', Welsh History Review, Vol.13 (1986), pp.24-43; R.A. Church, The History of the British Coal Industry, Vol.II: 1830-1913, Victorian Pre-eminence (Oxford, 1986).
28. Pollins, 'Transport, 1750-1914', p.459. On the growth of the South Wales coal industry, see, inter alia, D.A. Thomas, Some Notes on the Present State of the Coal Trade in the United Kingdom, with special reference to that of South Wales and Monmouthshire, together with a Proposal for the Prevention of Unfair Competition and for Maintaining Prices at a Remunerative Level (Cardiff, 1896); H.S. Jevons, The British Coal Trade (London, 1915); M.J. Daunton, Coal Metropolis: Cardiff, 1870-1914 (Leicester, 1977); R.H. Walters, The Economics and Business History of the South Wales Steam Coal Industry, 1840-1914 (New York, 1977); N.K. Buxton, The Economic Development of the British Coal Industry (London, 1978), pp.96-7; J. Davies, Cardiff and the Marquesses of Bute (Cardiff, 1981); K.O. Morgan, Rebirth of a Nation: Wales, 1880-1980 (Cardiff, 1981), p.71; M. Asteris, 'The Rise and Fall of South Wales Coal Exports, 1870-1930', Welsh History Review, Vol.13 (1986), pp.24-43; R.A. Church, The History of the British Coal Industry, Vol.II: 1830-1913, Victorian Pre-eminence (Oxford, 1986).
29. Pollins, 'Transport, 1750-1914', p.459. On the growth of the South Wales coal industry, see, inter alia, D.A. Thomas, Some Notes on the Present State of the Coal Trade in the United Kingdom, with special reference to that of South Wales and Monmouthshire, together with a Proposal for the Prevention of Unfair Competition and for Maintaining Prices at a Remunerative Level (Cardiff, 1896); H.S. Jevons, The British Coal Trade (London, 1915); M.J. Daunton, Coal Metropolis: Cardiff, 1870-1914 (Leicester, 1977); R.H. Walters, The Economics and Business History of the South Wales Steam Coal Industry, 1840-1914 (New York, 1977); N.K. Buxton, The Economic Development of the British Coal Industry (London, 1978), pp.96-7; J. Davies, Cardiff and the Marquesses of Bute (Cardiff, 1981); K.O. Morgan, Rebirth of a Nation: Wales, 1880-1980 (Cardiff, 1981), p.71; M. Asteris, 'The Rise and Fall of South Wales Coal Exports, 1870-1930', Welsh History Review, Vol.13 (1986), pp.24-43; R.A. Church, The History of the British Coal Industry, Vol.II: 1830-1913, Victorian Pre-eminence (Oxford, 1986).
30. Pollins, 'Transport, 1750-1914', p.459. On the growth of the South Wales coal industry, see, inter alia, D.A. Thomas, Some Notes on the Present State of the Coal Trade in the United Kingdom, with special reference to that of South Wales and Monmouthshire, together with a Proposal for the Prevention of Unfair Competition and for Maintaining Prices at a Remunerative Level (Cardiff, 1896); H.S. Jevons, The British Coal Trade (London, 1915); M.J. Daunton, Coal Metropolis: Cardiff, 1870-1914 (Leicester, 1977); R.H. Walters, The Economics and Business History of the South Wales Steam Coal Industry, 1840-1914 (New York, 1977); N.K. Buxton, The Economic Development of the British Coal Industry (London, 1978), pp.96-7; J. Davies, Cardiff and the Marquesses of Bute (Cardiff, 1981); K.O. Morgan, Rebirth of a Nation: Wales, 1880-1980 (Cardiff, 1981), p.71; M. Asteris, 'The Rise and Fall of South Wales Coal Exports, 1870-1930', Welsh History Review, Vol.13 (1986), pp.24-43; R.A. Church, The History of the British Coal Industry, Vol.II: 1830-1913, Victorian Pre-eminence (Oxford, 1986).
