메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 23, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 268-294

Factor structure of the early adolescent temperament questionnaire and measurement invariance across gender

Author keywords

Adolescence; Confirmatory factor analysis; Gender difference; Measurement invariance; Temperament

Indexed keywords


EID: 0042707953     PISSN: 02724316     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0272431603254178     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (21)

References (74)
  • 1
    • 34147096911 scopus 로고
    • The effects of sampling error on convergence, improper solutions, and goodness-of-fit indices for maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis
    • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1984). The effects of sampling error on convergence, improper solutions, and goodness-of-fit indices for maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis. Psychometrika, 49, 155-173.
    • (1984) Psychometrika , vol.49 , pp. 155-173
    • Anderson, J.C.1    Gerbing, D.W.2
  • 2
    • 84937966892 scopus 로고
    • A general approach to representing multifaceted personality constructs: Application to state self-esteem
    • Bagozzi, R. P., & Heatherton, T. F. (1994). A general approach to representing multifaceted personality constructs: Application to state self-esteem. Structural Equation Modeling, 1, 35-67.
    • (1994) Structural Equation Modeling , vol.1 , pp. 35-67
    • Bagozzi, R.P.1    Heatherton, T.F.2
  • 3
    • 0003352618 scopus 로고
    • Concepts and measures of temperament
    • G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, & M. K. Rothbart (Eds.). New York: Wiley
    • Bates, J. E. (1989). Concepts and measures of temperament. In G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, & M. K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 3-26). New York: Wiley.
    • (1989) Temperament in Childhood , pp. 3-26
    • Bates, J.E.1
  • 4
    • 84948105872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developing a strong program of construct validation: A test anxiety example
    • Benson, J. (1998). Developing a strong program of construct validation: A test anxiety example. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 17, 10-17.
    • (1998) Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice , vol.17 , pp. 10-17
    • Benson, J.1
  • 5
    • 0025397298 scopus 로고
    • Comparative fit indexes in structural models
    • Bentler, P. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
    • (1990) Psychological Bulletin , vol.107 , pp. 238-246
    • Bentler, P.1
  • 6
    • 4243159210 scopus 로고
    • Significance tests and goodness-of-fit in analysis of covariance structure
    • Bentler, P., & Bonett, D. (1980). Significance tests and goodness-of-fit in analysis of covariance structure. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-600.
    • (1980) Psychological Bulletin , vol.88 , pp. 588-600
    • Bentler, P.1    Bonett, D.2
  • 8
    • 0001233581 scopus 로고
    • Alternative ways of assessing model fit
    • K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage
    • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
    • (1993) Testing Structural Equation Models , pp. 136-162
    • Browne, M.W.1    Cudeck, R.2
  • 12
    • 34147168651 scopus 로고
    • Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structure: The issue of partial measurement invariance
    • Byrne, B. M., Shavelson, R. J., & Muthén, B. (1989). Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structure: The issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 456-466.
    • (1989) Psychological Bulletin , vol.105 , pp. 456-466
    • Byrne, B.M.1    Shavelson, R.J.2    Muthén, B.3
  • 13
    • 0010744053 scopus 로고
    • Preventing behavioral problems in infancy through temperament assessment and parental support programs
    • W. B. Carey & S. C. McDevitt (Eds.). Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger
    • Cameron, J. R., Hansen, R., & Rosen, D. (1989). Preventing behavioral problems in infancy through temperament assessment and parental support programs. In W. B. Carey & S. C. McDevitt (Eds.), Clinical and educational applications of temperament research (pp. 155-165). Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger.
    • (1989) Clinical and Educational Applications of Temperament Research , pp. 155-165
    • Cameron, J.R.1    Hansen, R.2    Rosen, D.3
  • 16
    • 84965481460 scopus 로고
    • Development and validation of an early adolescent temperament measure
    • Capaldi, D. M., & Rothbart, M. K. (1992). Development and validation of an early adolescent temperament measure. Journal of Early Adolescence, 12, 153-173.
    • (1992) Journal of Early Adolescence , vol.12 , pp. 153-173
    • Capaldi, D.M.1    Rothbart, M.K.2
  • 17
    • 0018242355 scopus 로고
    • Stability and change in individual temperament diagnoses from infancy to early childhood
    • Carey, W. B., & McDevitt, S. C. (1978). Stability and change in individual temperament diagnoses from infancy to early childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 17, 331-337.
