Micromorphological characteristics of wood biodegradation in wet environments: A review

IAWA Journal

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 135-155

  Kim, Yoo Soo ^a   Singh, Adya P ^b  

^a Chonnam National University   (South Korea)

^b SCION   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Archaeological wood; Buried wood; Soft rot fungi; Wet environments; Wood decay patterns; Wood degradation; Wood degrading bacteria

Indexed keywords

BACTERIUM; BIODEGRADATION; BROWN ROT; ENVIRONMENT; FUNGUS; MICROBIAL DEGRADATION; SOFT ROT; WOOD;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); BASIDIOMYCOTA; FUNGI;

EID: 0042407010     PISSN: 09281541     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/22941932-90000241     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Anagnost, S.E. 1998. Light microscopic diagnosis of wood decay. IAWA J. 19: 141-167.
2. Bailey, I.W. & M.R. Vestal. 1937. The significance of certain wood-destroying fungi in the study of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. J. Arnold Arbor. 18: 196-205.
3. Blanchette, R.A. 1995. Biodeterioration of archaeological wood. Biodeterioration Abstract 9: 113-127.
4. Blanchette, R.A., K.R. Cease, A.R. Abad, R.J. Koastler, E. Simpson & G.K. Sams. 1991a. An evaluation of different forms of deterioration found in archaeological wood. Int. Biodeterioration 28: 3-22.
5. Blanchette, R.A. & P. Hoffmann. 1993. Degradation process in waterlogged archaeological wood. In: P. Hoffmann (ed.), Proc. 5th ICOM Group on wet organic archaeological materials Conf.: 111-137. Portland, Maine.
6. Blanchette, R.A., K. Iiyama, A.R. Abad & K.R. Cease. 1991b. Ultrastructure of ancient buried wood from Japan. Holzforschung 45: 161-168.
7. Blanchette, R.A., T. Nilsson, G.F. Daniel & A.R. Abad. 1990. Biological degradation of wood. In: R.M. Rowell & J. Barbour (eds.), Archaeological wood; properties, chemistry and preservation: 147-174. Amer. Chem. Soc. Washington D.C.
8. Bogin, K., O. Faix & W. Schweers. 1975a. The effect of aging on lignins of wood. Wood Sci. Technol. 9: 207-211.
9. Bogin, K., N. Parameswaran & W. Liese. 1975b. The effect of aging on the ultrastructure of wood. Wood Sci. Technol. 9: 87-98.
10. Brenner, R., A.D. MacCubbin & R.E. Hodson. 1984. Anaerobic biodegradation of lignin and polysaccharide components of lignocellulose and synthetic lignin by sediment microflora. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47: 998-1004.
11. Brenner, R., S.Y. Newell, A.D. MacCubbin & R.E. Hodson. 1984. Relative contributions of bacteria and fungi to rates of degradation of lignocellulosic detritus in salt-marsh sediments. Appl. Environm. Microbiol. 14: 36-40.
12. Daniel, G.F. & T. Nilsson. 1986. Ultrastructural observation on wood degrading erosion bacteria. Int. Res. Group Wood Preserv. IRG/WP Document No. 1283.
13. Daniel, G.F. & T. Nilsson. 1998. Developments in the study of soft rot and bacterial decay. In: A. Bruce & J.W. Palfreymann (eds.), Forest products biotechnology: 37-62. Tayler & Francis Ltd, London.
14. Daniel, G.F, T. Nilsson & A.P. Singh. 1987. Degradation of lignocellulosics by unique tunnel-forming bacteria. Can. J. Microbiol. 33: 943-948.
15. Donaldson, L.A. & A.P. Singh. 1990. Ultrastructure of Terminalia wood from an ancient Polynesian canoe. IAWA Bul. n.s. 11: 195-202.
16. Eaton, R.A. 1994. Bacterial decay of ACQ-treated wood in a water cooling tower. Int. Biodet. Biodeg.: 197-207.
17. Eaton, R.A. & M.D.C. Hale. 1993. Wood: decay, pests and protection. Chapman & Hall, London.
18. Eriksson, K.E.L., R.A. Blanchette & P. Ander. 1990. Microbial and enzymatic degradation of wood and wood components. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
19. Fenchel, T. 1970. Studies on the decomposition of organic detritus derived from the turtle grass Thalassia testudinum. Limnology and Oceanography 15: 14-20.
