The efficacy of stretching for prevention of exercise-related injury: A systematic review of the literature

Manual Therapy

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 141-150

  Weldon, S M ^a,b   Hill, R H ^a  

^a Osteopaths   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL TRIAL; DATA ANALYSIS; EXERCISE; EXERCISE RELATED INJURY; HUMAN; INJURY; MEDICAL LITERATURE; METHODOLOGY; MUSCLE INJURY; MUSCLE STIFFNESS; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; PHYSICAL STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY CONTROL; REVIEW; SPORT INJURY; STRETCHING;

EID: 0042473022     PISSN: 1356689X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1356-689X(03)00010-9     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Agre JC 1985 Hamstring injuries: proposed aetiological factors, prevention and treatment. Sports Medicine 2: 21-33
2. Altman DG 1999 What randomised trials and systematic reviews can offer decision makers. Hormone Research 51 (Suppl 1): 36-43
3. Armstrong RB, Warren GL, Warren JA 1991 Mechanisms of exercise-induced muscle fibre injury. Sports Medicine 12: 184-207
4. Beaulieu JE 1981 Developing a stretching program. Physician & Sportsmedicine 9: 59-69
5. Best TM, Glisson RR, Seaber AV, Garrett Jr, WE 1989 The response of muscle-tendon units of varying architecture to cyclic passive stretching. Transactions of the Orthopaedic Research Society 14: 294
6. Bixler B, Jones RL 1992 High-school football injuries: effects of a post-halftime warm-up and stretching routine. Family Practice Research Journal 12(2): 131-139
7. Blair SN, Kohl HW III, Goodyear NN 1987 Relative risks for running and exercise injuries: Studies in three populations. Research Quarterly 58: 221-228
8. Brunet ME, Cook SD, Brinker MR, Dickinson JA 1990 A survey of running injuries in 1505 competitive and recreational runners. Journal of Sports Medicine & Physical Fitness 30: 307-315
9. Ciullo JV, Zarins B 1983 Biomechanics of the musculotendinous unit: Relation to athletic performance and injury. Clinics in Sports Medicine 2(1): 71-86
10. Cross KM, Worrell TW 1999 Effects of a static stretching program on the incidence of lower extremity musculotendinous strains. Journal of Athletic Training 34(1): 11-14
11. de Bie RA 1996 Methodology of systematic reviews: An introduction. Physical Therapy Review 1: 47-51
12. Ekstrand J, Gillquist J 1982 The frequency of muscle tightness and injury in soccer players. American Journal of Sports Medicine 10(2): 75-78
13. Ekstrand J, Gillquist J 1983 The avoidability of soccer injuries. International Journal of Sports Medicine 4: 124-128
14. Ekstrand J, Gillquist J, Liljedahl S-O 1983 Prevention of soccer injuries: Supervision by doctor and physiotherapist. American Journal of Sports Medicine 11(3): 116-120
15. Gajdosik RL 1991 Effects of static stretching on the maximal length and resistance to passive stretch of short hamstring muscles. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 14(6): 250-255
16. Garrett Jr, WE, Safran MR, Seaber AV, Glisson RR, Ribbeck BM 1987 Biomechanical comparison of stimulated and nonstimulated skeletal muscle pulled to failure. American Journal of Sports Medicine 15: 448-454
17. Garrett Jr, WE 1996 Muscle strain injuries. American Journal of Sports Medicine 24: S2-S8
18. Gleim GW, McHugh MP 1997 Flexibility and its effect on sports injury and performance. Sports Medicine 24(5): 289-299
19. Glick JM 1980 Muscle strains: Prevention and treatment. Physician and Sportsmedicine 8(11): 73-77
20. Goldspink DF, Cox VM, Smith SK, Eaves LA, Osbaldeston NJ, Lee DM, Mantle D 1995 Muscle growth in response to mechanical stimuli. American Journal of Physiology 268: E288-E297
21. Greenhalgh T 1997 How to read a paper: The Basics of Evidence Based Medicine, 2nd edn. BMJ Publishing Group, London
22. Halbertsma JP, van Bolhuis Al, Göeken LNH 1996 Sport stretching: Effect on passive muscle stiffness of short hamstrings. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 77:688-692
23. Hartig DE, Henderson JM 1999 Increasing hamstring flexibility decreases lower extremity overuse injuries in military basic trainees. American Journal of Sports Medicine 27(2): 173-176
