Preoperative staging of rectal cancer

European Journal of Radiology

Volumn 47, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 89-97

  Maier, Andrea ^a   Fuchsjäger, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

Author keywords

CT; Endosonography; MR imaging; Rectal cancer

Indexed keywords

CHEMOTHERAPY; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; ONCOLOGY; TUMORS;

RECTAL CANCER;

RADIOLOGY;

ACCURACY; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER STAGING; HUMAN; IMAGE QUALITY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECTUM CANCER; REVIEW; TRANSRECTAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT PLANNING;

EID: 0042669928     PISSN: 0720048X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0720-048X(03)00161-X     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Miles W.E. Cancer of the rectum. Trans. Med. Soc. 46:1923;27.
2. Sobin L.H., Wittekind C.H. UICC: TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors. 5th Ed. 1997;Wiley, New York, NY.
3. Chapuis P.H., Fisher R., Dent O.F., Newland R.C., Pheils M.T. The relationship between different staging methods and survival in colorectal cancer. Dis. Colon Rectum. 28:1985;158-161.
4. Fielding L.P., Phillips R.K., Hittinger R. Factors influencing mortality after curative resection for large bowel cancer in elderly patients. Lancet. 1:1989;595-597.
5. Hermanek P., Guggenmoos-Holzmann I., Gall F.P. Prognostic factors in rectal carcinoma. A contribution to the further development of tumor classification. Dis. Colon Rectum. 32:1989;593-599.
6. Ondera H., Maetani S., Nishikawa T., et al. The reappraisal of prognostic classification for colorectal cancer. Dis. Colon Rectum. 32:1989;609-614.
7. Lockhart-Mummery H.E., Ritchie J.K., Hawley P.R. The results of surgical treatment for carcinoma of the rectum of St.Mark's Hospital from 1948 to 1972. Br. J. Surg. 63:1976;673-677.
8. Rao A.R., Kagan A.R., Chan P.M., Glibert H.A., Nussbaum H., Hintz B.L. Patterns of recurrence following curative resection alone for adenocarcinoma of the rectum and sigmoid cancer. Cancer. 48:1981;1492-1495.
9. Pilipshen S.J., Heilweil M., Quan S.H., Strenberg S.S., Enker W.E. Patterns of pelvic recurrence following definitive resections of rectal cancer. Cancer. 53:1984;1354-1362.
10. Nicholls R.J., Mason A.Y., Morson B.C., Dixon A.K., Fry I.K. The clinical staging of rectal cancer. Br. J. Surg. 69:1982;404-409.
11. Nicholls R.J., Galloway D.J., Mason A.Y., Boyle P. Clinical local staging of rectal cancer. Br. J. Surg. 72:(Suppl.):1985;551-552.
12. Quirke P., Durdey P., Dixon M.F., Williams N.S. Local recurrence of rectal adenocarcinoma due to inadequate surgical resection. Histopathological study of lateral tumour spread and surgical excision. Lancet. 2:1986;996-999.
13. Cawthorn S.J., Parums D.V., Gibbs N.M., A'Hern R.P., Caffarey S.M., Broughton G.I., et al. Extent of mesorectal spread and involvement of lateral resection margin as prognostic factors after surgery for rectal cancer. Lancet. 335:1990;1055-1059.
14. Dukes C.E., Bussey H.J.R. The spread of rectal cancer and its effect on prognosis. Br. J. Cancer. 12:1958;309-320.
15. Wolmark N., Fisher B., Weiand H.S. The prognostic value of the modification of the Dukes'C class of colorectal cancer. An anlysis of the NSABP clinical trials. Ann. Surg. 203:1986;115-122.
16. Jass J.R., Atkin W.S., Cuzick J., Bussey H.J., Morson B.C., Northover J.M., et al. The grading of rectal cancer: historical perspectives and a multivariate analysis of 447 cases. Histopathology. 10:1986;437-459.
17. Symonds D., Vickery A. Mucinous carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Cancer. 37:1976;1891-1900.
18. Jones D.J., Moore M., Schofield P.F. Prognostic significance of DNA ploidy in colorectal carcinoma: a prospective flow cytometric study. Br. J. Surg. 75:1988;28-33.
19. Garlon C.A., Fabris G., Arslan-Pagnini C., Pluchinotta A.M., Chinelli E., Carniato S. Prognostic correlation of operable carcinoma of the rectum. Dis. Colon Rectum. 28:1985;47-50.
20. Talbot I.C., Ritchie S., Leighton M.H., Hughes A.O., Bussey H.J., Morson B.C. The clinical significance of invasion of veins by rectal cancer. Br. J. Surg. 67:1980;439-442.