31. Pollins, 'Transport, 1750-1914', p.459. On the growth of the South Wales coal industry, see, inter alia, D.A. Thomas, Some Notes on the Present State of the Coal Trade in the United Kingdom, with special reference to that of South Wales and Monmouthshire, together with a Proposal for the Prevention of Unfair Competition and for Maintaining Prices at a Remunerative Level (Cardiff, 1896); H.S. Jevons, The British Coal Trade (London, 1915); M.J. Daunton, Coal Metropolis: Cardiff, 1870-1914 (Leicester, 1977); R.H. Walters, The Economics and Business History of the South Wales Steam Coal Industry, 1840-1914 (New York, 1977); N.K. Buxton, The Economic Development of the British Coal Industry (London, 1978), pp.96-7; J. Davies, Cardiff and the Marquesses of Bute (Cardiff, 1981); K.O. Morgan, Rebirth of a Nation: Wales, 1880-1980 (Cardiff, 1981), p.71; M. Asteris, 'The Rise and Fall of South Wales Coal Exports, 1870-1930', Welsh History Review, Vol.13 (1986), pp.24-43; R.A. Church, The History of the British Coal Industry, Vol.II: 1830-1913, Victorian Pre-eminence (Oxford, 1986).
32. T.M. Hodges, 'The Peopling of the Hinterland and the Port of Cardiff', Economic History Review, Vol.XVII (1947), pp.62-72.
33. See, for example, Taff Vale Railway Company (hereafter TVR), Rules and regulations for the conduct of the traffic and for the guidance of the officers and men, in the service of the Taff Vale Railway Company (Cardiff, 1853); idem, Rules and regulations to be observed by the officers and servants of the Taff Vale Railway, January, 1875 (London, 1874), p.63. Lists of all persons fined, demoted or discharged together with a summary of the cause of punishment were published each month, and circulated throughout the Taff Vale's network.
34. See, for example, Taff Vale Railway Company (hereafter TVR), Rules and regulations for the conduct of the traffic and for the guidance of the officers and men, in the service of the Taff Vale Railway Company (Cardiff, 1853); idem, Rules and regulations to be observed by the officers and servants of the Taff Vale Railway, January, 1875 (London, 1874), p.63. Lists of all persons fined, demoted or discharged together with a summary of the cause of punishment were published each month, and circulated throughout the Taff Vale's network.
35. Railway Returns for England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland, 1881-1910 (P.P., passim); General Reports of the Board of Trade in regard to the Share and Loan Capital, Traffic in Passengers and Goods, and the Working Expenditure and Net Profits of the Railway Companies of the United Kingdom, 1881-1910 (P.P., passim); T. Skinner, Stock Exchange Year-Book (London, 1875-), passim. In the first half of the 1880s, for example, the market price of the Taff Vale's ordinary stock was consistently between 270 and 290 per cent of par.
36. Railway Returns for England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland, 1881-1910 (P.P., passim); General Reports of the Board of Trade in regard to the Share and Loan Capital, Traffic in Passengers and Goods, and the Working Expenditure and Net Profits of the Railway Companies of the United Kingdom, 1881-1910 (P.P., passim); T. Skinner, Stock Exchange Year-Book (London, 1875-), passim. In the first half of the 1880s, for example, the market price of the Taff Vale's ordinary stock was consistently between 270 and 290 per cent of par.
37. Railway Returns for England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland, 1881-1910 (P.P., passim); General Reports of the Board of Trade in regard to the Share and Loan Capital, Traffic in Passengers and Goods, and the Working Expenditure and Net Profits of the Railway Companies of the United Kingdom, 1881-1910 (P.P., passim); T. Skinner, Stock Exchange Year-Book (London, 1875-), passim. In the first half of the 1880s, for example, the market price of the Taff Vale's ordinary stock was consistently between 270 and 290 per cent of par.
38. South Wales Daily News, 25 April 1890; E.D. Lewis, The Rhondda Valleys: A Study in Industrial Development, 1800 to the Present Day (London, 1959), p.124. On the origin and development of the Barry Dock & Railway Company, see R.J. Rimell, History of the Barry-Railway Company, 1884-1921 (Cardiff, 1923); Chappell, History, pp.102-6; D.S.M. Barrie, The Barry Railway (Lingfield, Surrey, 1962); I.W. Prothero, 'The Port and Railways of Barry', in D. Moore (ed.), Barry: The Centenary Book (Barry, 1984), pp.209-69; H. Williams, Davies the Ocean: Railway King and Coal Tycoon (Cardiff, 1991).
39. South Wales Daily News, 25 April 1890; E.D. Lewis, The Rhondda Valleys: A Study in Industrial Development, 1800 to the Present Day (London, 1959), p.124. On the origin and development of the Barry Dock & Railway Company, see R.J. Rimell, History of the Barry-Railway Company, 1884-1921 (Cardiff, 1923); Chappell, History, pp.102-6; D.S.M. Barrie, The Barry Railway (Lingfield, Surrey, 1962); I.W. Prothero, 'The Port and Railways of Barry', in D. Moore (ed.), Barry: The Centenary Book (Barry, 1984), pp.209-69; H. Williams, Davies the Ocean: Railway King and Coal Tycoon (Cardiff, 1991).