    • (1978) Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry , vol.17 , pp. 331-337
    • Carey, W.B.1    McDevitt, S.C.2
  • 18
    • 0001371093 scopus 로고
    • Validation and intensification of the sixteen personality factor questionnaires
    • Cattell, R. B. (1956). Validation and intensification of the Sixteen Personality Factor questionnaires. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 12, 205-214.
    • (1956) Journal of Clinical Psychology , vol.12 , pp. 205-214
    • Cattell, R.B.1
  • 19
    • 79851469590 scopus 로고
    • The effect of number of measured variables on goodness-of-fit in confirmatory factor analysis
    • April, San Francisco, CA
    • Chau, H., & Hocevar, D. (1995, April). The effect of number of measured variables on goodness-of-fit in confirmatory factor analysis. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA.
    • (1995) Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association
    • Chau, H.1    Hocevar, D.2
  • 20
    • 84970694132 scopus 로고
    • Problems in the measurement of latent variables in structural equations causal models
    • Cohen, P., Cohen, J., Teresi, J., Marchi, M., & Velez, C. N. (1990). Problems in the measurement of latent variables in structural equations causal models. Applied Psychological Measurement, 14, 183-196.
    • (1990) Applied Psychological Measurement , vol.14 , pp. 183-196
    • Cohen, P.1    Cohen, J.2    Teresi, J.3    Marchi, M.4    Velez, C.N.5
  • 22
    • 0002664641 scopus 로고
    • Infant temperament ratings: A function of infants, of mothers, or both?
    • Crockenberg, S. B., & Acredolo, C. (1983). Infant temperament ratings: A function of infants, of mothers, or both? Infant Behavior and Development, 6, 61-72.
    • (1983) Infant Behavior and Development , vol.6 , pp. 61-72
    • Crockenberg, S.B.1    Acredolo, C.2
  • 24
    • 0018959572 scopus 로고
    • Studying temperament and parent-child interaction: Comparison of interview and direct observation
    • Dunn, J., & Kendrick, C. (1980). Studying temperament and parent-child interaction: Comparison of interview and direct observation. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 22, 484-496.
    • (1980) Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology , vol.22 , pp. 484-496
    • Dunn, J.1    Kendrick, C.2
  • 25
    • 0024713638 scopus 로고
    • Are sex differences in activity level a function of sex differences in maturational status?
    • Eaton, W., & Yu, A. (1989). Are sex differences in activity level a function of sex differences in maturational status? Child Development, 60, 1005-1011.
    • (1989) Child Development , vol.60 , pp. 1005-1011
    • Eaton, W.1    Yu, A.2
  • 26
    • 0029134625 scopus 로고
    • Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments
    • Floyd, F. J., & Widaman, K. F. (1995). Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments, Psychological Assessment, 7, 286-299.
    • (1995) Psychological Assessment , vol.7 , pp. 286-299
    • Floyd, F.J.1    Widaman, K.F.2
  • 27
    • 0000644483 scopus 로고
    • Issues in the application of covariance structure analysis: A comment
    • Fornell, C. (1983). Issues in the application of covariance structure analysis: A comment. Journal of Consumer Research, 9, 443-448.
    • (1983) Journal of Consumer Research , vol.9 , pp. 443-448
    • Fornell, C.1
  • 29
    • 0030950044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A confirmatory test of hierarchical expectancy structure and predictive power: Discriminant validation of the alcohol expectancy questionnaire
    • Goldman, M. S., Greenbaum, P. E., & Darkes, J. (1997). A confirmatory test of hierarchical expectancy structure and predictive power: Discriminant validation of the Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 9, 145-157.
    • (1997) Psychological Assessment , vol.9 , pp. 145-157
    • Goldman, M.S.1    Greenbaum, P.E.2    Darkes, J.3
  • 30
    • 0000391961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levels of aggregation in higher level confirmatory factor analysis: Application for academic self-concept
    • Gribbons, B. C., & Hocevar, D. (1998). Levels of aggregation in higher level confirmatory factor analysis: Application for academic self-concept. Structural Equation Modeling, 5, 377-390.
    • (1998) Structural Equation Modeling , vol.5 , pp. 377-390
    • Gribbons, B.C.1    Hocevar, D.2
  • 31
    • 0007457633 scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal stability of temperament within a behavioral style framework
    • G. A. Kohnstamm & J. E. Bates (Eds.). New York: Wiley
    • Hagekull, B. (1989). Longitudinal stability of temperament within a behavioral style framework. In G. A. Kohnstamm & J. E. Bates (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 283-297). New York: Wiley.
