An integrative approach to the management of insomnia

Current Opinion in Psychiatry

Volumn 16, Issue SUPPL. 2, 2003, Pages

  Soldatos, Constantin R ^a   Dikeos, Dimitris G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Greece)

Author keywords

Chronic insomnia; Etiology; Sleep; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BROTIZOLAM; FLUNITRAZEPAM; FLURAZEPAM; HYPNOTIC AGENT; LORMETAZEPAM; MIDAZOLAM; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NITRAZEPAM; QUAZEPAM; TEMAZEPAM; TRIAZOLAM; ZALEPLON; ZOLPIDEM; ZOPICLONE;

BEHAVIOR THERAPY; CHRONIC DISEASE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; DRUG TOLERANCE; HUMAN; INSOMNIA; PATHOGENESIS; PATIENT EDUCATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY; PSYCHOTHERAPY; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP TIME; SOMNOLENCE; TREATMENT PLANNING;

EID: 0042744821     PISSN: 09517367     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001504-200304002-00014     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Ford D, Kamerow D. Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders. An opportunity for prevention? JAMA 1989; 262:1479-1484.
2. Soldatos CR. Insomnia in relation to depression and anxiety: epidemiologic considerations. J Psychosom Res 1994; 38 (Suppl 1):3-8.
3. Simon GE, Von Korff M. Prevalence, burden, and treatment of insomnia in primary care. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:1417-1423.
4. Weissman MM, Greenwald S, Nino-Murcia G, Dement WC. The morbidity of insomnia uncomplicated by psychiatric disorders. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1997; 19:245-250.
5. Sutton DA, Moldofsky H, Badley EM. Insomnia and health problems in Canadians. Sleep 2001; 24:665-670.
6. Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Lin HM, et al. Insomnia in central Pennsylvania. J Psychosom Res 2002; 53:589-592.
7. Kales A, Kales JD. Evaluation and treatment of insomnia. New York: Oxford University Press; 1984.
8. Ohayon MM, Roth T. What are the contributing factors for insomnia in the general population? J Psychosom Res 2001; 51:745-755.
9. Soldatos CR. Diagnosis and treatment of insomnia at the start of the 21st century. Primary Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 4 (Suppl 1):3-7.
10. Roth T, Ancoli-Israel S. Daytime consequences and correlates of insomnia in the United States: results of the 1991 National Sleep Foundation Survey II. Sleep 1999; 22 (Suppl 2):S354-S358.
11. Kripke DF, Garfinkel L, Wingard D, et al. Mortality associated with sleep duration and insomnia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59:131-136.
12. Benca RM. Consequences of insomnia and its therapies. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62 (Suppl 10):33-38.
13. Hublin CGM, Partinen MM. The extent and impact of insomnia as a public health problem. Primary Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 4 (Suppl 1):8-12.
14. Association of Sleep Disorders Centers. Diagnostic Classification of Sleep and Arousals Disorders. Sleep 1979; 2:1-137.
15. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed., revised (DSM-III-R). Washington, DC: APA Press; 1987.
16. American Sleep Disorders Association. International Classification of Sleep Disorders. Rochester: American Sleep Disorders Association; 1990.
17. World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992.
18. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: APA Press; 1994, pp. 317-391.
19. Parrot AC, Hindmarch I. The Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire in psychopharmacological investigations - a review. Psychopharmacology 1980; 71:173-179.
20. Ellis BW, Johns MW, Lancaster R, et al. The St. Mary's Hospital Sleep Questionnaire: a study of reliability. Sleep 1981; 4:93-97.
21. Jenkins CD, Stanton B-A, Niemcryk SJ, Rose RM. A scale for the estimation of sleep problems in clinical research. J Clin Epidemiol 1988; 41:313-321.
22. Buysse DJ, Reynolds III CF, Monk TH, et al. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res 1989; 28:193-213.
23. Akerstedt T, Hume K, Minors D, Waterhouse J. The subjective meaning of good sleep, an intraindividual approach using the Karolinska Sleep Diary. Percep Mot Skills 1994; 79:287-296.
