The nature and effectiveness of program models for adolescents at risk of entering the formal child protection system

Child Welfare

Volumn 82, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 443-474

  Cameron, Gary ^a   Karabanow, Jeff ^b  

^a WILFRID LAURIER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b Maritime School of Social Work   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; CANADA; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; CHILD HEALTH CARE; CHILD WELFARE; COUNSELING; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HUMAN; NONBIOLOGICAL MODEL; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PEER GROUP; RISK FACTOR; SELF CONCEPT;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT HEALTH SERVICES; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; CHILD WELFARE; COUNSELING; HUMANS; MODELS, ORGANIZATIONAL; ONTARIO; PEER GROUP; PROGRAM EVALUATION; RISK FACTORS; SELF EFFICACY;

EID: 0042477609     PISSN: 00094021     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Alexander, J. F., Holtzworth-Munroe, A., & Jameson, P. (1994). The process and outcome of marital and family therapy: Research review and evaluation. In A. Bergin & S. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (4th ed., pp. 595-630). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
2. Allison, K., Leone, P. E., & Rowse-Spero, E. (1990). Drug and alcohol use among adolescents. In P. E. Leone (Ed.), Understanding troubled and troubling youth (pp. 173-193) Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
3. Baistow, K., Hetherington, R., Spriggs, A., & Yelloly, M. (1996). Parents speaking: Anglo-French perceptions of child welfare interventions, a preliminary report. London: Brunel University.
4. Ballantyne, M., & Raymond, L. (1998, April). Effective strategies for adolescents at risk of out-of-home placement. Toronto, Canada: Ontario Association of Children's Aid Societies.
5. Bangert-Drowns, R. L. (1988). The effects of school-based substance abuse education: A meta-analysis. Journal of Drug Education, 18, 243-264.
6. Bank, L., Hicks Marlowe, J., Reid, J. B., Patterson, G. R., & Weinrott, M. R. (1991). A comparative evaluation of parent-training interventions for families of chronic delinquents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 19(1), 20-31.
7. Barkley, R. A., Guevremont, D. C., Anastopoulos, A. D., & Fletcher, K. E. (1992). A comparison of three family therapy programs for treating family conflicts in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 450-462.
8. Barry, F. D. (1994). A neighborhood-based approach: What is it? In G. B. Melton & F. D. Barry (Eds.), Protecting children from abuse and neglect: Foundations for a new national strategy (pp. 15-34). New York: Guilford Press.
9. Barth, R. P. (1983). Social support networks in services for adolescents and their families. In J. K. Whittaker & J. Garbarino (Eds.), Social support networks: Informal helping in the human services (pp. 299-330) New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
10. Barth, R. P., & Derezotes, D. S. (1990). Preventing adolescent abuse: Effective intervention strategies and techniques. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
11. Bauman, L. J., Coupey, S. M., Koeber, C., Lauby, J. L., Silver, E. J., & Stein, R. E. (1997). Teen education and employment network. In G. W. Albee & T. P. Gullotta (Eds.), Primary prevention works (pp. 313-340). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
12. Bavolek, S. J. (1988). Nurturing programs for parents and adolescents. San Claire, WI: Human Development Resources.
13. Blythe, B., Hodges, V., & Guterman, N. (1990). Interventions for maltreated adolescents. In M. Rothery & G. Cameron (Eds.), Child maltreatment: Expanding our concept of helping (pp. 33-48). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
14. Brendtro, L. K. (1985). Making caring fashionable: Philosophy and procedures of service learning. Child Care Quarterly, 14(1), 4-13.
15. Brief notes. (1997). Community Alternatives: International Journal of Family Care, 9(2), 2-3.
16. Briggs, H. E., Miller, D. B., Sayles, R., Tovar, D. D., & Davenport Dozier, C. (1997). Correlates of substance abuse among youth: A note for professionals, service providers and families. Community Alternatives: International Journal of Family Care, 9(2), 110-116.
17. Bruene-Butler, L., Hampson, J., Elias, M. J., Clabby, J. F., & Schuyler, T. (1997). The improving social awareness-social problem-solving project. In G. W. Albee & T. P. Gullotta (Eds.), Primary prevention works (pp. 239-267). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
18. Cameron, G., Hayward, K., & Mamatis, D. (1992). Mutual aid and child welfare: The parent mutual aid organizations in child welfare demonstration project. Waterloo, Canada: Centre for Social Welfare Studies, Faculty of Social Work, Wilfrid Laurier University.