    • (1989) Temperament in Childhood , pp. 283-297
    • Hagekull, B.1
  • 33
    • 0000796058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Item parceling strategies in SEM: Investigating the subtle effects of unmodeled secondary constructs
    • Hall, R. J., Snell, A. F., & Foust, M. S. (1999). Item parceling strategies in SEM: Investigating the subtle effects of unmodeled secondary constructs. Organizational Research Methods, 2, 233-256.
    • (1999) Organizational Research Methods , vol.2 , pp. 233-256
    • Hall, R.J.1    Snell, A.F.2    Foust, M.S.3
  • 34
  • 35
    • 0031281114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring facets of worry: A LISREL analysis of the worry domains questionnaire
    • Joormann, J., & Stöber, J. (1997). Measuring facets of worry: A LISREL analysis of the worry domains questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 827-837.
    • (1997) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.23 , pp. 827-837
    • Joormann, J.1    Stöber, J.2
  • 36
    • 0000804180 scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous factor analysis in several populations
    • Jöreskog, K. G. (1971). Simultaneous factor analysis in several populations. Psychometrika, 36, 409-426.
    • (1971) Psychometrika , vol.36 , pp. 409-426
    • Jöreskog, K.G.1
  • 37
    • 0002049944 scopus 로고
    • Basic ideas of factor and component analysis
    • K. Jöreskog & D. Sörbom (Eds.). Cambridge, MA: ABT
    • Jöreskog, K. G. (1979). Basic ideas of factor and component analysis. In K. Jöreskog & D. Sörbom (Eds.), Advances in factor analysis and structural equation models (pp. 5-20). Cambridge, MA: ABT.
    • (1979) Advances in Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Models , pp. 5-20
    • Jöreskog, K.G.1
  • 40
    • 0032278209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of temperament: Children's temperament and the mother's childrearing attitudes as predictors of adolescent temperament in a 9-year follow-up study
    • Katainen, S., Räikkönen, K., & Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (1998). Development of temperament: Children's temperament and the mother's childrearing attitudes as predictors of adolescent temperament in a 9-year follow-up study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 8, 485-509.
    • (1998) Journal of Research on Adolescence , vol.8 , pp. 485-509
    • Katainen, S.1    Räikkönen, K.2    Keltikangas-Järvinen, L.3
  • 41
    • 0041935395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the construct validity of the early adolescent temperament questionnaire: A multitrait-multimethod analysis
    • April, New Orleans, LA
    • Kim, S. (2002, April). Assessing the construct validity of the early adolescent temperament questionnaire: A multitrait-multimethod analysis. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence, New Orleans, LA.
    • (2002) Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence
    • Kim, S.1
  • 42
    • 0042937116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of misspecified item parceling on representing latent variables in covariance structure modeling: A simulation study
    • Kim, S., & Hagtvet, K. A. (2003). The impact of misspecified item parceling on representing latent variables in covariance structure modeling: A simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling, 10, 101-127.
    • (2003) Structural Equation Modeling , vol.10 , pp. 101-127
    • Kim, S.1    Hagtvet, K.A.2
  • 44
    • 84972605628 scopus 로고
    • Unidimensional versus domain representative parceling of questionnaire items: An empirical example
    • Kishton, J. M., & Widaman, K. F. (1994). Unidimensional versus domain representative parceling of questionnaire items: An empirical example. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54, 757-765.
    • (1994) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.54 , pp. 757-765
    • Kishton, J.M.1    Widaman, K.F.2
  • 45
    • 0001821003 scopus 로고
    • Temperament in childhood: Cross-cultural and sex differences
    • G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, & M. K. Rothbart (Eds.). New York: Wiley
    • Kohnstamm, G. A. (1989). Temperament in childhood: Cross-cultural and sex differences. In G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, & M. K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 483-508). New York: Wiley.
    • (1989) Temperament in Childhood , pp. 483-508
    • Kohnstamm, G.A.1
  • 46
    • 0032084696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The temperamental characteristics of Chinese adolescents in Taiwan
    • Lee, Y., & Chen, Y. (1998). The temperamental characteristics of Chinese adolescents in Taiwan. Journal of Adolescence, 21, 337-340.