40. South Wales Daily News, 25 April 1890; E.D. Lewis, The Rhondda Valleys: A Study in Industrial Development, 1800 to the Present Day (London, 1959), p.124. On the origin and development of the Barry Dock & Railway Company, see R.J. Rimell, History of the Barry-Railway Company, 1884-1921 (Cardiff, 1923); Chappell, History, pp.102-6; D.S.M. Barrie, The Barry Railway (Lingfield, Surrey, 1962); I.W. Prothero, 'The Port and Railways of Barry', in D. Moore (ed.), Barry: The Centenary Book (Barry, 1984), pp.209-69; H. Williams, Davies the Ocean: Railway King and Coal Tycoon (Cardiff, 1991).
41. South Wales Daily News, 25 April 1890; E.D. Lewis, The Rhondda Valleys: A Study in Industrial Development, 1800 to the Present Day (London, 1959), p.124. On the origin and development of the Barry Dock & Railway Company, see R.J. Rimell, History of the Barry-Railway Company, 1884-1921 (Cardiff, 1923); Chappell, History, pp.102-6; D.S.M. Barrie, The Barry Railway (Lingfield, Surrey, 1962); I.W. Prothero, 'The Port and Railways of Barry', in D. Moore (ed.), Barry: The Centenary Book (Barry, 1984), pp.209-69; H. Williams, Davies the Ocean: Railway King and Coal Tycoon (Cardiff, 1991).
42. South Wales Daily News, 25 April 1890; E.D. Lewis, The Rhondda Valleys: A Study in Industrial Development, 1800 to the Present Day (London, 1959), p.124. On the origin and development of the Barry Dock & Railway Company, see R.J. Rimell, History of the Barry-Railway Company, 1884-1921 (Cardiff, 1923); Chappell, History, pp.102-6; D.S.M. Barrie, The Barry Railway (Lingfield, Surrey, 1962); I.W. Prothero, 'The Port and Railways of Barry', in D. Moore (ed.), Barry: The Centenary Book (Barry, 1984), pp.209-69; H. Williams, Davies the Ocean: Railway King and Coal Tycoon (Cardiff, 1991).
43. South Wales Daily News, 25 April 1890; E.D. Lewis, The Rhondda Valleys: A Study in Industrial Development, 1800 to the Present Day (London, 1959), p.124. On the origin and development of the Barry Dock & Railway Company, see R.J. Rimell, History of the Barry-Railway Company, 1884-1921 (Cardiff, 1923); Chappell, History, pp.102-6; D.S.M. Barrie, The Barry Railway (Lingfield, Surrey, 1962); I.W. Prothero, 'The Port and Railways of Barry', in D. Moore (ed.), Barry: The Centenary Book (Barry, 1984), pp.209-69; H. Williams, Davies the Ocean: Railway King and Coal Tycoon (Cardiff, 1991).
44. South Wales Daily News, 25 April 1890; E.D. Lewis, The Rhondda Valleys: A Study in Industrial Development, 1800 to the Present Day (London, 1959), p.124. On the origin and development of the Barry Dock & Railway Company, see R.J. Rimell, History of the Barry-Railway Company, 1884-1921 (Cardiff, 1923); Chappell, History, pp.102-6; D.S.M. Barrie, The Barry Railway (Lingfield, Surrey, 1962); I.W. Prothero, 'The Port and Railways of Barry', in D. Moore (ed.), Barry: The Centenary Book (Barry, 1984), pp.209-69; H. Williams, Davies the Ocean: Railway King and Coal Tycoon (Cardiff, 1991).
45. 56 & 57 Vict. Cap.29. On the Act, see G. Alderman, The Railway Interest (Leicester, 1973), p.140.
46. Daunton, 'Taff Vale', p.210.
47. On the railway rates debate, see T. Alborn, Conceiving Companies: Joint-Stock Companies in Victorian Britain (London, 1998), pp.228-33.
48. 51 & 52 Vict. Cap.25; 57 & 58 Vict. Cap.54.
49. On the Darlington Programme, see Gupta, thesis, pp.47, 103. On the origins of railway trade unionism in South Wales, see G.W. Alcock, Fifty Years of Railway Trade Unionism (London, 1922), pp.39-40, 74, 82-98.