24. Soldatos CR, Dikeos DG, Paparrigopoulos TJ. Athens Insomnia Scale: validation of an instrument based on ICD-10 criteria. J Psychosom Res 2000; 48:555-560.
25. Soldatos CR. The assessment of insomnia: rationale for a new scale based on ICD-10 principles. In: Szelenberger W, Kukwa A, editors. Sleep physiology and pathology. Warszawa: Elma Books; 1995. pp. 119-131.
26. Insomnia: report of an International Consensus Conference, Versailles, Oct 13-15 1996. Sleep 1999; 22 (Suppl 3):S415-S452.
27. Ancoli-Israel S, Roth T. Characteristics of insomnia in the United States: results of the 1991 National Sleep Foundation Survey I. Sleep 1999; 22 (Suppl 2):S347-S353.
28. Morin CM. Insomnia: psychological assessment and management. New York: Guilford Press; 1993.
29. Hauri PJ. Case studies in insomnia. New York: Plenum Press; 1991.
30. Kales A, Soldatos CR, Kales JD. Taking a sleep history. Am Fam Physician 1980; 22:101-108.
31. Adam K, Tomeny M, Oswald I. Physiological and psychological differences between good and poor sleepers. J Psychiatr Res 1986; 20:301-316.
32. Broman JE, Hetta J. Electrodermal activity in patients with persistent insomnia. J Sleep Res 1994; 3:165-170.
33. Bonnet MH, Arand DL. 24-Hour metabolic rate in insomniacs and matched normal sleepers. Sleep 1995; 18:581-588.
34. Hauri PJ. Psychological and psychiatric issues in the etiopathogenesis of insomnia. Primary Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 4 (Suppl 1): 17-20.
35. Beersma DGM. Insomnia and the 2-process model of sleep regulation: etiopathogenetic considerations. Primary Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 4 (Suppl 1): 13-16.
36. Tan T, Kales JD, Kales A, et al. Biopsychobehavioral correlates of insomnia, IV: diagnoses based on DSM-III. Am J Psychiatry 1984; 141:356-362.
37. Kales A, Soldatos CR, Kales JD. Sleep disorders: insomnia, night terrors, nightmares and enuresis. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106:582-592.
38. Kales A, Caldwell AB, Soldatos CR, et al. Biopsychobehavioral correlates of insomnia II: MMPI pattern specificity and consistency. Psychosom Med 1983; 45:341-356.
39. Kales A, Bixler EO, Vela-Bueno A, et al. Biopsychobehavioral correlates of insomnia, III: polygraphic findings of sleep difficulty and their relationship to psychopathology. Intern J Neurosci 1984; 23:43-56.
40. Spielman AJ, Glovinsky PB. The varied nature of insomnia. In: Hauri P, editor. Case studies in insomnia. New York: Plenum Press; 1991. pp. 1-15.
41. Morin CM. Contributions of cognitive-behavioral approaches to the clinical management of insomnia. Primary Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 4 (Suppl 1):21-26.
42. Healy ES, Kales A, Monroe LJ, et al. Onset of insomnia: role of life-stress events. Psychosom Med 1981; 43:439-451.
43. Bliwise DL. Treating insomnia: pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches. J Psychoactive Drugs 1991; 23:335-341.
44. Dikeos DG, Soldatos CR. The pharmacotherapy of insomnia: efficacy and rebound with hypnotic drugs. Primary Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 4 (Suppl 1):27-32.
45. Bootzin RR, Perils ML. Nonpharmacologic treatments of insomnia. J Clin Psychiatry 1992; 53 (Suppl):37-41.
46. Espie CA. The psychological treatment of insomnia. Chichester: Wiley; 1991.
47. Morin CM, Culbert JP, Schwartz SM. Nonpharmacological interventions for insomnia: a meta-analysis of treatment efficacy. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:1172-1180.