19. Cameron, G., Karabanow, J., Peirson, L., Laurendeau, M. C., & Chamberland, C. (2001). Program implementation and replication. In I. Prilleltensky, G. Nelson, & L. Peirson (Eds.), Promoting family wellness and preventing child maltreatment: Fundamentals for thinking and action (pp. 318-346). Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
20. Cameron, G., & Rothery, M. (1985, May). The use of family support in Children's Aid Societies: An exploratory study. Toronto, Canada: Ontario Ministry of Community and Social Services.
21. Cameron, G., & Vanderwoerd, J. (1997). Protecting children and supporting families: Promising programs and organizational realities. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
22. Chung, H. H., & Elias, M. (1996). Patterns of adolescent involvement in problem behaviours: Relationship to self-efficacy, social problems and life events. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24, 771-784.
23. Coley, R. L., & Chase-Larsdale, P. L. (1998, February). Adolescent pregnancy and parenthood. American Psychologist, 153-165.
24. Cormer, J. P. (1988). Educating poor minority children. Scientific American, 259, 42-48.
25. Costin, L. B., Karger, H. J., & Stoesz, D. (1996). The politics of child abuse in America. New York: Oxford University Press.
26. Cowen, E. L., Hightower, A. D., Pedro-Carroll, J. A., & Work, W. C. (1989). School-based models for primary prevention programming with children. Prevention in Human Services, 7, 133-160.
27. Danish, S. J. (1997). Going for the goal: A life skills program for adolescents. In G. W. Albee & T. P. Gullotta (Eds.), Primary prevention works (pp. 291-312). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
28. Davis, L., & Tolan, P. H. (1993). Alternative and preventive interventions. In P. H. Tolan & B. J. Cohler (Eds.), Handbook of clinical research and practice with adolescents (pp. 429-447). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
29. DeBusk, M., & Hellison, D. (1989). Implementing a physical education self-responsibility model for delinquency-prone youth. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 8, 104-112.
30. Dishion, T. J. (1990). The peer context of troublesome child and adolescent behavior. In P. E. Leone (Ed.), Understanding troubled and troubling youth (pp. 128-153). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
31. Dryfoos, J. G. (1994). Full-service schools: A revolution in health and social services for children, youth, and families. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
32. Dugger, C. W. (1995, March 9). Guiding hand to college for ghetto youth. New York Times National.
33. Durlak, J. A. (1995). School-based prevention programs for children and adolescents. In E. Peled, P. G. Jaffe, J. L. Edleson (Eds.), Ending the cycle of violence: Community responses to children of battered women. Thousand Oaks. Sage.
34. Dusenbury, L., & Botvin, G. J. (1990). Competence enhancement and the prevention of adolescent problem behaviour. In K. Hurrelmann & F. Losel (Eds.), Health hazards in adolescence (pp. 460-475). New York: Walter de Gruyter.
35. Dusenbury, L., & Falco, M. (1997). School-based drug abuse prevention strategies: From research to policy and practice. In R. P. Weissberg, T. P. Gullotta, R. L. Hampton, B. A. Ryan, & G. R. Adams (Eds.), Healthy Children 2010: Enhancing children's wellness (pp. 47-77). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
36. Elias, M. J., Gager, P., & Leon, S. (1997). Spreading a warm blanket of prevention over all children: Guidelines for selecting substance abuse and related prevention curricula for use in the schools. Journal of Primary Prevention, 18(1), 41-69.
37. Errecart, M. T., Walberg, H. J., Ross, J. G., Gold, R. S., Fiedler, J. L., & Kolbe, L. J. (1991). Effectiveness of teenage health teaching modules. Journal of School Health, 61, 26-30.
38. Fashimpar, G. A. (1991). From probation to mini-bikes: A comparison of traditional and innovative programs for community treatment of delinquent adolescents. Social Work with Groups, 14, 105-119.