24. Hasselman CT, Best TM. Seaber AV, Garrett WE 1995 A threshold and continuum of injury during active stretch of rabbit skeletal muscle. American Journal of Sports Medicine 23(1): 65-73
25. Hawkins D, Bey M 1997 Muscle and tendon force-length properties and their interactions in vivo. Journal of Biomechanics 30(1): 63-70
26. Howell DW 1984 Musculoskeletal profile and incidence of musculoskeletal injuries in lightweight women rowers. American Journal of Sports Medicine 12: 278-282
27. Jacobs SJ, Berson BL 1986 Injuries to runners: a study of entrants to a 10 000 meter race. American Journal of Sports Medicine 14: 151-155
28. Kerner JA, D'Amico JC 1983 A statistical analysis of a group of runners. Journal of the American Podiatry Association 73: 160-164
29. Koes BW, Assendelft WJJ, van der Heijden GJMG, Bouter LM, Knipschild PG 1991 Spinal manipulation and mobilisation for back and neck pain: a blinded review. British Medical Journal 303:1298-1303
30. Koes BW, Bouter LM, van der Heijden GJMG 1995 Methodological quality of randomized clinical trials on treatment efficacy in low back pain. Spine 20(2): 228-235
31. Lederman E. 1997 Fundamentals of Manual Therapy: Physiology, Neurology and Psychology. Churchill Livingstone, London
32. Leivseth G, Torstensson J, Reikeras O 1989 The effect of passive muscle stretching in osteoarthritis of the hip. Clinical Science 76: 113-117
33. McHugh MP, Magnusson SP, Gleim GW, Nicholas JA 1992 Viscoelastic stress relaxation in human skeletal muscle. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24(12): 1375-1382
34. McHugh MP, Connolly DAJ, Eston RG, Kremenic IJ, Nicholas SJ, Gleim GW 1999 The role of passive muscle stiffness in symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage. American Journal of Sports Medicine 27(5): 594-599
35. Macera CA, Pate RP, Powell KE, Jackson KL, Kendrick JS, Craven TE 1989 Predicting lower extremity injuries among habitual runners. Archives of Internal Medicine 149: 2565-2568
36. Magnusson SP. Simonsen EB, Aagaard P, Dyhre-Poulson P, Malachy P, McHugh MA, Kjær M 1996 Mechanical and physiological responses to stretching with and without preisometric contraction in human skeletal muscle. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 77: 373-378
37. Magnusson SP, Simonsen EB, Aagaard P, Boesen J, Johannsen F, Kjaer M 1997 Determinants of musculoskeletal flexibility: Viscoelastic properties, cross-sectional area, EMG and stretch tolerance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 7: 195-202
38. Mair SD, Seaber AV, Glisson RR, Garrett WE 1996 The role of fatigue in susceptibility to muscle strain injury. American Journal of Sports Medicine 24(2): 137-143
39. Morgan DL 1990 New insights into the behavior of muscle during active lengthening. Journal of Biophysiology 57(2): 209-221
40. Mulrow CD 1987 The medical review article: state of the science. Annals of Internal Medicine 106(3): 485-488
41. Newham D 1995 The Cochrane Collaboration. What is it, how does it work, and what has it to do with physiotherapy? Physiotherapy 81(7): 405-407
42. Noonan TJ, Garrett Jr, WE 1992 Injuries at the myotendinous Junction. Clinics in Sports Medicine 11(4): 783-806
43. Noonan TJ, Best TM, Seaber AV, Garrett Jr, WE 1993 Thermal effects on skeletal muscle tensile behaviour. American Journal of Sports Medicine 21(4): 517-522
44. Noonan TJ, Best TM, Seaber AV, Garrett WE 1994 Identification of a threshold for skeletal muscle injury. American Journal of Sports Medicine 22(2): 257-261
45. Pope RP, Herbert RD, Kirwan JD 1998 Effects of ankle dorsiflexion range and pre-exercise calf muscle stretching on injury risk in army recruits. Australian Physiotherapy 44(3): 165-177
46. Pope RP, Herbert RD, Kirwan JD, Graham BJ 1999 A randomized trial of pre-exercise stretching for prevention of lower-limb injury. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 32(2): 271-277
47. Riegelman RK, Hirsch RP 1996 Studying a Study and Testing a Test: How to Read the Health Science Literature. Little, Brown & Co., Boston