50. Railway Review supplement of 22 Aug. 1890; Railway News, 16 Aug. 1890, p.303.
51. Railway Review supplement of 22 Aug. 1890; Railway News, 16 Aug. 1890, p.303.
52. On the strike, see Western Mail, 24 April, 20 May, 28 July, 1 July, 5 Aug., 15 Aug. 1890; South Wales Daily News, 28 April, 30 June, 2 July, 21 July, 7 Aug. 1890; Railway Review, 30 May 1890, pp.256-8; 4 July 1890, p.314; 25 July 1890, p.5; Railway News, 16 Aug. 1890, p.303; Secondary sources which discuss the strike include Gupta, thesis, p.110; L.J. Williams, 'The New Unionism in Wales', 1889-92', Welsh History Review, Vol.1 (1960), pp.413-29; P. Bagwell, The Railwaymen (London, 1963), pp.137-9; Alderman, Railway Interest, p.134; P. Bagwell, 'Transport', in C. Wrigley (ed.), A History of British Industrial Relations, 1875-1914 (Brighton, 1982), p.234.
53. On the strike, see Western Mail, 24 April, 20 May, 28 July, 1 July, 5 Aug., 15 Aug. 1890; South Wales Daily News, 28 April, 30 June, 2 July, 21 July, 7 Aug. 1890; Railway Review, 30 May 1890, pp.256-8; 4 July 1890, p.314; 25 July 1890, p.5; Railway News, 16 Aug. 1890, p.303; Secondary sources which discuss the strike include Gupta, thesis, p.110; L.J. Williams, 'The New Unionism in Wales', 1889-92', Welsh History Review, Vol.1 (1960), pp.413-29; P. Bagwell, The Railwaymen (London, 1963), pp.137-9; Alderman, Railway Interest, p.134; P. Bagwell, 'Transport', in C. Wrigley (ed.), A History of British Industrial Relations, 1875-1914 (Brighton, 1982), p.234.
54. On the strike, see Western Mail, 24 April, 20 May, 28 July, 1 July, 5 Aug., 15 Aug. 1890; South Wales Daily News, 28 April, 30 June, 2 July, 21 July, 7 Aug. 1890; Railway Review, 30 May 1890, pp.256-8; 4 July 1890, p.314; 25 July 1890, p.5; Railway News, 16 Aug. 1890, p.303; Secondary sources which discuss the strike include Gupta, thesis, p.110; L.J. Williams, 'The New Unionism in Wales', 1889-92', Welsh History Review, Vol.1 (1960), pp.413-29; P. Bagwell, The Railwaymen (London, 1963), pp.137-9; Alderman, Railway Interest, p.134; P. Bagwell, 'Transport', in C. Wrigley (ed.), A History of British Industrial Relations, 1875-1914 (Brighton, 1982), p.234.
55. On the strike, see Western Mail, 24 April, 20 May, 28 July, 1 July, 5 Aug., 15 Aug. 1890; South Wales Daily News, 28 April, 30 June, 2 July, 21 July, 7 Aug. 1890; Railway Review, 30 May 1890, pp.256-8; 4 July 1890, p.314; 25 July 1890, p.5; Railway News, 16 Aug. 1890, p.303; Secondary sources which discuss the strike include Gupta, thesis, p.110; L.J. Williams, 'The New Unionism in Wales', 1889-92', Welsh History Review, Vol.1 (1960), pp.413-29; P. Bagwell, The Railwaymen (London, 1963), pp.137-9; Alderman, Railway Interest, p.134; P. Bagwell, 'Transport', in C. Wrigley (ed.), A History of British Industrial Relations, 1875-1914 (Brighton, 1982), p.234.
56. On the strike, see Western Mail, 24 April, 20 May, 28 July, 1 July, 5 Aug., 15 Aug. 1890; South Wales Daily News, 28 April, 30 June, 2 July, 21 July, 7 Aug. 1890; Railway Review, 30 May 1890, pp.256-8; 4 July 1890, p.314; 25 July 1890, p.5; Railway News, 16 Aug. 1890, p.303; Secondary sources which discuss the strike include Gupta, thesis, p.110; L.J. Williams, 'The New Unionism in Wales', 1889-92', Welsh History Review, Vol.1 (1960), pp.413-29; P. Bagwell, The Railwaymen (London, 1963), pp.137-9; Alderman, Railway Interest, p.134; P. Bagwell, 'Transport', in C. Wrigley (ed.), A History of British Industrial Relations, 1875-1914 (Brighton, 1982), p.234.