39. Feindler, E. L., & Becker, J. V. (1994). Interventions in family violence involving children and adolescents. In L. D. Eron, J. Gentry, & P. Schlegel (Eds.), Reason to hope: A psychosocial perspective on violence and youth (pp. 405-430). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
40. Feiner, R. D., Brand, S., Adan, A. M., Mulhall, P. F., Flowers, N., Sartain, B., et al. (1993). Restructuring the ecology of the school as an approach to prevention during school transitions: Longitudinal follow-ups and extensions of the School Transition Environment Project (STEP). Prevention in Human Services, 10, 103-136.
41. Fergusson, D. M., & Lynskey, M. T. (1996). Adolescent resiliency to family adversity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 281-292.
42. Fuchs, D. M. (1990). Programs for preventing placement of adolescents. In M. Rothery & G. Cameron (Eds.), Child maltreatment: Expanding our concept of helping (pp. 49-62). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
43. Garbarino, J. (1992). Preventing adolescent maltreatment. In D. J. Willis, W. E. Holden, & M. Rosenberg (Eds.), Prevention of child maltreatment: Developmental and ecological perspectives (pp. 94-112). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
44. Garbarino, J., & Kostelny, K. (1992). Child maltreatment as a community problem. Child Abuse & Neglect, 16, 455-464.
45. Garbarino, J., & Kostelny, K. (1994). Neighborhood based programs. In G. B. Melton & F. D. Barry (Eds.), Protecting children from abuse and neglect: Foundations for a new national strategy (pp. 309-347). New York: Guildford Press.
46. Gabarino, J., Kostelny, K., & Dubrow, N. (1991). No place to be a child: Growing up in a war zone. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
47. Gibson, C. M. (1993, September). Empowerment theory and practice with adolescents of color in the child welfare system. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 387-396.
48. Gottfredson, D. C., Fink, C. M., Skroban, S., & Gottfredson, G. D. (1997). Making prevention work. In R. P. Weissberg, T. P. Gullotta, R. L. Hampton, B. A. Ryan, & G. R. Adams (Eds.), Healthy Children 2010: Establishing preventive services (pp. 219-252). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
49. Halpern, R. (1996). Neighborhood-based strategies to address poverty-related social problems: An historical perspective. In A. Kahn & S. Kammerman (Eds.), Children and their families in big cities (pp. 60-88). New York: Cross-National Studies Research Program, Columbia University School of Social Work.
50. Hamberg, D. A. (1992). Today's children: Creating a future for a generation in crisis. New York: Times Books, Random House.
51. Hamilton, S. F., & Hamilton, M. A. (1992, March). Mentoring programs: Promise and paradox. Phi Delta Kappan, 546-550.
52. Hawkins, D. J. (1997). Academic performance and school success: Sources and consequences. In R. P. Weissberg, T. P. Gullotta, R. L. Hampton, B. A. Ryan, & G. R. Adams (Eds.), Healthy Children 2010: Enhancing children's wellness (pp. 278-305). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
53. Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 64-105.
54. Hawkins, J. D., & Fraser, M. W. (1983). Social support networks in delinquency prevention and treatment. In J. K. Whittaker & J. Garbarino (Eds.), Social support networks: Informal helping in the human services (pp. 333-352). New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
55. Hazelrigg, M. D., Cooper, H. M., & Borduin, C. M. (1987). Evaluating the effectiveness of family therapies: An integrative review and analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 428-442.
56. Henggeler, S. W., Melton, G. B., & Smith, L. (1992). Family preservation using multisystemic therapy: An effective alternative to incarcerating serious juvenile offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 953-961.
57. Henggeler, S. W., Schoenwald, S. K., Borduin, C. M., Pickrel, S., Brondino, M. J., Rowland, M. D., et al. (1994). Family preservation using multisystemic treatment with adolescent offenders and substance abusers: Long-term outcome, current projects, and interagency collaboration. In C. J. Liberton, K. Kutash, & R. M. Friedman (Eds.), The sixth annual research conference proceedings for a system of care for children's mental health: Expanding the research base. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, Florida Mental Health Institute, Research and Training Center for Children's Mental Health.
58. Hetherington, R., Cooper, A., Smith, P., & Wilford, G. (1997). Protecting children: Messages from Europe. Dorset, UK: Russell House.