20. Fengel, D. 1991. Aging and fossilisation of wood and its components. Wood Sci. Technol. 25: 153-177.
21. Fengel, D. & G. Wegener. 1984. Wood chemistry, ultrastructure, reaction. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.
22. Fujii, T., A. Tamai & T. Hiroi. 1988. Cell wall structure of buried wood of tochinoki (Aesculus turbinata Bl.). Mokuzai Gakkaishi 34: 261-265.
23. Grattan, D.W. & C. Mathias. 1986. Analysis of waterlogged wood. Somerset Levels Paper 12: 6-12.
24. Greaves, H. 1968. Occurrence of bacterial decay in copper-chrome-arsenic treated wood. Appl. Microbiol. 16: 1599-1601.
25. Greaves, H. 1969. Micromorphology of the bacterial attack of wood. Wood Sci. Technol. 3: 150-166.
26. Hanson, R.B. & W.J. Wiebe. 1977. Heterotrophic activity associated with particulate size of fractions in Spartine alerniflora salt-marsh estuary, Sapelo Island. Georgia, USA and the Continental Shelfwaters. Mar. Biol. 42: 321-330.
27. Hedges, J.I., G.K. Cowie, J.R. Ertel, R.J. Barbour & P.G. Hatcher. 1985. Degradation of carbohydrates and lignin in buried woods. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 49: 701-711.
28. Highley, T.L., L.L. Murmanis & J.G. Palmer. 1985. Micromorphology of degradation in western hemlock and sweetgum by the brownrot fungus Poria placenta. Holzforschung 39: 73-78.
29. Hoffmann, P. & M.A. Jones. 1990. Structure and degradation process for waterlogged archaeological wood. In: R.M. Rowell & J. Barbour (eds.), Archaeological wood; properties, chemistry and preservation: 35-65. Amer. Chem. Soc., Washington D.C.
30. Hoffmann, P. & N. Parameswaran. 1982. Chemische und ultrastrukturelle Untersuchungen an wassergesättigten Eichenhölzern aus archaeologischen Funden. Berliner Beitr. Archaeol. 7: 273-285.
31. Hoffmann, P., R.-D. Peek, J. Puls & E. Schwab. 1986. Das Holz der Archaeologen: Untersuchungen an 1600 Jahren wassergesättigten Eichenhölzern der 'Mainzer Romerschiffe'. Holz Roh-Werkst. 44: 241-247.
32. Holt, D.M., E.B.G. Jones & S.E.J. Furtado. 1979. Bacterial breakdown of wood in aquatic habitats. Record Ann. Conv. Brit. Wood Preserv. Ass. 13-24.
33. Iiyama, K., N. Kasuya, L.T.B. Tuyet, J. Nakano & H. Sakaguchi. 1988. Chemical characterisation of ancient buried wood. Holzforschung 42: 5-10.
34. Jagels, R., B. Seifert, J.E. Shottafter, J.L. Wolfhagen & J.D. Carlisle. 1988. Analysis of wetsite archaeological wood samples. For. Prod. J. 38 (5): 33-38.
35. Jones, E.B., G.R.D. Turner, S.E.J. Furtado & H. Kuhne. 1976. Marine biodeteriogenic organisms I. Lignocolous fungi and bacteria and the wood boring mollusca and crustacea. Int. Biodeterior. Bull. 12: 120-134.
36. Kim, Y.S. 1989. Micromorphology of degraded archaeological pine wood in waterlogged situation. Material u. Organismen 24: 271-286.
37. Kim, Y.S. 1990. Chemical characteristics of waterlogged archaeological wood. Holzforschung 44: 169-172.
38. Kim, Y.S. & A.P. Singh. 1994. Ultrastructural aspects of bacterial attacks on a submerged ancient wood. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 40: 554-562.
39. Kim, Y.S. & A.P. Singh. 1996. Micromorphological characteristics of waterlogged archaeological woods attacked by marine microorganisms. In: L.A. Donaldson et al. (eds.), Recent Advances in Wood Anatomy: 389-399. New Zealand Forest Research Institute.
40. Kim, Y.S. & A.P. Singh. 1998. Imaging degraded wood by confocal microscopy. Microscopy Today 98 (4): 14.
41. Kim, Y.S. & A.P. Singh. 1999. Micromorphological characteristics of compression wood degradation in waterlogged archaeological pine wood. Holzforschung 53: 381-385.
42. Kim, Y.S., A. Singh & T. Nilsson. 1996. Bacteria as important degraders in waterlogged archaeological woods. Holzforschung 50: 389-392.
43. Kohara, J. & H. Okamoto. 1956. Studies of Japanese old timbers XX. Chemical analysis of unearthed wood. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 2: 195-200.