    • (1998) Journal of Adolescence , vol.21 , pp. 337-340
    • Lee, Y.1    Chen, Y.2
  • 47
    • 0001043971 scopus 로고
    • Temperament and adaptation across life: Theoretical and empirical issues
    • P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim, Jr. (Eds.). New York: Academic Press
    • Lerner, J. V., & Lerner, R. M. (1983). Temperament and adaptation across life: Theoretical and empirical issues. In P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim, Jr. (Eds.), Life span development and behavior (Vol. 5, pp. 197-231). New York: Academic Press.
    • (1983) Life Span Development and Behavior , vol.5 , pp. 197-231
    • Lerner, J.V.1    Lerner, R.M.2
  • 48
    • 0013118140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling
    • MacCallum, R. C., Browne, R. C., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1, 130-149.
    • (1996) Psychological Methods , vol.1 , pp. 130-149
    • Maccallum, R.C.1    Browne, R.C.2    Sugawara, H.M.3
  • 50
    • 84938026245 scopus 로고
    • The hierarchical structure of self-concept and the application of hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis
    • Marsh, H. W. (1987). The hierarchical structure of self-concept and the application of hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Educational Measurement, 27, 17-39.
    • (1987) Journal of Educational Measurement , vol.27 , pp. 17-39
    • Marsh, H.W.1
  • 51
    • 84985251703 scopus 로고
    • Masculinity, femininity, and androgyny: Bipolar and independent constructs
    • Marsh, H. W., Antill, J. K., & Cunningham, J. D. (1989). Masculinity, femininity, and androgyny: Bipolar and independent constructs. Journal of Personality, 57, 625-663.
    • (1989) Journal of Personality , vol.57 , pp. 625-663
    • Marsh, H.W.1    Antill, J.K.2    Cunningham, J.D.3
  • 52
    • 33750317961 scopus 로고
    • Application of confirmatory factor analysis to the study of self-concept: First- and higher-order factor models and their invariance across groups
    • Marsh, H. W., & Hocevar, D. (1985). Application of confirmatory factor analysis to the study of self-concept: First- and higher-order factor models and their invariance across groups. Psychological Bulletin, 97, 542-582.
    • (1985) Psychological Bulletin , vol.97 , pp. 542-582
    • Marsh, H.W.1    Hocevar, D.2
  • 53
    • 0001196442 scopus 로고
    • Infant temperament: SES and gender differences and reliability of measurement in a large Quebec sample
    • Maziade, M., Boudreault, M., Thivierge, J., Capera, P., & Cote, R. (1984). Infant temperament: SES and gender differences and reliability of measurement in a large Quebec sample. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 30, 213-226.
    • (1984) Merrill-Palmer Quarterly , vol.30 , pp. 213-226
    • Maziade, M.1    Boudreault, M.2    Thivierge, J.3    Capera, P.4    Cote, R.5
  • 55
    • 0001406509 scopus 로고
    • Maternal control and obedience in the two-year-old
    • Minton, C., Kagan, J., & Levine, J. (1971). Maternal control and obedience in the two-year-old. Child Development, 42, 1873-1894.
    • (1971) Child Development , vol.42 , pp. 1873-1894
    • Minton, C.1    Kagan, J.2    Levine, J.3
  • 56
    • 0031489895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structure of test anxiety in Israeli-Arab high school students: An application of confirmatory factor analysis with miniscales
    • Nasser, F., Takahashi, T., & Benson, J. (1997). The structure of test anxiety in Israeli-Arab high school students: An application of confirmatory factor analysis with miniscales. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 10, 129-151.
    • (1997) Anxiety, Stress, and Coping , vol.10 , pp. 129-151
    • Nasser, F.1    Takahashi, T.2    Benson, J.3
  • 57
    • 0030613695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential utility of temperament-based guidance materials for parents of infants
    • Ostergren, C. S. (1997). Differential utility of temperament-based guidance materials for parents of infants. Family Relations, 46, 63-71.
    • (1997) Family Relations , vol.46 , pp. 63-71
    • Ostergren, C.S.1
  • 58
    • 0042436444 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in preschool children without histories of complications of pregnancy and delivery
    • Pederson, F., & Bell, R. (1970). Sex differences in preschool children without histories of complications of pregnancy and delivery. Developmental Psychology, 3, 10-15.
    • (1970) Developmental Psychology , vol.3 , pp. 10-15
    • Pederson, F.1    Bell, R.2
  • 59
    • 21344497220 scopus 로고
    • Stability of maternally reported temperament from infancy to 8 years
    • Pedlow, R., Sanson, A., Prior, M., & Oberklaid, F. (1993). Stability of maternally reported temperament from infancy to 8 years. Developmental Psychology, 29, 998-1007.