48. Spielman AJ, Saskin P, Thorpy MJ. Treatment of chronic insomnia by restriction of time in bed. Sleep 1987; 10:45-56.
49. Kales A, Soldatos CR, Kales JD. Sleep disorders: evaluation and management in the office setting. In: Arieti S, Brody HKH, editors. American Handbook of Psychiatry. Vol. 7, 2nd ed. New York: Basic Books; 1981. pp. 423-454.
50. Nielsen G. Brief integrative dynamic psychotherapy for insomnia. Systematic evaluation of two cases. Psychother Psychosom 1990; 54:187-192.
51. Morin CM, Colecchi CA, Stone J, et al. Behavioral and pharmacological therapies for late-life insomnia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 1999; 281:991-999.
52. Murtagh DRR, Greenwood KM. Identifying effective psychological treatments for insomnia: a meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol 1985; 63:79-89.
53. Harvey L, Inglis SJ, Espie CA. Insomniacs' reported use of CBT components and relationship to long-term clinical outcome. Behav Res Ther 2002; 40:75-83.
54. Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI. Clinical pharmacokinetics of the benzodiazepines. In: Smith DE, Wesson DR, editors. The benzodiazepines: current standards for medical practice. Lancaster: MTP Press; 1985. pp. 43-58.
55. Langtry HD, Benfield P. Zolpidem, a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential. Drugs 1990; 40:291-313.
56. Fernandez C, Maradeix V, Ginenez F, et al. Pharmacokinetics of zopiclone and its enantiomers in caucasian young health volunteers. Drug Metab Dispos 1993; 21:1125-1128.
57. Bailey L, Ward M, Musa MN. Clinical pharmacokinetics of benzodiazepines. J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 34:804-811.
58. Greenblatt DJ, Harmatz JS, von Moltke LL, et al. Comparative kinetics and dynamics of zaleplon, zolpidem and placebo. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998; 64:553-561.
59. Kales A, Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO. Hypnotic drugs. In: Kales A, editor. Handbook of experimental pharmacology: pharmacology of sleep. Vol. 116. New York: Springer; 1995; pp. 345-385.
60. Soldatos CR, Dikeos DG, Whitehead A. Tolerance and rebound insomnia with rapidly eliminated hypnotics: a meta-analysis of sleep laboratory studies. Intern Clin Psychopharmacol 1999; 14:287-303.
61. Johnson LC, Chernick DA. Sedative-hypnotics and human performance. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1982; 76:101-113.
62. Kales A, Bixler EO, Soldatos CR, et al. Quazepam and flurazepam: long-term use and extended withdrawal. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1982; 32:781-788.
63. Mitler MM, Seidel WF, van den Hoed J, et al. Comparative hypnotic effects of flurazepam, triazolam, and placebo: a long-term simultaneous nighttime and daytime study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1984; 4:2-13.
64. Wesnes K, Warburton DM. A comparison of temazepam and flurazepam in terms of sleep quality and residual changes in performance. Neuropsychobiology 1984; 11:255-259.
65. Elie R, Lavoie G, Bourgouin J, Le Morvan P. Zopiclone versus flurazepam in insomnia: prolonged administration and withdrawal. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1990; 5:279-286.
66. Moskowitz H, Linnoila M, Roehrs T. Psychomotor performance in chronic insomniacs during 14-day use of flurazepam and midazolam. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990; 10 (Suppl):44S-55S.
67. O'Hanlon J. Residual effects on memory and psychomotor performance of zaleplon and other hypnotic drugs. Primary Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 4 (Suppl 1):38-44.
68. Monti J, Trenchi HM, Morales F, Monti L. Flunitrazepam (Ro 5-4200) and sleep cycle in insomniac patients. Psychopharmacologia (Berl) 1974; 35:371-379.
69. Scharf MB, Bixler EO, Kales A, Soldatos CR. Long-term sleep laboratory evaluation of flunitrazepam. Pharmacology 1979; 19:173-181.
70. Adam KI, Oswald I. A comparison of the effects of chlormezanone and nitrazepam on sleep. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1982; 14:57-65.