44. Levi, M.P. & R.D. Preston. 1965. A chemical and microscopic examination of the action of the soft-rot fungus Chaetomium globosum on beechwood (Fagus sylvatica). Holzforschung 19: 183-190.
45. Liese, W. 1970. Ultrastructural aspects of woody tissue disintegration. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 8: 231-258.
46. Mouzouras, R., E.B.G. Jones, R. Venkatasamy & S.T. Moss. 1986. Decay of wood by microorganisms in marine environments. Records B.W.P.A. Ann. Conv.: 27-45.
47. Nagashima, Y., K. Fukuda, S. Sato & T. Haraguchi. 1990a. Morphological changes of wood-degrading erosion bacteria in aquatic habitats. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 36: 1076-1083.
48. Nagashima, Y., K. Fukuda, S. Sato, N. Moroboshi & T. Haraguchi. 1990b. Ultrastructural aspects of wood-degrading bacteria in aquatic habitats: Tunnelling bacteria. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 36: 474-479.
49. Nagashima, Y., K. Fukuda, S. Sato, N. Moroboshi & T. Haraguchi. 1990c. Coexistence of microfungal and bacterial degradation in a single wood cell wall. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 36: 480-486.
50. Nelson, B.C., M.A. Goni, J.I. Hedges & R.A. Blanchette. 1995. Soft-rot fungal degradation of lignin in 2700 year old archaeological woods. Holzforschung 49: 1-10.
51. Nilsson, T. 1976. Soft-rot fungi - decay patterns and enzyme production. Material u. Organismen 13:103-112.
52. Nilsson, T., G. Daniel, T.K. Kirk & J.R. Obst. 1989. Chemistry and microscopy of wood decay by some higher ascomycetes. Holzforschung 43: 11-18.
53. Nilsson, T. & A.P. Singh. 1984. Cavitation bacteria. Int. Res. Group Wood Preserv. IRG/WP Document No. 1235.
54. Nilsson, T., A.P. Singh & G.F. Daniel. 1992. Ultrastructure of the attack of Eusideroxylon zwageri wood by tunnelling bacteria. Holzforschung 46: 361-367.
55. Pan, D., D. Tai & C. Chen. 1990. Comparative studies on chemical composition of wood components in recent and ancient wood of Bischofia polycarpa. Holzforschung 44: 7-16.
56. Passialis, C.N. 1997. Physico-chemical characteristics of waterlogged archaeological wood. Holzforschung 51: 111-113.
57. Pittmann, A., S.M. Cragg & G. Daniel. 1997. The attack of greenheart (Ocotea rodiaei Mez) and creosote treated Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb.) by Limnoria tripunctata Menzies. Material u. Organismen 31: 281-291.
58. Reunanen, M., R. Ekman & M. Heinonen. 1989. Analysis of Finnish pine tar from the wreck of frigate St. Nikolai. Holzforschung 43: 33-39.
59. Riess, W. & G. Daniel. 1997. Evaluation of preservation efforts for the Revolutionary War privateer Defence. Int. J. Nautical Archaeol. 26: 330-338.
60. Rowell, R.M. & J. Barbour. 1990. Archaeological wood: properties, chemistry and preservation. Amer.Chem. Soc., Washington D.C.
61. Sakai, H. 1991. Process of deterioration of buried wood. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 37: 363-369.
62. Santhakumaran, L.N. & A.P. Singh. 1992. Destruction of two tropical timbers by marine borers and microorganisms in Goa water (India). Int. Res. Group Wood Preserv. IRG/WP Document No. 44176-92.
63. Savory, J.G. 1954. Breakdown of timber by Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti. Ann. Appl. Biol. 41:336-347.
64. Schmidt, O. & W. Liese. 1994. Occurrence and significance of bacteria in wood. Holzforschung 48:271-277.
65. Schmidt, O., U. Moreth & U. Schmitt. 1995. Wood degradation by a bacterial pure culture. Material u Organismen 29: 289-293.
66. Schmitt, U. & P. Hoffmann. 1998. Zur Zellwandstruktur von 1600 Jahre altem wassergesättigtem Eichenholz. Holz Roh-Werkst. 56: 211-212.
67. Schwarze, F.W.M.R. & S. Fink. 1998. Host and cell type affect the mode of degradation by Meripilus giganteus. New Phytol. 139: 721-731.
68. Singh, A.P. 1997. The ultrastructure of the attack of Pinus radiata mild compression wood by erosion and tunnelling bacteria. Can. J. Bot. 75: 1095-1102.
