Epidemiology and control of influenza

National Medical Journal of India

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 143-149

  Rao, B L ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF VIROLOGY   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRUS AGENT; INFLUENZA VACCINE;

ANTIGENIC VARIATION; ASIA; ECOLOGY; EPIDEMIC; HEALTH PROGRAM; HEALTH SURVEY; HONG KONG; HUMAN; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFLUENZA; MEDICAL RESEARCH; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; RUSSIAN FEDERATION; VIRUS STRAIN; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ANIMALS; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL; HUMANS; INDIA; INFLUENZA, HUMAN; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; RISK FACTORS; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 0042634100     PISSN: 0970258X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. A programme for controlling acute respiratory infections in children: Memorandum from a WHO meeting. Bull World Health Organ 1984;62:47-58.
2. Layne SP, Beugelsdijk TJ, Patel CKN, Taubenberger JK, Cox NJ, Gust ID, et al. A global lab against influenza. Science 2001;293:1729.
3. Kilbourne ED. The influenza viruses and influenza. New York:Academic Press, 1975:315-481.
4. Stuart-Harris CH, Schild GC. Influenza - The viruses and the disease. London:Edward Arnold, 1976:78-95.
5. Lvov DK, Easterday B, Hinshaw W, Dandurov Yu V, Arkhipov PN, Braude NA, et al. Isolation of influenza virus strains of Hong Kong Complex (H3N2) from Nyctalus noctula bats in Kazakhstan. Vop Virusol 1979;4:338-41.
6. Graves IL, Pyakural S, Sousa VO. Susceptibility of a yak to influenza A viruses and presence of H3N2 antibodies in animals in Nepal and India. Bull World Health Organ 1974;51:173-7.
7. Erhengut W, Sarateanu DE, Rutter G. Influenza A antibodies in cervine animals. Infection 1980;8:66-9.
8. Brooks GF, Butel JS, Morse SA, Jawetz M (eds). Adelberg's medical microbiology. New York:Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division, 2001:459-69.
9. Wright PF, Webstar RG. Orthomyxoviruses. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM (eds). Field's virology. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2001:1533-79.
10. Kendal AP, Pereira MS, Skehel JJ. Concepts and procedures for laboratory based influenza surveillance. Atlanta, GA, USA: Centers for Disease Control, 1982:A7-A13.
11. Stuart-Harris CH, Schild GC, Oxford JS. Influenza - The viruses and the disease. London:Edward Arnold, 1985:41-138.
12. Hinshaw VS, Bean WJ, Geraci J, Morelli P, Early G, Webster RG. Characterization of two influenza A viruses from a pilot whale. J Virol 1986;58:655-6.
13. Rohm C, Zhou N, Suss J, Mackenzie J, Webster RG. Characterization of a novel influenza haemagglutinin, H15: Criteria for determination of influenza A subtypes. Virology 1996;217:508-16.
14. Lvov DK, Zdanov VM, Sazonov AA, Braude NA, Vladimirtceva EA, Agafonova LV, et al. Comparison of influenza viruses isolated from man and from whales. Bull World Health Organ 1978;56:923-30.
15. Kawaoka Y, Yamnikova S, Chambers TM, Lvov DK, Webster RG. Molecular characterization of a new hemagglutinin, subtype H14 of influenza A virus. Virology 1990;179:759-67.
16. Fenner FJ, Gibbs EPJ, Murphy FA, Rott R, Studdert MJ, Hite DO. In: Veterinary virology. San Diego:Academic Press, 1993:511-22.
17. Day M. A killer waits. New Scientist 1998;157:18-19.
18. Hatta M, Gan P, Halfmann P, Kawaoka Y. Molecular basis for high virulence of Hong Kong H5N1 influenza A viruses. Science 2001;293:1840-2.
19. Webster RG. A molecular whodunit. Science 2001;293:1773-5.
20. Thorn GW, Adams RD, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Petersdorf RG (eds). Harrison's principles of internal medicine. Singapore:McGraw-Hill Kogakusha, 1977:995-8.