21. Fielding L.P., Fenoglio-Preiser C.M., Freedman L.S. The future of prognostic factors in outcome prediction for patients with cancer. Cancer. 70:1992;2367-2377.
22. Williams N.S., Durdey P., Quirke P., Robinson P.J., Dyson J.E., Dixon M.F., et al. Pre-operative staging of rectal neoplasm and its impact on clinical management. Br. J. Surg. 72:1985;868-874.
23. Dragsted J., Gammelgaard J. Endoluminal ultrasonic scanning in the evaluation of rectal cancer. Gastrointest. 8:1983;367-369.
24. Hildebrandt U., Feifel G., Zimmermann F.A., Goebbels R. Significant improvement in clinical staging of rectal carcinoma with intrarectal ultrasound scanner. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. (Suppl). 2:1983;53.
25. Beynon J., Foy D.M., Temple L.N., Channer J.L., Virjee J., Mortensen N.J. The endosonic appearance of normal colon and rectum. Dis. Colon Rectum. 29:1986;810-813.
26. Kimmey M.B., Martin R.W., Hagitt R.C., Wang K.Y., Franklin D.W., Silverstein F.E. Histologic correlates of gastrointestinal ultrasound images. Gastroenterology. 96:1989;433-441.
27. Hildebrandt U., Feifel G. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer by intrarectal ultrasound. Dis. Colon Rectum. 28:1985;42-46.
28. Beynon J., Mortensen N.J., Rigby H.S. Rectal endosonography, a new technique for the preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 14:1988;297-309.
29. Yamashita Y., Machi J., Shirouzu K., Morotomi T., Isomoto H., Kakegawa T. Evaluation of endorectal ultrasound for the assessment of wall invasion of rectal cancer. Dis. Colon Rectum. 31:1988;617-623.
30. Glaser F., Schlag P., Herfarth C. Endorectal ultrasonoraphy for the assessment of invasion of rectal tumours and lymph node involvement. Br. J. Surg. 77:1990;883-887.
31. Orrom W.J., Wong W.D., Rothenberger D.A., Jensen L.L., Goldberg S.M. Endorectal ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal tumors. A learning experience. Dis. Colon Rectum. 33:1990;654-659.
32. Konishi F., Ugajin H., Ito K., Kanazawak K. Endorectal ultrasonography with a 7.5 MHz linear array scanner for the assessment of invasion of rectal carcinoma. Int. J. Colorect. Dis. 5:1990;15-20.
33. Tio T.L., Coene P.P., van Delden O.M., Tytgat G.N. Colorectal carcinoma: preoperative TNM classification with endosonography. Radiology. 179:1991;165-170.
34. Katsura Y., Yamada K., Ishizawa T., Yoshinaka H., Shimazu H. Endorectal ultrasonography of wall invasion and lymph node metastases in rectal cancer. Dis. Colon Rectum. 35:1992;362-368.
35. Feifel G., Hildebrandt U. New diagnostic imaging in rectal cancer: endosonography and immunoscintigraphy. World J. Surg. 16:1992;841-847.
36. Herzog U., von Flue M., Tondelli P., Schuppisser J.P. How accurate is endorectal ultrasound in the preoperative staging of rectal cancer? Dis. Colon Rectum. 36:1993;127-134.
37. Cho E., Nakijama M., Yasuda K., Ashihara T., Kawai K. Endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer invasion. Gastrointest. Endosc. 39:1993;521-527.
38. Hawes R.H. New staging techniques. Endoscopic ultrasound. Cancer. 71:(Suppl 12):1993;4207-4213.
39. Hulsmans F.J., Tio T.L., Fockens P., Bosma A., Tytgat G.N. Assessment of tumor infiltration depth in rectal cancer with transrectal sonography: caution is necessary. Radiology. 190:1994;715-720.
40. Maier A.G., Barton P.P., Neuhold N.R., Herbst F., Teleky B.K., Lechner G.L. Peritumoral tissue reaction at transrectal US as a possible cause of overstaging: histopathologic correlation. Radiology. 203:1997;785-789.
41. Solomon M.J., McLeod R.S., Cohen E.K., Simons M.E., Wilson S. Reliability and validity studies of endoluminal ultrasound for anorectal disorders. Dis. Colon Rectum. 37:1994;546-551.
42. Sailer M., Leppert R., Bussen D., Fuchs K.H., Thiede A. Influence of tumor position on accuracy of endorectal ultrasound staging. Dis. Colon Rectum. 40:1997;1180-1186.
43. Maier A.G., Kreuzer S.H., Herbst F., Wrba F., Schima W., Funovics M.A., Teleky B.K., Lechner G.L. Transrectal sonography of anal sphincter infiltration in lower rectal cancer. AJR. 175:2000;735-739.