57. On the strike, see Western Mail, 24 April, 20 May, 28 July, 1 July, 5 Aug., 15 Aug. 1890; South Wales Daily News, 28 April, 30 June, 2 July, 21 July, 7 Aug. 1890; Railway Review, 30 May 1890, pp.256-8; 4 July 1890, p.314; 25 July 1890, p.5; Railway News, 16 Aug. 1890, p.303; Secondary sources which discuss the strike include Gupta, thesis, p.110; L.J. Williams, 'The New Unionism in Wales', 1889-92', Welsh History Review, Vol.1 (1960), pp.413-29; P. Bagwell, The Railwaymen (London, 1963), pp.137-9; Alderman, Railway Interest, p.134; P. Bagwell, 'Transport', in C. Wrigley (ed.), A History of British Industrial Relations, 1875-1914 (Brighton, 1982), p.234.
58. On the strike, see Western Mail, 24 April, 20 May, 28 July, 1 July, 5 Aug., 15 Aug. 1890; South Wales Daily News, 28 April, 30 June, 2 July, 21 July, 7 Aug. 1890; Railway Review, 30 May 1890, pp.256-8; 4 July 1890, p.314; 25 July 1890, p.5; Railway News, 16 Aug. 1890, p.303; Secondary sources which discuss the strike include Gupta, thesis, p.110; L.J. Williams, 'The New Unionism in Wales', 1889-92', Welsh History Review, Vol.1 (1960), pp.413-29; P. Bagwell, The Railwaymen (London, 1963), pp.137-9; Alderman, Railway Interest, p.134; P. Bagwell, 'Transport', in C. Wrigley (ed.), A History of British Industrial Relations, 1875-1914 (Brighton, 1982), p.234.
59. On the strike, see Western Mail, 24 April, 20 May, 28 July, 1 July, 5 Aug., 15 Aug. 1890; South Wales Daily News, 28 April, 30 June, 2 July, 21 July, 7 Aug. 1890; Railway Review, 30 May 1890, pp.256-8; 4 July 1890, p.314; 25 July 1890, p.5; Railway News, 16 Aug. 1890, p.303; Secondary sources which discuss the strike include Gupta, thesis, p.110; L.J. Williams, 'The New Unionism in Wales', 1889-92', Welsh History Review, Vol.1 (1960), pp.413-29; P. Bagwell, The Railwaymen (London, 1963), pp.137-9; Alderman, Railway Interest, p.134; P. Bagwell, 'Transport', in C. Wrigley (ed.), A History of British Industrial Relations, 1875-1914 (Brighton, 1982), p.234.
60. See G. Alderman, 'The Railway Companies and the Growth of Trade Unionism in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries', Historical Journal, Vol.XIV (1971), p.129.
61. See Alborn, Conceiving Companies, p.242.
62. On George (later Sir George) White, see C. Harvey and J. Press, 'Sir George White, 1854-1916: A Career in Transport', Journal of Transport History, 3rd series, Vol.9 (1988), pp.170-89; idem, Sir George White of Bristol, 1854-1916 (Bristol, 1989); J. Press, 'Sir George White (1854-1916)', New Dictionary of National Biography (forthcoming).
63. On George (later Sir George) White, see C. Harvey and J. Press, 'Sir George White, 1854-1916: A Career in Transport', Journal of Transport History, 3rd series, Vol.9 (1988), pp.170-89; idem, Sir George White of Bristol, 1854-1916 (Bristol, 1989); J. Press, 'Sir George White (1854-1916)', New Dictionary of National Biography (forthcoming).
64. On George (later Sir George) White, see C. Harvey and J. Press, 'Sir George White, 1854-1916: A Career in Transport', Journal of Transport History, 3rd series, Vol.9 (1988), pp.170-89; idem, Sir George White of Bristol, 1854-1916 (Bristol, 1989); J. Press, 'Sir George White (1854-1916)', New Dictionary of National Biography (forthcoming).
65. Money, 16 Aug. 1890; P.R.O., RAIL 684/10, TVR, Directors' Minute Book, 1 May, 26 May, 2 July, 8 Dec. 1891; Bristol Record Office, 35810/24, TVR, Verbatim Report of the Special Meeting of the Proprietors, 26 May 1891; Financial Times, 15 May 1891; South Wales Daily News, 15 May, 18 May, 7 July 1891; Western Mail, 15 May, 27 May, 22 June, 3 July 1891.
66. Money, 16 Aug. 1890; P.R.O., RAIL 684/10, TVR, Directors' Minute Book, 1 May, 26 May, 2 July, 8 Dec. 1891; Bristol Record Office, 35810/24, TVR, Verbatim Report of the Special Meeting of the Proprietors, 26 May 1891; Financial Times, 15 May 1891; South Wales Daily News, 15 May, 18 May, 7 July 1891; Western Mail, 15 May, 27 May, 22 June, 3 July 1891.