48. Safran MR, Garrett WE, Seaber AV, Glisson RR, Ribbeck BM 1988 The role of warm-up in muscular injury prevention. American Journal of Sports Medicine 16(2): 123-129
49. Safran MR, Seaber AV, Garrett Jr WE 1989. Warm-up and muscular injury prevention: an update. Sports Medicine 8(4): 239-249
50. Salter RB 1983. Textbook of disorders and injuries of the musculoskeletal system. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore
51. Sapega A, Quedenfeld T, Moyer R, Butler R 1981 Biophysical factors in range-of-motion exercise. Physician and Sports-medicine 9: 57-65
52. Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Hayes RJ, Altman DG 1995 Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. Journal of the American Medical Association 273(5): 408-412
53. Shellock FG, Prentice WE 1985 Warming-up and stretching for improved physical performance and prevention of sports-related injuries. Sports Medicine 2: 267-278
54. Shrier I 1999 Stretching before exercise does not reduce the risk of local muscle injury: A critical review of the clinical and basic science literature. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine 9: 221-227
55. Smith CA 1994 The warm-up procedure: to stretch or not to stretch, a brief review. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 19(1): 12-17
56. St. George F 1989 The muscle fitness book. Simon & Schuster, Sydney
57. Strickler T, Malone T, Garrett WE 1990 The effects of passive warming on muscle injury. American Journal of Sports Medicine 18(2): 141-145
58. Taylor DC, Dalton JD, Seaber AV, Garrett Jr, WE 1990 Viscoelastic properties of muscle-tendon units: The biomechanical effects of stretching. American Journal of Sports Medicine 18(3): 300-309
59. Taylor DC, Dalton JD, Seaber AV, Garrett WE 1993 Experimental muscle strain injury. Early functional and structural deficits and the increased risk for reinjury. American Journal of Sports Medicine 21(2): 190-194.
60. Taylor DC, Brooks DE, Ryan JB 1997 Viscoelastic characteristics of muscle: Passive stretching versus muscular contractions. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 29(12): 1619-1624
61. Ter Riet G, Kleijnen J, Knipschild P 1990 Acupuncture and chronic pain: A criteria-based meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 43: 1191-1199
62. van der Heijden GJMG, Beurskens AJHM, Koes BW, Assendelft WJJ, de Vet HCW, Bouter LM 1995 The efficacy of traction for back and neck pain: A systematic, blinded review of randomized clinical trial methods. Physical Therapy 75(2): 93-104
63. van Mechelen W, Hlobil H, Kemper HCG 1992 Incidence, severity, aetiology and prevention of sports injuries. Sports Medicine 14(2): 82-99
64. van Mechelen W, Hlobil H, Kemper HCG, Voorn WJ, de Jongh R 1993 Prevention of running injuries by warm-up, cool-down, and stretching exercises. American Journal of Sports Medicine 21(5): 711-719
65. van Tulder MW, Assendelft WJJ, Koes BW, Bouter LM, the Editorial Board of the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group 1997 Method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group for spinal disorders. Spine 22(20): 2323-2330
66. Wessling KC, DeVane DA, Hylton CR 1987 Effects of static stretch versus static stretch and ultrasound combined on triceps surae muscle extensibility in healthy women. Physical Therapy 67(5): 674-679
67. Wilkinson A 1992 Stretching the truth. A review of the literature on muscle stretching. Australian Physiotherapy 38(4): 283-287
68. Wilson GJ, Wood GA, Elliott BC 1991 The relationship between stiffness of the musculature and static flexibility: An alternative explanation for the occurrence of muscular injury. International Journal of Sports Medicine 12: 403-407
69. Worrell TW, Perrin DH, Gansneder BM, Gieck JH 1991 Comparison of isokinetic strength and flexibility measures between hamstring injured and non-injured athletes. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 13(3): 118-125
70. Yang S, Alnaqeeb M, Simpson H, Goldspink G 1997 Changes in muscle fibre type, muscle mass and IGF-1 gene expression in rabbit skeletal muscle subjected to stretch. Journal of Anatomy 190: 613-622