44. Napoleon B., Pujol B., Berger F., Valette P.J., Gerard J.P., Souquet J.C. Accuracy of endosonography in the staging of rectal cancer treated by radiotherapy. Br. J. Surg. 78:1991;785-788.
45. Glaser F., Kuntz C., Schlag P., Herfarth C. Endorectal ultrasound for control of preoperative radiotherapy of rectal cancer. Ann. Surg. 217:1993;64-71.
46. Banerjee A.K., Jehle E.C., Shorthouse A.J., Buess G. Local excision of rectal tumours. Br. J. Surg. 82:1995;1165-1173.
47. Detry R., Kartheuser A. Endorectal ultrasonoraphy in staging small rectal tumours. Br. J. Surg. 79 (Suppl):1992;30.
48. Hildebrandt U., Klein T., Feifel G., Schwarz H.P., Koch B., Schmitt R.M. Endosonography of pararectal lymph nodes. In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Dis. Colon Rectum. 33:1990;863-868.
49. Nielsen M.B., Qvitzau S., Pedersen J.F. Detection of pericolonic lymph nodes in patients with colorectal cancer: an in vitro and in vivo study of the efficacy of endosonography. AJR. 161:1993;57-60.
50. Hulsmans F.H., Bosma A., Mulder P.J., Reeders J.W., Tytgat N. Perirectal lymph nodes in rectal cancer: in vitro correlation of sonographic parameters and histopathologic findings. Radiology. 184:1992;553-560.
51. Beynon J., Mortensen N.J., Foy D.M., Channer J.L., Righy H., Virjee J. Preoperative assessment of mesorectal lymph node involvement in rectal cancer. Br. J. Surg. 76:1989;276-279.
52. Dworak O. Number and size of lymph node metastases in rectal carcinomas. Surg. Endosc. 3:1989;96-99.
53. Rosch T., Lorenz R., Classen M. Endoscopic ultrasonography in the evaluation of colon and rectal disease. Gastrointest. Endosc. 36:(Suppl 2):1990;33-39.
54. Hildebrandt U., Feifel G. Endosonography in the diagnosis of lymph nodes. Endoscopy. 25:1993;243-245.
55. Thoeni R.F., Moss A.A., Schnyder P., Margulis A.R. Detection and staging of primary rectal and rectosigmoid cancer by computed tomography. Radiology. 141:1981;135-138.
56. Zaunbauer W., Haertl M., Fuchs W.A. Computed tomography in carcinoma of the rectum. Radiology. 6:1981;79-84.
57. Grabbe W., Lierse W., Winkler R. The perirectal fascia: morphology and use in staging of rectal carcinoma. Radiology. 149:1983;241-246.
58. Balthazar E.J., Megibow A.J., Hulnick D., Naidich D.P. Carcinoma of the colon: detection and preoperative staging by CT. AJR. 150:1988;301-306.
59. Dixon A.K., Kelsey Fry I., Morson B.C., Nicholls R.J., York Mason A. Preoperative computed tomography of carcinoma of the rectum. Br. J. Radiol. 54:1981;655-659.
60. Freeny P.C., Marks W.M., Rayan J.A., Bolen J.W. Colorectal carcinoma evaluation with CT: preoperative staging and detection of postoperative recurrence. Radiology. 158:1986;347-353.
61. Bech-Shriver E., Bachmann-Nielsen M., Qvitzan S., Christiansen J. Comparison of precontrast, postcontrast and delay scanning for the staging of rectal carcinoma. Gastrointest. Radiol. 17:1992;267-270.
62. Angelelli G., Marcarini L., Lupo L., Caputi-Jambrenghi O., Pannarale O., Memeo V. Rectal carcinoma: CT staging with water as contrast medium. Radiology. 177:1990;511-514.
63. Williams N.S., Durdey P., Quirke P., Robinson P.J., Dyson J.E.D., Dixon M.F., Bird C.C. Pre-operative staging of rectal neoplasm and its impact on clinical management. Br. J. Surg. 72:1985;868-874.
64. Thoeni R.F. Colorectal cancer. Raiologic staging. Radiol. Clin. North Am. 35:1997;457-485.
65. Thompson W.M., Halvorsen R.A., Foster W.L. Jr., Roberts L., Gibbons R. Preoperative and postoperative CT staging of rectosigmoid carcinoma. AJR. 146:1986;703-710.
66. Rifkin M.D., Ehrlich S.M., Marks G. Staging of rectal carcinoma: prospective comparison of endorectal US and CT. Radiology. 170:1989;319-322.
67. Waizer A., Zitron S., Ben-Baruch D., Baniel J., Wolloch Y., Dintsman M. Comparative study for preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Dis. Colon Rectum. 32:1989;53-56.
68. Holdsworth P.J., Johnston D., Chalmers A.G., Chenells P., Dixon M.F., Finan P.J., et al. Endoluminal ultrasound and computed tomography in the staging of rectal cancer. Br. J. Surg. 75:1988;1019-1022.
69. Beynon J., Mortensen N.J., Foy D.M., Channer J.L., Virjee J., Golddard P. Pre-operative assessment of local invasion in rectal cancer: digital examination, endoluminal sonography or computed tomography? Br. J. Surg. 73:1986;1015-1017.