67. Money, 16 Aug. 1890; P.R.O., RAIL 684/10, TVR, Directors' Minute Book, 1 May, 26 May, 2 July, 8 Dec. 1891; Bristol Record Office, 35810/24, TVR, Verbatim
68. Money, 16 Aug. 1890; P.R.O., RAIL 684/10, TVR, Directors' Minute Book, 1 May, 26 May, 2 July, 8 Dec. 1891; Bristol Record Office, 35810/24, TVR, Verbatim Report of the Special Meeting of the Proprietors, 26 May 1891; Financial Times, 15 May 1891; South Wales Daily News, 15 May, 18 May, 7 July 1891; Western Mail, 15 May, 27 May, 22 June, 3 July 1891.
69. Money, 16 Aug. 1890; P.R.O., RAIL 684/10, TVR, Directors' Minute Book, 1 May, 26 May, 2 July, 8 Dec. 1891; Bristol Record Office, 35810/24, TVR, Verbatim Report of the Special Meeting of the Proprietors, 26 May 1891; Financial Times, 15 May 1891; South Wales Daily News, 15 May, 18 May, 7 July 1891; Western Mail, 15 May, 27 May, 22 June, 3 July 1891.
70. Money, 16 Aug. 1890; P.R.O., RAIL 684/10, TVR, Directors' Minute Book, 1 May, 26 May, 2 July, 8 Dec. 1891; Bristol Record Office, 35810/24, TVR, Verbatim Report of the Special Meeting of the Proprietors, 26 May 1891; Financial Times, 15 May 1891; South Wales Daily News, 15 May, 18 May, 7 July 1891; Western Mail, 15 May, 27 May, 22 June, 3 July 1891.
71. P.R.O., RAIL 684/10, TVR, Directors' Minute Book, 13 Oct. 1891.
72. Great Western Railway Magazine, Vol.IV (1891), p.18. Beasley joined the GWR in 1851, and rose to the position of Chief Assistant to the General Manager, Henry Lambert. Great Western Railway Magazine, n.d., c.1922, p.337.
73. Great Western Railway Magazine, Vol.IV (1891), p.18. Beasley joined the GWR in 1851, and rose to the position of Chief Assistant to the General Manager, Henry Lambert. Great Western Railway Magazine, n.d., c.1922, p.337.
74. South Wales Coal Annual (Cardiff, 1908), p.171; Barrie, Taff Vale Railway, p.30.
75. South Wales Coal Annual (Cardiff, 1908), p.171; Barrie, Taff Vale Railway, p.30.
76. P.R.O., RAIL 684/10, TVR, Directors' Minute Book, 10 Dec. 1895.
77. Pensions varied from seven shillings to 20 shillings (£0.35 to £1.00) per week, according to the position occupied, the wages received, and the length of service. They were paid to employees who were 60 years of age and had served the Company continuously for at least 25 years. Although other companies offered pensions, few were as generous, and hardly any were non-contributory. Report of the Royal Commission on Trade Disputes and Trade Combinations: Evidence, Index and Appendices (P.P. 1906, Cd 2826), Evidence of Ammon Beasley, Q.1099. The details of the scheme are given in the Appendices to the Report, p.53.
78. P.R.O., RAIL 684/10, TVR, Directors' Minute Book, 20 Feb. 1894: 1 Oct. 1895; South Wales Coal Annual (Cardiff, 1908), p.172; G.A. Sekon, 'Illustrated Interviews: No.13, Mr Ammon Beasley', Railway Magazine (July 1898), p.16.
79. P.R.O., RAIL 684/10, TVR, Directors' Minute Book, 20 Feb. 1894: 1 Oct. 1895; South Wales Coal Annual (Cardiff, 1908), p.172; G.A. Sekon, 'Illustrated Interviews: No.13, Mr Ammon Beasley', Railway Magazine (July 1898), p.16.
80. P.R.O., RAIL 684/10, TVR, Directors' Minute Book, 20 Feb. 1894: 1 Oct. 1895; South Wales Coal Annual (Cardiff, 1908), p.172; G.A. Sekon, 'Illustrated Interviews: No.13, Mr Ammon Beasley', Railway Magazine (July 1898), p.16.
