Is Nigeria a viable state?

Washington Quarterly

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 151-172

  Herbst, Jeffrey ^a  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0042671833     PISSN: 0163660X     EISSN: 15309177     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01636609609550201     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Jeffrey Herbst, "The Creation and Maintenance of National Boundaries in Africa," International Organization 43 (Autumn 1989), pp. 673-692.
2. Robert H. Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 13-15.
3. World Bank, World Development Report 1990 (New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press for the World Bank, 1990), p. 17.
4. "Nigeria's Military Misruler," New York Times, March 27, 1995, p. 14
5. "Nudging Nigeria," Economist, July 22, 1995, p. 17.
6. Robert Kaplan, "The Coming Anarchy," Atlantic, February 1994
7. Chinua Achebe, The Trouble with Nigeria (Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishers,1983), p. 1.
8. "Chief Shonekan Outlines His Policies, Calls for Public Support," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, September 3, 1993.
9. Rashid Faruqee, "Nigeria: Ownership Abandoned," in Ishrat Husain and Rashid Faruqee, eds., Adjustment in Africa: Lessons from Country Case Studies (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1994), p. 238.
10. Ishrat Husain, Perspectives on the Nigerian Economy (Lagos: Nigerian Institute of International Affairs, 1987), dedication.
11. Richard Joseph, Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 184.
12. Tom Forrest, Politics and Economic Development in Nigeria (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993), p. 3.
13. See Robert H. Bates, Markets and States in Tropical Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), pp. 14-15.
14. The four-volume Coker Commission Report set the standard for decades of reporting on official corruption. See Report of the Coker Commission of Inquiry into the Affairs of Certain Statutory Corporations in Western Nigeria (Lagos: Ministry of Information, 1962).
15. "Nigeria: Economic and Political Reform at Cross Purposes," in Stephan Haggard and Steve Webb, eds., Voting for Reform (New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1994). The conclusions I draw are mine alone.
16. Government of Nigeria, Government's Views and Comments on the Findings and Recommendations of the Political Bureau (Lagos: Government Printer, 1987), p. 8.
17. Joseph, Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria, p. 67.
18. Federal Office of Statistics, Nigeria's Principal Economic & Financial Indicators, 1970- 1990 (Lagos: Federal Office of Statistics, 1991), pp. 7-8.
19. Political Bureau, Report of the Political Bureau (Lagos: Government Printer, 1987), p. 35.
20. Jeffrey Herbst, The Politics of Reform in Ghana, 1982-1991 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).
21. Ernest Shonekan, "Statement on the 1993 Budget," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, February 9, 1993.
22. Scott Kraft, "The Case of Nigeria's Vanishing Middle Class," Los Angeles Times, January 11, 1994, p. 1.
23. Ernest Shonekan, "Shonekan Discusses Economy, Annulment of Elections in Independence Day Speech," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, October 4, 1993.
24. Calculated from World Bank, African Development Indicators, 1994-1995 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1995), p. 6.
25. Achebe, The Trouble with Nigeria, p. 3.
26. "Despair and Hope in Nigeria," West Africa, February 20, 1994, p. 246
27. Michael Gavin, "Adjusting to a Terms of Trade Shock: Nigeria, 1972-1988," in Rudiger Dornbusch, ed., Policymaking in the Open Economy: Concepts and Case Studies in Economic Performance (New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 172.
28. United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report 1995 (New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press for UNDP, 1995), p. 157
29. UNICEF, The Progress of Nations (New York, N.Y.: UNICEF, 1993), pp. 8-10.
30. World Bank, African Development Indicators (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1992), p. 32.
31. World Bank, Adjustment in Africa: Reforms, Results, and the Road Ahead (New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press for the World Bank, 1994), p. 138.
32. World Bank, African Development Indicators, 1994-1995, p. 51.
33. World Bank, Trends in Developing Economies 1991 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1991), p. 404.
34. Ibrahim Babangida, 1991 Budget Speech (Lagos: Government Printer, 1991), pp. 5-6.
35. William Keeling, "Concern at the Use of Lagos Oil Windfall," Financial Times, June 27, 1991, p. 4.
36. Michael Holman, "'Inconsistencies' in State Funds," Financial Times, March 16, 1992, p. 14.
37. Michael Holman, "Nigerian Report Attacks Leakage in State Funds," Financial Times, November 22, 1993, p. 4
38. "Nigerian Deficit Reaches 2.5 Billion Dollars," Agence France Presse, November 11, 1993.
39. Wale Akin Aina, "Nigeria: Pandora's Box," Africa News, January 1995.
40. Kole Babalola, "Nigeria: Military Accused of Stealing the Store," Inter Press Service, September 23, 1993.
41. World Bank, World Development Report 1995 (New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press for the World Bank, 1995), pp. 162-163.
42. Chris McGreal, "Kingmaker's Web of Deceit Ensnares Friend and Foes," Guardian, November 29, 1993, p. 9.
43. David Pallister, "Court of Chief Abiola Takes to the Road," Guardian, May 14, 1993, p. 12.
44. "Country-Risk Ratings," Economist, March 4, 1995, p. 106.
45. World Bank, Trends in Developing Countries 1993 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1993), p. 369.
46. James Brooke, "Mission to Liberia Evidently Fails," New York Times, December 5, 1988, p. D-6.
47. Gerald B. Helman and Steven R. Ratner, "Failed States," Foreign Policy 89 (Winter 1992-1993), p. 18.
48. Hawkins, "Survey of Nigeria," Financial Times, May 26, 1995.
49. "Abacha Says Country's Unity Non-Negotiable at Constitutional Conference," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, December 13, 1993.
50. R. J. Gavin and J. A. Betley, The Scramble for Africa: Documents on the Berlin West African Conference and Related Subjects, 1884/1885 (Lagos: Ibadan University Press, 1973), pp. 278, 300.