59. Hopkins, N., & Emler, N. (1990). Social network participation and problem behaviour in adolescence. In K. Hurrelmann & F. Losel (Eds.), Health hazards in adolescence (pp. 390-400). New York: Walter de Gruyter.
60. Howard, M., & McCabe, J. A. (1992). An information and skills approach for younger teens: Postponing sexual involvement program. In B. C. Miller, J. J. Card, R. L. Paikoff, & J. L. Peterson (Eds.), Preventing adolescent pregnancy: Model programs and evaluations (pp. 83-109). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
61. Howitt, P. S., & Moore, E. A. (1991). The efficiency of intensive early intervention: An evaluation of the Oakland County Probate Court Early Offender Program. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 23-30.
62. Hughes, J. (1977). Adolescent children of alcoholic parents and the relationship of Alateen to these children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 946-947.
63. Jason, L. A., Weine, A. M., Johnson, J. H., Warren-Sohlberg, L., Filippelli, L. A., Turner, E. Y., et al. (1992). Helping transfer students: Strategies for educational and social readjustment. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
64. Joanning, H., Quinn, W., Thomas, F., & Mullen, R. (1992). Treating adolescent drug abuse: A comparison of family systems therapy, group therapy, and family drug abuse. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 18, 345-356.
65. Kagan, R. M., Reid, W. J., Roberts, S. E., & Silverman-Pollow, J. (1987). Engaging families of court-mandated youths in an alternative to institutional placement. Child Welfare, 66, 365-376.
66. Kahn, A. J., & Kammerman, S. B. (1996). Children and their families in big cities. New York: Cross-National Studies Research Program, Columbia University School of Social Work.
67. Kazdin, A. E. (1994). Psychotherapy for children and adolescents. In A. Bergin & S. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (4th ed., pp. 543-594) New York: John Wiley & Sons.
68. Kubisch, A. C. (1996, January/February). Comprehensive community initiatives: Lessons in neighborhood transformation. Shelterforce, 7-12.
69. Lavoie, F., Dufort, F., Hebert, M., & Vezina, L. (1997, March). Evaluatun d'un programme de prevention de la violence lors des frequentations: Une evaluation de VLRAJ jelan un approche Quasi experimental [Evaluation of a dating violence program: A quasi-experimental assessment of VIRAJ]. Quebec, Canada: Conseil quebecoise de la recherche sociale/Ministere de la Sante et des Services Sociaux.
70. Lawerence-Karski, R. (1997). United States: California's reporting system. In N. Gilbert (Ed.), Combating child abuse: International perspectives and trends. New York: Oxford University Press.
71. Lerner, R. M. (1995). America's youth in crisis: Challenges and options for programs and policies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
72. Lewis, R. A., Piercy, F. P., Sprenkle, D. H., & Trepper, T. (1990). Family-based interventions for helping drug-abusing adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 5, 82-95.
73. LoSciuto, L., Rajala, A. K., Townsend, T. N. & Taylor, A. S. (1996). An outcome evaluation of Across Ages: An intergenerational mentoring approach to drug prevention. Journal of Adolescent Research, 11, 116-129.
74. Madden, N. A., Slavin, R. F., Karweit, N. K., Dolan, L. J., & Weisit, B. A. (1993). Success for all: Longitudinal effects of a restructuring program for inner-city elementary schools. American Educational Research Journal, 30, 123-148.
75. Maidman, F., & Connors, E. (2001). A circle of healing: Family wellness in Aboriginal communities. In I. Prilleltensky, G. Nelson, & L. Peirson (Eds.), Promoting family wellness and preventing child maltreatment: Fundamentals for thinking and action (pp. 375-466). Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
76. Martin, F. E., & Palmer, T. (1997). Transitions to adulthood: A child welfare youth perspective. Community Alternatives: International Journal of Family Care, 9(2), 29-60.
77. McCroskey, J., & Meezan, W. (1998). Family-centered services: Approaches and effectiveness. Future of Children, 8(1), 54-71.
78. McLoyd, V. C. (1998, February). Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. American Psychologist, 105-205.