71. Kales A, Bixler EO, Soldatos CR, et al. Dose-response studies of lormetazepam: efficacy, side effects, and rebound insomnia. J Clin Pharmacol 1982; 22:520-530.
72. Adam KI, Oswald I, Shapiro C. Effects of loprazolam and of triazolam on sleep and overnight urinary cortisol. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1984; 82:389-394.
73. Kales A, Bixler EO, Soldatos CR, et al. Quazepam and temazepam: effects of short- and intermediate-term use and withdrawal. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986; 39:345-352.
74. Vgontzas A, Kales A, Bixler EO, Myers DC. Temazepam 7.5 mg: effects on sleep in elderly insomniacs. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 46:209-213.
75. Adam KI, Adamason L, Brezinova V, Hunter W. Nitrazepam: lastingly effective but trouble on withdrawal. BMJ 1976; 1:1558-1560.
76. Bixler EO, Kales A, Soldatos CR, et al. Effectiveness of temazepam with short-, intermediate-, and long-term use: sleep laboratory evaluation. J Clin Pharmacol 1978; 18:110-118.
77. Mitler MM, Carskadon MA, Phillips RL, et al. Hypnotic efficacy of temazepam: a long-term sleep laboratory evaluation. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1979; 8:63S-68S.
78. Vogel GW. Sleep laboratory study of lormetazepam in older insomniacs. Psychopharmacology 1984; 1 (Suppl):69-78.
79. Adam KI, Oswald I. Effects of lormetazepam and of flurazepam on sleep. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1984; 17:531-538.
80. Kales A, Scharf MB, Kales JD, Soldatos CR. Rebound insomnia: a potential hazard following withdrawal of certain benzodiazepine drugs. JAMA 1979; 241:1692-1695.
81. Kales A, Soldatos CR, Bixler EO, Kales JD. Rebound insomnia and rebound anxiety: a review [review]. Pharmacology 1983; 26:121-137.
82. Scharf MB, Fletcher K, Graham JP. Comparative amnesic effects of benzodiazepine hypnotic agents. J Clin Psychiatry 1988; 49:134-137.
83. Gillin JC, Spinweber CL, Johnson LC. Rebound insomnia: a critical review [review]. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1989; 9:161-172.
84. Roehrs T, Vogel G, Roth T. Rebound insomnia: its determinants and significance. Am J Med 1990; 88 (Suppl 3A):39-42.
85. Bixler EO, Kales A, Manfredi RL, et al. Next-day memory impairment with triazolam use. Lancet 1991; 337:827-831.
86. Lader MH. Rebound insomnia and newer hypnotics. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1992; 108:248-255.
87. Kales A, Kales JD, Bixler EO, et al. Hypnotic efficacy of triazolam: sleep laboratory evaluation of intermediate-term effectiveness. J Clin Pharmacol 1976; 16:399-406.
88. Mamelak M, Csima A, Price V. Effects of zopiclone on the sleep of chronic insomniacs. Int Pharmacopsychiatry 1982; 17 (Suppl 2):156-164.
89. Kales A, Bixler EO, Vela-Bueno A, et al. Comparison of short and long half-life benzodiazepine hypnotics: triazolam and quazepam. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986; 40:378-386.
90. Lamphere J, Roehrs T, Vogel G, et al. The chronic efficacy of midazolam. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1990; 5:31-39.
91. Scharf MB, Sachais BA, Mayleben DW, Jennings SW. The effects of a calcium channel blocker on the effects of temazepam and triazolam. Curr Ther Res 1990; 48:516-523.
92. Besset A, Tafti M, Villemin E, et al. Effects of zolpidem on the architecture and cyclical structure of sleep in poor sleepers. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1995; 21:161-169.
93. Roth T, Kramer M, Lutz T. Intermediate use of triazolam: a sleep laboratory study. J Int Med Res 1976; 4:59-63.
94. Jovanovic UJ, Dreyfus JF. Polygraphical sleep recordings in insomniac patients under zopiclone or nitrazepam. Int Pharmacopsychiatry 1982; 17 (Suppl 2):136-145.