69. Singh, A.P. & J.A. Butcher. 1985. Degradation of CCA-treated Pinus radiata posts by erosion bacteria. J. Inst. Wood Sci. 10: 140-144.
70. Singh, A.P. & J.A. Butcher. 1991. Bacterial degradation of wood cell walls: a review of degradation patterns. J. Inst. Wood Sci. 12: 143-157.
71. Singh, A.P. & B. Dawson. 1998. Wood structure and coating penetrability. Surface Coatings Australia 35: 22-24.
72. Singh, A.P., B. Dawson & M. Singh. 1996. The effects of ponding wood coating interaction. In: H. Kajita & K. Tsunoda (eds.), Proc. 3rd Pac. rim bio-based composites Symp.: 72-80.
73. Singh, A.P., M.E. Hedley, D.R. Page, C.S. Han & K. Atisongkroh. 1992. Microbial degradation of CCA-treated cooling tower timbers. IAWA Bull. n.s. 13: 215-231.
74. Singh, A.P., T. Nilsson & G.F. Daniel. 1990. Bacterial attack of Pinus sylvestris wood under near-anaerobic conditions. J. Inst. Wood Sci. 11: 237-249.
75. Singh, A.P., T. Nilsson & G.F. Daniel. 1991. Ultrastructure of Prumnopitys ferruginea wood from a buried forest in New Zealand. Int. Res. Group Wood Preserv. IRG/WP Document No. 1489.
76. Singh, A.P. & R.N. Wakeling. 1993. Microscopic characteristics of microbial attacks of CCA-treated radiata pine. Int. Res. Group Wood Preserv. IRG/WP Document No. 93-10011.
77. Singh, A.P. & R.N. Wakeling. 1995. Bacteria are important degraders of cooling tower timbers. Int. Res Group Wood Preserv. IRG/WP Document No. 95-10128.
78. Singh, A.P. & R.N. Wakeling. 1996. Novel observations on the micromorphology of soft rot attack of wood. Int. Res. Group Wood Preserv. IRG/WP Document No. 96-10176.
79. Singh, A.P. & R.N. Wakeling 1997. Presence of widespread bacterial attacks in preservative-treated cooling tower timbers. New Zeal. For. Sci. 27: 79-85.
80. Singh, A.P., R.N. Wakeling & J.A. Drysdale. 1994. Microbial attack of CCA-treated Pinus radiata timber from a retaining wall. Holzforschung 48: 458-462.
81. Singh, A.P. & A.H.A. Wong. 1996. Hyphal tunnelling of belian (Eusideroxylon zwageri) wood cell wall. Int. Res. Group Wood Preserv. IRG/WP Document No. 96-10152.
82. Taniguchi, T., K. Okamura, H. Harada & K. Nakato. 1986. Accessibility and density of cell walls of unearthed buried wood. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 32: 738-743.
83. Ucar, G. & N. Yilgor. 1995. Chemical and technological properties of 300 years waterlogged wood (Abies bornmulleriana M.). Holz Roh-Werkst. 53: 129-132.
84. Wakeling, R.N. & A.P. Singh. 1993. Premature failure of CCA-treated vineyard posts from brown rot. Int. Res. Group Wood Preserv. IRG/WP Document No. 93-10016.
85. Wang, C.J.K. & J.J. Worall. 1992. Soft rot decay capabilities and interactions of fungi and bacteria from fumigated utility poles. Electric Power Res. Inst. EPRITR-101244.
86. Wilcox, W.W. 1968. Changes in wood microstructure through progressive stages of decay. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Paper FPL-70. USDA For. Prod. Lab., Madison, WI.
87. Wilcox, W.W. 1970. Anatomical changes in wood cell walls attacked by fungi and bacteria. Bot. Rev. 36: 1-28.
88. Wilcox, W.W. 1993. Comparative morphology of early stages of brownrot wood decay. IAWA J. 14: 127-138.
89. Xiao, Y., A.P. Singh & R.N. Wakeling. 1998. Visualising bacteria in wood using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Int. Res. Group Wood Preserv. IRG/WP Document No. 98-10272.
90. Xiao, Y., R.N. Wakeling & A.P. Singh. 1997. Micromorphology of a novel fungal decay in preservative-treated Pinus radiata wood in wet acidic soils. New Zeal. J. For. Sci. 27: 86-96.
91. Zabel., R.A. & J.J. Morrell. 1992. Wood Microbiology. Academic Press, San Diego.
92. Zeikus, J.G. 1980. Fate of lignin and related aromatic substrates in anaerobic environments. In: T.K. Kirk, T. Higuchi & H.-M. Chang (eds.), Lignin biodegradation: microbiology, chemistry and potential application. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.