81. Daunton, 'Taff Vale', p.209.
82. R.C. on Trade Disputes and Trade Combinations: Evidence, Index and Appendices (P.P. 1906, Cd 2826), Evidence of Ammon Beasley, QQ.1096-1100. Beasley's comparison of wage rates is in the Appendices to the Report, pp.45-52. He did concede that the Taff Vale could not match the rates paid to mainline drivers on railways like the Great Western or the London & North Western, 'where a man will run 150 or 200 miles at a stretch' (Q.1097).
83. Beasley, however, claimed that the company's actions showed 'a large amount of consideration for the men concerned'. The notices were extended and finally withdrawn as the state of trade improved. R.C. on Trade Disputes and Trade Combinations: Evidence, Index and Appendices (P.P. 1906, Cd 2826), Evidence of Ammon Beasley, QQ.1080-3; P.R.O., RAIL 684/10, TVR, Directors' Minute Book, 30 April; 14 May; 11 June; 25 June 1895.
84. Beasley, however, claimed that the company's actions showed 'a large amount of consideration for the men concerned'. The notices were extended and finally withdrawn as the state of trade improved. R.C. on Trade Disputes and Trade Combinations: Evidence, Index and Appendices (P.P. 1906, Cd 2826), Evidence of Ammon Beasley, QQ.1080-3; P.R.O., RAIL 684/10, TVR, Directors' Minute Book, 30 April; 14 May; 11 June; 25 June 1895.
85. Quoted in Collison, Apostle of Free Labour, p.148.
86. Lewis' objectivity as a mediator is open to question. He managed the Marquis of Bute's dock and railway interests, and was prominent in the Coalowners' Association. He had an interest in restoring industrial peace in South Wales and ensuring that unrest did not spread to the dockers and miners. However, L.J. Williams has commented that his contemporary reputation as a conciliator is difficult to sustain, since he frequently acted in a high-handed manner in his dealings with employees and refused to negotiate with union leaders. He was often fighting the same battles as Beasley, against the rise of unionism and the challenge from Barry. L.J. Williams, 'William Thomas Lewis', in D.J. Jeremy (ed.), Dictionary of Business Biography, Volume 3 (London, 1985), pp.773-7. Also see Dictionary of National Biography; P. Leng, The Welsh Dockers (Ormskirk, Lancashire, 1981), pp.19-21, 24-7.
87. Lewis' objectivity as a mediator is open to question. He managed the Marquis of Bute's dock and railway interests, and was prominent in the Coalowners' Association. He had an interest in restoring industrial peace in South Wales and ensuring that unrest did not spread to the dockers and miners. However, L.J. Williams has commented that his contemporary reputation as a conciliator is difficult to sustain, since he frequently acted in a high-handed manner in his dealings with employees and refused to negotiate with union leaders. He was often fighting the same battles as Beasley, against the rise of unionism and the challenge from Barry. L.J. Williams, 'William Thomas Lewis', in D.J. Jeremy (ed.), Dictionary of Business Biography, Volume 3 (London, 1985), pp.773-7. Also see Dictionary of National Biography; P. Leng, The Welsh Dockers (Ormskirk, Lancashire, 1981), pp.19-21, 24-7.
88. Lewis' objectivity as a mediator is open to question. He managed the Marquis of Bute's dock and railway interests, and was prominent in the Coalowners' Association. He had an interest in restoring industrial peace in South Wales and ensuring that unrest did not spread to the dockers and miners. However, L.J. Williams has commented that his contemporary reputation as a conciliator is difficult to sustain, since he frequently acted in a high-handed manner in his dealings with employees and refused to negotiate with union leaders. He was often fighting the same battles as Beasley, against the rise of unionism and the challenge from Barry. L.J. Williams, 'William Thomas Lewis', in D.J. Jeremy (ed.), Dictionary of Business Biography, Volume 3 (London, 1985), pp.773-7. Also see Dictionary of National Biography; P. Leng, The Welsh Dockers (Ormskirk, Lancashire, 1981), pp.19-21, 24-7.
89. P.R.O., RAIL 1057/1791, Abstract I, High Court of Justice, King's Bench Division, The Taff Vale Railway versus the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants and Others, 'Notes on allegations in the defences of the various defendants that it was a term of the settlement of the strike that the action against the Amalgamated Society, Bell and Holmes should be discontinued'.
90. On the legal decision, see McCord, 'Taff Vale Revisited', pp.246-53.
91. R.C. on Trade Disputes and Trade Combinations: Evidence, Index and Appendices (P.P. 1906, Cd 2826). Also see Webb and Webb, History of Trade Unionism, p.606.