    • (1993) Developmental Psychology , vol.29 , pp. 998-1007
    • Pedlow, R.1    Sanson, A.2    Prior, M.3    Oberklaid, F.4
  • 61
    • 84921383576 scopus 로고
    • Some theory and applications of confirmatory second-order factor analysis
    • Rindskoph, D., & Rose, T. (1988). Some theory and applications of confirmatory second-order factor analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 23, 51-67.
    • (1988) Multivariate Behavioral Research , vol.23 , pp. 51-67
    • Rindskoph, D.1    Rose, T.2
  • 64
    • 0002274686 scopus 로고
    • Development of individual differences in temperament
    • M. E. Lamb & A. L. Brown (Eds.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Rothbart, M. K., & Derryberry, D. (1981). Development of individual differences in temperament. In M. E. Lamb & A. L. Brown (Eds.), Advances in developmental psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 37-86). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • (1981) Advances in Developmental Psychology , vol.1 , pp. 37-86
    • Rothbart, M.K.1    Derryberry, D.2
  • 65
    • 0001150150 scopus 로고
    • Developmental psychopathology
    • P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.) and E. M. Hetherington (Vol. Ed.). New York: Wiley
    • Rutter, M., & Garmezy, N. (1983). Developmental psychopathology. In P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.) and E. M. Hetherington (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (4th ed., Vol. 4, pp. 775-911). New York: Wiley.
    • (1983) Handbook of Child Psychology (4th Ed.) , vol.4 , pp. 775-911
    • Rutter, M.1    Garmezy, N.2
  • 66
    • 84965561101 scopus 로고
    • Latent-variables confirmatory factor analysis of the adolescent temperament questionnaire
    • Scheier, L. M., Casten, R. J., & Fullard, W. (1995). Latent-variables confirmatory factor analysis of the Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire. Journal of Adolescent Research, 10, 246-277.
    • (1995) Journal of Adolescent Research , vol.10 , pp. 246-277
    • Scheier, L.M.1    Casten, R.J.2    Fullard, W.3
  • 67
    • 0017640384 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in parent and infant behavior in the home
    • Smith, P., & Dalgleish, L. (1977). Sex differences in parent and infant behavior in the home. Child Development, 48, 1250-1254.
    • (1977) Child Development , vol.48 , pp. 1250-1254
    • Smith, P.1    Dalgleish, L.2
  • 68
    • 0038857720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of using item parcels on ad hoc goodness of fit indices in confirmatory factor analysis: An empirical example
    • April, New York
    • Takahashi, T., & Nasser, F. (1996, April). The impact of using item parcels on ad hoc goodness of fit indices in confirmatory factor analysis: An empirical example. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York.
    • (1996) Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association
    • Takahashi, T.1    Nasser, F.2
  • 71
    • 0010749578 scopus 로고
    • The difficult child center
    • W. B. Carey & S. C. McDevitt (Eds.). Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger
    • Turecki, S. (1989). The difficult child center. In W. B. Carey & S. C. McDevitt (Eds.), Clinical and educational applications of temperament research (pp. 141-153). Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger.
    • (1989) Clinical and Educational Applications of Temperament Research , pp. 141-153
    • Turecki, S.1
  • 72
    • 0002367816 scopus 로고
    • Structural equation modeling with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies
    • R. H. Hoyle (Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    • West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation modeling with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56-75). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (1995) Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications , pp. 56-75
    • West, S.G.1    Finch, J.F.2    Curran, P.J.3
  • 73
    • 0000085712 scopus 로고
    • Revised dimensions of temperament survey (DOTS-R): Simultaneous group confirmatory factor analysis for adolescent gender groups
    • Windle, M. (1992). Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS-R): Simultaneous group confirmatory factor analysis for adolescent gender groups. Psychological Assessment, 4, 228-234.
    • (1992) Psychological Assessment , vol.4 , pp. 228-234
    • Windle, M.1
  • 74
    • 84970460789 scopus 로고
    • Reassessing the dimensions of temperamental individuality across the life span: The revised dimensions of temperament survey (DOTS-R)
    • Windle, M., & Lerner, R. M. (1986). Reassessing the dimensions of temperamental individuality across the life span: The Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS-R). Journal of Adolescent Research, 1, 213-230.
    • (1986) Journal of Adolescent Research , vol.1 , pp. 213-230
    • Windle, M.1    Lerner, R.M.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.