79. National Research Council. (1993). Losing generations: Adolescents in high-risk settings. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
80. Nelson, D. W. (1996). The path of most resistance: Lessons learned from "New Futures." In A. Kahn & S. Kammerman (Eds.), Children and their families in big cities (pp. 163-183). New York: Cross-National Studies Research Program, Columbia University School of Social Work.
81. Nenortas, G. V. (1987, July). A dropout prevention program utilizing peer group counseling with middle school alternative students. Florida: Nova University. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 289 118)
82. Nichols, M. P., & Schwartz, R. C. (1995). Family therapy: Concepts and methods (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
83. O'Donnell, J., Hawkins, J. D., Catalane, R. F., Abbott, R. D., & Day, L. E. (1995). Preventing school failure, drug use, and delinquency among low-income children: Long-term intervention in elementary schools. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 65, 87-100.
84. Olsen, L. (1994, February). On the career track. Education Week, 25-33.
85. Olsen, L. J., & Holmes, W. M. (1986). Youth at risk: Adolescents and maltreatment. Children and Youth Services Review 8, 13-35.
86. Olweus, D. (1992). Bullying among school children: Intervention and prevention. In R. B. Peters, R. J. McMahon, & V. L. Quensey (Eds.), Aggression and violence throughout the life span (pp. 110-121). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
87. Palmer, R. B., & Liddle, H. A. (1996). Adolescent drug use: Contemporary perspectives on etiology and treatment. In G. M. Blau & T. P. Gullotta (Eds.), Adolescent dysfunctional behavior: Causes, interventions and prevention (pp. 113-148). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
88. Parton, N. (Ed.). (1997). Child protection and family support: Tensions, contradictions and possibilities. New York: Routledge.
89. Peirson, L., Laurendeau, M. C., Chamberland, C., & Lefort, L. (1998). 114 voices: A presentation of the thoughts and opinions of the stakeholders interviewed for the family wellness project. Waterloo, Canada: Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University.
90. Pelton, L. H. (1994). The role of material factors in child abuse and neglect. In G. B. Melton & F. D. Barry (Eds.), Protecting children from abuse and neglect: Foundations for a new national strategy (pp. 130-159) New York: Guilford Press.
91. Philliber, S., & Allen, J. P. (1992). Life options and community service: Teen outreach program. In B. C. Miller, J. J. Card, R. L. Paikoff, & J. L. Peterson (Eds.), Preventing adolescent pregnancy: Model programs and evaluations (pp. 139-155). Newbury Park: Sage.
92. Pires, S. A. (1993). International child welfare systems: Report of a workshop. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
93. Pitman, A. L., Wolfe, D. A., & Wekerle, C. (1998). Prevention during adolescence: The youth relationships project. Unpublished manuscript, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
94. Polit, D. F., Quint, J. C., & Riccio, J. A. (1988) The challenges of serving teenage mothers: Lessons from Project Redirection. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation.
95. Powers, J. L., Jaklitsch, B., & Eckenrode, J. (1989). Behavioral characteristics of maltreatment among runaway and homeless youth. Early Child Development and Care, 42, 127-139.
96. Pransky, J. (1991). Prevention: The critical need. Springfield, MO: Burnell Foundation and Paradigm Press.
97. Rickel, A. U., & Allen, L. (1987). Preventing maladjustment from infancy through adolescence. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
98. Rivera, V. R., & Kutash, K. (1994). Components of a system of care: What does the research say? Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, Florida Mental Health Institute, Research and Training Center for Children's Mental Health.
99. Rothery, M., & Cameron, G. (1985, September). Understanding family supports in child welfare: A summary report. Toronto, Canada: Ontario Ministry of Community and Social Services.
100. Sandberg, D. N. (1989). The child abuse delinquency connection. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
101. Schorr, L. B. (1988). Within our reach: Breaking the cycle of disadvantage. New York: Anchor Books.
102. Schorr, L. B. (1997). Common purpose: Strengthening families and neighborhoods to rebuild America. New York: Anchor Books.
103. Schwartz, I. M., AuClaire, P., & Harris, L. (1990, March). Family preservation service as an alternative to the out of home placement of seriously emotionally disturbed adolescents: The Hennepin County experience. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for the Study of Youth Policy, School of Social Work, University of Michigan.
104. Seltzer, A. M. (1993, December). YouthBuild: A natural service and community development program that says yes to teenagers. Radcliffe Quarterly, 32-35.