21. WHO Report. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1976;51:121-4.
22. Global agenda on influenza. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2001;76:251-3.
23. Goldman L, Bennett JC (eds). Cecil's textbook of medicine. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 2001:1797-800.
24. Veeraraghavan N. Influenza virus isolations at the Government of India Influenza Centre. Coonoor, during 1950-60. Bull World Health Organ 1961;24:679-86.
25. Patel TB, Rao VN. Comparative study of the course of influenza epidemic in Bombay city, Poona city and Malegaon town. Indian J Public Health 1958;2:114-16.
26. Menon IGK. The 1957 pandemic of influenza in India. Bull World Health Organ 1959;20:199-224.
27. Bhattacharji LM. 1957 influenza pandemic in India with particular reference to its incidence in Calcutta and West Bengal. Bull Alumni Assoc All India Inst Hyg Publ Health 1957;6:6-17.
28. Report of Influenza Research Committee, Bombay, on Influenza cases during the influenza epidemic in May and June. Indian J Med Sci 1957;11:593-609.
29. Veeraraghavan N. Hong Kong Influenza in Madras State, India, 1968. Bull World Health Organ 1969;41:399-400.
30. Ghosh SN, Gupta, NP,Gogate SS, D'Lima LV, VidyaSagar J, Aphale RV. Investigations on the outbreak of influenza in Dhoki and Thikol villages of Ahmednagar District (1972). Maharashtra Med J 1977;24:11-18.
31. Prabhakar P, Rajyalaxmi K. Isolation, identification and serological diagnosis of influenza epidemic in Hyderabad during 1972-73. Indian J Med Res 1977;65:743-5.
32. Sousa VO, Graves IL, Pyakural S. Spread of influenza viruses A/England/42/72 and A/HongKong/1/68. A serologic study in Nepal and Calcutta, India. Bull World Health Organ 1974;50:475-8.
33. Rao BL, Gupta NP, Rao CVR, Gogate SS, Shah U. Investigation on the outbreak of influenza by A/USSR/77 virus strain in Pune, Maharashtra in 1978. Indian J Med Res 1979;70:681-6.
34. Mohan Rao CVR, Gupta NP, Rao BL, Joshi BN. Clinical and laboratory investigations on the outbreak of influenza by A/USSR/77 virus strain in Pune in 1978. Maharashtra Med J 1980;26:503-6.
35. Rao BL. Investigation of 1979 influenza outbreak caused by types A and B influenza viruses in Pune, India. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 1980;22:143-6.
36. Rao BL, Kadam SS, Pavri KM, Kothavale VS. Epidemiological, clinical and virological features of influenza outbreaks in Pune, India, 1980. Bull World Health Organ 1982;60:639-42.
37. Rao BL. Investigation on the monsoon outbreak of influenza A (H3N2) virus strain in Pune, India, 1981. Indian J Med Res 1983;77:417-19.
38. Rao BL, Thite NY. Virological and serological study on the new influenza variant A (H1N1) strain; A/Singapore/6/86 in Pune, India, 1986. Indian J Med Res 1987;86: 813-15.
39. Rao BL. Influenza surveillance in Pune (India) during 1983-85. Indian J Med Res 1987;85:492-5.
40. Rao BL, Banerjee K. Influenza surveillance in Pune, India 1978-90. Bull World Health Organ 1993;71:177-81.
41. Rao BL, Wairagkar NS, Ranadive SN. Isolation of the new variant influenza A (H3N2) strains during an outbreak in Pune, February 1996. Indian J Med Res 1997;106:223-4.
42. Rao BL, Kadam SS. Isolation of recent variant influenza types A (H3N2) and B strains in Pune, India during 1998. Indian J Med Res 2000;111:3-5.
43. Rao BL, Kadam SS, Pawar MS. Isolation of recent variant influenza types A (H3N2), A (H1N1) and B strains in Pune, India 2000. Indian J Med Res 2001;114:157-9.
44. Kadam SS, Rao BL, Pavri KM. Influenza antibody patterns in human sera from Pune (1976-1978). Maharashtra Med J 1983;30:111-14.