95. Monti JM, DeBellis J, Gratadoux E, et al. Sleep laboratory study of the effects of midazolam in insomniac patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1982; 21:479-484.
96. Vogel GW, Vogel F. Effect of midazolam on sleep of insomniacs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 16 (Suppl 1):103S-108S.
97. Gath I, Bar-On E, Rogowski Z, Bental E. Automatic scoring of polygraphic sleep recordings: midazolam in insomniacs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 16 (Suppl 1):89S-96S.
98. Mamelak M, Csima A, Price V. A comparative 25-night sleep laboratory study on the effects of quazepam and triazolam on chronic insomniacs. J Clin Pharmacol 1984; 24:65-75.
99. Fleming JAE, Bourgouin J, Hamilton P. A sleep laboratory evaluation of the long-term efficacy of zopiclone. Can J Psychiatry 1988; 33:103-107.
100. Monti JM, Pineyro G, Alvarino F, Labraga P. Combined effects of midazolam and ethanol on sleep and on psychomotor performance in normal subjects. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1989; 3:613-620.
101. Vogel GW, Scharf M, Walsh J, Roth T. Effects of chronically administered zolpidem on the sleep of healthy insomniacs [abstract]. Sleep Res 1989; 18:80.
102. Kripke DF, Hauri P, Ancoli-Israel S, Roth T. Sleep evaluation in chronic insomniacs during 14-day use of flurazepam and midazolam. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990; 10 (Suppl):32S-43S.
103. Mouret J, Ruel D, Maillard F, Bianchi M. Zopiclone versus triazolam in insomniac geriatric patients: a specific increase in delta sleep with zopiclone. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1990; 5 (Suppl 2):47-55.
104. Walsh J, Fry J, Erwin C, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of 14-day administration of zaleplon 5mg and 10mg for the treatment of primary insomnia. Clin Drug Invest 1998; 16:347-354.
105. Roehrs T, Zorick F, Koshorek GL, et al. Effects of acute administration of brotizolam in subjects with disturbed sleep. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 16 (Suppl 2):371S-376S.
106. Walsh JK, Vogel GW, Scharf MB, et al. A five week, polysomnographic assessment of zaleplon 10 mg for the treatment of primary insomnia. Sleep Med 2000; 1:41-49.
107. Soldatos CR, Dikeos DG. Neuroleptics, antihistamines and antiparkinsonian drugs: effects on sleep. In: Kales A, editor. Pharmacology of sleep. Berlin: Springer; 1995. pp. 443-464.
108. Soldatos CR, Bergiannaki JD. Sleep in depression and the effects of antidepressants on sleep. In: Halbreich U, Montgomery SA, editors. Pharmacotherapy for mood, anxiety and cognitive disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 2000. pp. 255-271.
109. Soldatos CR, Kales A, Bixler EO, et al. Hypnotic effectiveness of sodium salicylamide with short-term use: sleep laboratory studies. Pharmacology 1978; 16:193-198.
110. Pillitteri JL, Kezlowski LT, Person DC, Spear ME. Over-the-counter sleep aids: widely used but rarely studied. J Subst Abuse 1994; 6:315-323.
111. Mendelson WB. A critical evaluation of the hypnotic efficacy of melatonin. Sleep 1997; 20:916-919.
112. Sack RL, Lewy AJ. Melatonin as a chronobiotic: treatment of circadian desynchrony in night workers and the blind. J Biol Rhythms 1997; 12:595-603.
113. Sack RL, Brandes RW, Kendall AR, Lewy AJ. Entrainment of free-running circadian rhythms by melatonin in blind people. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1070-1077.
114. Zisapel N. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: pathophysiology and potential approaches to management. CNS Drugs 2001; 15:311-328.
115. Vincent N, Lionberg C. Treatment preference and patient satisfaction in chronic insomnia. Sleep 2001; 24:411-417.
116. Kripke DF. Chronic hypnotic use: deadly risks, doubtful benefit. Sleep Med Rev 2000; 4:5-20.