70. Goldman S., Arviddson H., Norming U., Lagerstedt U., Magnusson L., Frisell J. Transrectal ultrasound and computed tomography in preoperative of lower rectal adenocarcinoma. Gastrointest. Radiol. 16:1991;259-263.
71. Akasu T., Sunouchi K., Sawadw T., Tsioulias G.J., Muto T., Morioka Y. Preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma: prospective comparison of transrectal ultrasonography and computed tomography. Gastroenterology. 98:1990;28. Abstract.
72. Hodgman C.G., MacCarty R.L., Wolff B.G., May G.R., Berquist T.H., Sheedy P.F., et al. Preoperative staging rectal carcinoma by computed tomography and 0.5 T magnetic resonance imaging. Preliminary report. Dis. Colon Rectum. 29:1986;446-450.
73. Butch R.J., Stark D.D., Wittenberg J., Tepper J.E., Saini S., Simeone J.F., et al. Staging rectal cancer by MR and CT. AJR. 146:1986;1155-1160.
74. Chan T.W., Kressel H.Y., Milestone B., Tomachefski J., Schnall M., Rosato E., Daly J. Rectal carcinoma: staging at MR imaging with endorectal surface coil. Radiology. 1181:1991;461-467.
75. Schnall M.D., Furth E.E., Rosato E.F., Kressel H.Y. Rectal tumor stage: correlation of endorectal MR imaging and pathologic findings. Radiology. 190:1994;709-714.
76. Okizuka H., Sugimura K., Ishida T. Preoperative local staging of rectal carcinoma with MR imaging and a rectal balloon. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging. 3:1993;329-335.
77. Waizer A., Powsner E., Russo I., Hadar S., Cytron S., Lombrozo R., et al. Prospective comparative study of magnetic resonance imaging versus transrectal ultrasound roe preoperative staging and follow-up of rectal cancer. Preliminary report. Dis. Colon Rectum. 34:1991;1068-1072.
78. Thaler W., Watzka S., Martin F., La Guardia G., Psenner K., Bonatti G., et al. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer by endoluminal ultrasound vs. magnetic resonance imaging. Preliminary results of a prospective comparative study. Dis. Colon Rectum. 37:1994;1189-1193.
79. Joosten F.B., Jansen J.B., Rosenbusch G. Staging of rectal carcinoma using MR double surface coil, MR endorectal coil, and intrarectal ultrasound: correlation with histopathologic findings. J. Comput. Assisted Tomogr. 19:1995;752-758.
80. Zagoria R.J., Schlarb C.A., Ott D.J., Bechtold R.I., Wolfmann N.T., Scharling E.S., et al. Assessment of rectal tumor infiltration utilising endorectal MR imaging and comparison with endoscopic rectal sonography. J. Surg. Oncol. 64:1997;312-317.
81. Hadfield M.B., Nicholson A.A., MacDonald A.W., et al. Preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma by magnetic resonance imaging with a pelvic phased-array coil. Br. J. Surg. 84:1997;529-531.
82. Brown G., Richards C.J., Newcombe R.G., Dallmore N.S., Radcliff A.G., Carey D.P., Bourne M.W., Williams G.T. Rectal carcinoma: thin-section MR imaging for staging in 28 patients. Radiology. 211:1999;215-222.
83. Beets-Tan R.G., Beets G.L., Vliegen R.F., Kessels A.G., Van Boven H., De Bruine A., von Meyenfeldt M.F., Beaten C.G., van Engelshoven J.M. Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging in prediction of tumour-free resection margin in rectal cancer surgery. Lancet. 357:2001;497-504.
84. Wallengren N.O., Holtas S., Andren-Sandberg A., Jonsson E., Kristoffersson D.T., McGill S. Rectal carcinoma: double-contrast MR imaging for preoperative staging. Radiology. 215:2000;108-114.
85. Maier A.G., Kersting-Sommerhoff B., Reeders J.W.A.J., et al. Staging of rectal cancer by double-contrast MR imaging using the rectally administered superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agent ferristene and iv gadodiamide injection: results of a multicenter phase II trial. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging. 12:2000;651-660.
86. Urban M., Rosen H.R., Hölbling N., Feil W., Hochwarther G., Hruby W., Schiessel R.M.R. Imaging for the preoperative planning of sphincter-saving surgery for tumours of the lower third of the rectum: use of intravenous and endorectal contrast materials. Radiology. 214:2000;503-508.