92. R.C. on Trade Disputes and Trade Combinations: Evidence, Index and Appendices (P.P. 1906, Cd 2826). Also see Webb and Webb, History of Trade Unionism, p.606.
93. See Pelling, British Trade Unionism, pp.124-5; Saville, 'Trade Disputes Act', pp.11-45; McCord, 'Taff Vale Revisited', pp.258-9.
94. See Pelling, British Trade Unionism, pp.124-5; Saville, 'Trade Disputes Act', pp.11-45; McCord, 'Taff Vale Revisited', pp.258-9.
95. See Pelling, British Trade Unionism, pp.124-5; Saville, 'Trade Disputes Act', pp.11-45; McCord, 'Taff Vale Revisited', pp.258-9.
96. P.P., 1901, LXXIV, 55.
97. P.R.O., RAIL 684/11, TVR, Directors' Minute Book, 8 Jan. 1901; 22 Jan. 1901.
98. Ibid., 20 Nov. 1900; R.C. on Trade Disputes and Trade Combinations: Evidence, Index and Appendices (P.P. 1906, Cd 2826), Evidence of Ammon Beasley, QQ.1061-2.
99. Ibid., 20 Nov. 1900; R.C. on Trade Disputes and Trade Combinations: Evidence, Index and Appendices (P.P. 1906, Cd 2826), Evidence of Ammon Beasley, QQ.1061-2.
100. ASRS Executive Committee Minute Book, Dec. 1900, p.18. Plans for a new strike were eventually dropped in June 1901.
101. P.R.O., RAIL 684/11, TVR, Directors' Minute Book, 23 Oct., 6 Nov. 1900, 28 Jan. 1901. It proved very difficult to determine whether the company had gone back on its word, whether Lewis had promised more than he was authorised to offer, or whether the union leadership had heard what it wanted to hear rather than what was actually offered. Certainly, both the company and the arbitrator were adamant that they had not promised the complete dismissal of free labour. In retrospect, many local activists came to believe that Bell, in his anxiety to end a strike based on such shaky legal footings, had deliberately misled them about the promised terms. See, for example, P.R.O., RAIL 1057/1791, Statement from George Beadon (a goods guard who became one of the local leaders during the strike).
102. Based on Railway Returns; C.S. Howells, Transport Facilities in the Mining and Industrial Districts of South Wales and Monmouthshire: Their History and Development (London, 1911), pp.35-6: and Table 1. On Welsh railways and their profitability, also see Anon., 'British Railway Progress, 1850-1912', Jubilee of the Railway News (1914), p.33; H. Ellis, British Railway History: An Outline from the Accession of William IV to the Nationalisation of Railways (London, 1959), vol.II, pp.86-98.
103. Based on Railway Returns; C.S. Howells, Transport Facilities in the Mining and Industrial Districts of South Wales and Monmouthshire: Their History and Development (London, 1911), pp.35-6: and Table 1. On Welsh railways and their profitability, also see Anon., 'British Railway Progress, 1850-1912', Jubilee of the Railway News (1914), p.33; H. Ellis, British Railway History: An Outline from the Accession of William IV to the Nationalisation of Railways (London, 1959), vol.II, pp.86-98.
104. Based on Railway Returns; C.S. Howells, Transport Facilities in the Mining and Industrial Districts of South Wales and Monmouthshire: Their History and Development (London, 1911), pp.35-6: and Table 1. On Welsh railways and their profitability, also see Anon., 'British Railway Progress, 1850-1912', Jubilee of the Railway News (1914), p.33; H. Ellis, British Railway History: An Outline from the Accession of William IV to the Nationalisation of Railways (London, 1959), vol.II, pp.86-98.
105. Railway News, 8 Sept. 1900.
106. South Wales Coal Annual (Cardiff, 1908), p.171.
107. P.R.O., RAIL 684/11, TVR, Directors' Minute Book, 30 July 1901.
108. Even before the Taff Vale case, there had been a pronounced downturn in strike activity. The fact that the period was generally one of depression also had an influence on union activity and membership. Clegg, Fox and Thompson, British Trade Unions, pp.326-8, 361-3.
109. Railway News, 22 Sept. 1900; 5 Jan. 1901; Gupta, thesis, p.275, quoting Railway Companies' Association, Minutes, No.411, p.2; Clegg, Fox and Thompson, British Trade Unions, pp.338-9.
110. Railway News, 22 Sept. 1900; 5 Jan. 1901; Gupta, thesis, p.275, quoting Railway Companies' Association, Minutes, No.411, p.2; Clegg, Fox and Thompson, British Trade Unions, pp.338-9.