45. Rao BL. Prevalence of antibodies in different age groups to pandemic and epidemic strains of influenza virus. Indian J Med Res 1984;80:390-5.
46. Yeolekar LR, Kulkarni PB, Chadha MS, Rao BL. Seroepidemiology of influenza in Pune, India. Indian J Med Res 2001;114:121-6.
47. Rao BL, Phadke MA, Joshi AS. Reye's syndrome associated with influenza A and B virus. Indian Pediatr 1982;19:719-22.
48. Chatterjee S, Mukherjee KK, Mondal MC, Chakraborty MS. A study of influenza A virus in the city of Calcutta, India, highlighting the strain prevalence. Acta Microbiol Pol 1996;45:279-83.
49. Singh J, Khare S, Prasad AK, Garg A, Singh NP, Sharma RS. An outbreak of influenza A (H3N2) in Delhi, 1993. J Commun Dis 1994;26:14-18.
50. Manjunath LH, Mallick BB. Prevalence of myxo and paramyxoviruses in birds of Himalayan region. Indian J Anim Sci 1981;51:1139-43.
51. Rao BL, Gupta NP, Deshmukh PK. Isolation of duck influenza virus from Tirunelveli town in Tamil Nadu. Indian J Med Res 1979;70:687-90.
52. Sulochana S, Sudharma D, Jayaprakasan V, Mathew ES, Mini M. Isolation of influenza virus type-A from ducks in Kerala. Indian J Poult Sci 1987;22:255-60.
53. Butterfield WK, Yedloutschnig RJ, Dardiri AH. Isolation and identification of myxoviruses from domestic and imported avian species. Avian Dis 1973;17:155-9.
54. Allexander DJ, Allan WH, Sillars T. Isolation of myxoviruses from dead birds arriving at Heathrow Airport, London. J Hyg Camb 1977;79:243-7.
55. Nerome K, Nakayama M, Ishida M, Fukumi H, Butterfield WK, Webster RG, et al. Isolation and serological characterization of influenza A viruses from birds that were dead on arrival at Tokyo Airport. Arch Virol 1978;57:261-70.
56. Uppal PK, Yadav MP, Oberoi MS. Isolation of A/Equi-2 virus during 1987 equine influenza epidemic in India. Equine Vet J 1989;21:364-6.
57. Singh G. A note on the concurrent isolation, from horses and ponies, of influenza A/Eq-1 and A/Eq-2 viruses from an epidemic of equine influenza in India. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1995;18:73-4.
58. Singh PB, Rodrigues FM, Gupta NP. Haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies against influenza type A viruses in swine sera in India. Indian J Med Res 1979;68: 187-91.
59. Singh PB, Rodrigues FM, Gupta NP. A serological survey of pigs in India for swine influenza. Indian J Med Res 1981;74:153-5.
60. Rao BL, Khan FU, Bhat HR, Kadam SS. Zoonotic studies on influenza in pigs and birds, India. 1980-81. Int J Zoonoses 1983;10:40-4.
61. Joshi MV, Kadam SS, Rao BL. Prevalence of antibodies to influenza viruses in pigs from Andaman and Nicobar islands. Indian Association of Veterinary Microbiologists, Immunologists and Specialists in Infectious Diseases, XIV Annual Conference and National Symposium on 'Recent advances in production and testing of veterinary biologicals, 1994'.
62. Rao BL, Kadam SS,Joshi MV. Serological investigation on equine influenza in Pune, Maharashtra State, India. Indian Vet J 1992;69:103-6.
63. Rao BL. Prevalence of influenza virus antibody in dog and goat sera from Pune, 1977. Indian J Med Res 1982;76:59-61.
64. Kelkar SD, Kadam SS, Banerjee K. Haemagglutination inhibition antibodies against influenza virus in bats. Indian J Med Res 1981;74:147-52.
65. Singh PB, Rodrigues FM, Gupta NP. A serological survey for the detection of antibodies to type A influenza viruses in bird sera in India. Indian J Med Res 1979;70:161-3.