105. Smith, C., Farrant, M., & Marchant, M. (1972). The Wincroft youth project: A social-work programme in a slum area. London: Tavistock.
106. Snow, K., & Finlay, J. (1998, April). Voices from within: Youth speak out. Toronto, Canada: Office of the Child and Family Service Advocacy, Queen's Printer for Ontario.
107. Srebank, D. S., & Elias, M. J. (1993). An ecological, interpersonal skills approach to drop out prevention. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 63, 526-535.
108. Straus, M. B. (1994). Violence in the lives of adolescents. New York: W. W. Norton.
109. Supik, J. (1991). Partners for valued youth: The final report. Intercultural Development Research Association (INDRA) Newsletter, 18, 1-4.
110. Swift, K. J. (1998). Contradictions in child welfare: Neglect and responsibility. In C. T. Baines, P. M. Evans, & S. Neysmith (Eds.), Women's caring: Feminist perspectives on social welfare (pp. 160-190). Toronto, Canada: Oxford University Press.
111. Szapocznik, J., Kurtines, W., Santistebon, D. A., & Rio, A. T. (1990). Interplay of advances between theory, research, and applications in treatment interventions aimed at behavior problem children and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 696-703.
112. Tobler, N. S. (1986). Meta-analysis of 143 adolescent drug prevention programs: Qualitative outcome results of program participants compared to a control or comparison group. Journal of Drug Issues, 16, 537-567.
113. Tolan, P. H., & Loeber, R. (1993). Antisocial behavior. In P. H. Tolan & B. J. Cohler (Eds.), Handbook of clinical research and practice with adolescents (pp. 307-331). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
114. Turcotte, D. (1990, March). Intervention based on principles of mutual aid: Process and impact on parents of adolescents. Canada's Mental Health, 16-19.
115. Turner, S., Norman, E., & Zunz, S. (1995). Enhancing resiliency in girls and boys: A case for gender specific adolescent prevention programming. Journal of Primary Prevention, 16(1), 25-38.
116. Waldfogel, J. (1996). Toward a new paradigm for child protective services. Cambridge, MA: Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
117. Wall, J., Hawkins, J., Lishner, D., & Fraser, M. (1981). Juvenile delinquency prevention: A compendium of thirty-six program models. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
118. Weissberg, R. P., Barton, H. A., & Schriver, T. P. (1997). The social-competence promotion program for young adolescents. In G. W. Albee & T. P. Gullotta (Eds.), Primary prevention works (pp. 268-290). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
119. Weissberg, R. P., Caplan, M., & Harwood, R. L. (1991). Promoting competent young people in competence-enhancing environments: A systems-based perspective on primary prevention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 830-841.
120. Werner, E. E. (1990). Antecedents and consequences of deviant behavior. In K. Hurrelmann & F. Losel (Eds.), Health hazards in adolescence (pp. 210-225). New York: Walter de Gruyter.
121. Willis, D. J., Holden, E. W., & Rosenberg, M. S. (Eds.). (1992). Prevention of child maltreatment: Developmental and ecological perspectives. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
122. Wolfe, D. A. (1994). The role of intervention and treatment services in the prevention of child abuse and neglect. In G. B. Melton & F. D. Barry (Eds.), Protecting children from abuse and neglect: Foundations for a new national strategy (pp. 226-288). New York: Guildford Press.
123. Wolfe, D. A., Wekerle, C., Reitzel, D., & Gough, R. (1995). Strategies to address violence in the lives of high-risk youth. In E. Peled, P. G. Jaffe, & J. L. Edleson (Eds.), Ending the cycle of violence: Community responses to the children of battered women (pp. 233-251). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
124. Yoe, J. T., Santarcangelo, S., Atkins, M., & Burchard, J. D. (1996). Wraparound care in Vermont: Program development, implementation and evaluation of a statewide system of individualized services. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 5, 23-39.
125. Zabin, L. S. (1992). School-based reproductive health services: The Johns Hopkins program. In B. C. Miller, J. J. Card, R. L. Paikoff, & J. L. Peterson (Eds.), Preventing adolescent pregnancy: Model programs and evaluations (pp. 156-184). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.