Managing the White-Collar Union: Salaried Staff, Trade-Union Leadership, and the Politics of Organized Labour in Postwar Britain, c.1950-1968

International Review of Social History

Volumn 48, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 245-271+346+348+350+351

  Melling, Joseph ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0042378797     PISSN: 00208590     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0020859003001032     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Editorial Board, "We Few, We Happy Few", and C. Jenkins, "Violent Union: The Teamsters of North America", in Trade Union Affairs: A Journal of Study and Criticism, 1 (1960-1961), pp. 86-94. Clive Jenkins edited the journal.
2. Editorial Board, "We Few, We Happy Few", and C. Jenkins, "Violent Union: The Teamsters of North America", in Trade Union Affairs: A Journal of Study and Criticism, 1 (1960-1961), pp. 86-94. Clive Jenkins edited the journal.
3. "Clive Jenkins and Co.: Trade-Union Tycoons", Topic, 25 August 1962, pp. 11-13.
4. 79/AS/6/2/1, for cuttings and pamphlets relating to Cuba including Jenkins's introduction to N. Lewis, Cuba and Fidel. Jenkins became President of the British-Cuban Friendship Society.
5. Jenkins was appointed National Officer at the end of 1958. NEC Minutes, Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staffs (ASTMS) Archive, Modern Record Centre (MRC), AS/79/1/1-6 series [hereafter NEC Minutes], 7-8/12/12. Harry Knight resigned as General Secretary in summer 1960. Jenkins succeeded him in December 1960.
6. National Museum of Labour History (NMLH), Manchester, Ian Mikardo Papers, 4/1/7, Victory for Socialism Minutes: Jenkins recorded one of the highest votes of 221 in December 1958 for the VS Council, He described himself as ASSET national officer, St Pancras Councillor and "writer".
7. The 1970 adverts designed by David Abbott for ASTMS, "The Board and I have decided we don't like the colour of your eyes", included the statement: "The manager is a key part of British industry".
8. MRC, 79/AS/3/3/17, File on membership of ASSET, 1964-1966, shows membership of 24,551 in 1960 with 3,950 paying the political levy; ADC Minutes, Southport, 1964, pp. 17-18; ADC Minutes, Hastings, 1965, p. 33; comments on resolution 16a. Len Powell had served ASSET for eighteen years by 1965. For the earlier, similar, experience of Bryn Roberts of the National Union of Public Employees, see Robert Taylor, The Fifth Estate: Britain's Unions in the Seventies (London, 1978), pp. 247-248.
9. ASTMS National Executive Council Minutes, MRC, 79/AS/1/4/5-14, 8 March 1975. Jenkins was given a right of reply in The Times when criticized for his advocacy of Soviet visits to the TUC. See MRC, Clive Jenkins papers [hereafter CJP], CJ/3/38, draft letter to editor of The Daily Mail of 26 June 1985, re. Paterson's article of 19 June 1985 "Why Showman Jenkins Finally Got the Bird"; marked by Jenkins, "No: undignified: don't send. But file." Some of Jenkins's obituaries note his relations with the Soviet KGB; see The Daily Telegraph 25 September 1999, "Trade Unionist Whose Champagne Socialism and Success in Boosting Membership Inspired Resentment"; c.f. Terry Pattinson, The Independent 23 September 1999, Keith Harper, The Guardian 23 September 1999.
10. ASTMS National Executive Council Minutes, MRC, 79/AS/1/4/5-14, 8 March 1975. Jenkins was given a right of reply in The Times when criticized for his advocacy of Soviet visits to the TUC. See MRC, Clive Jenkins papers [hereafter CJP], CJ/3/38, draft letter to editor of The Daily Mail of 26 June 1985, re. Paterson's article of 19 June 1985 "Why Showman Jenkins Finally Got the Bird"; marked by Jenkins, "No: undignified: don't send. But file." Some of Jenkins's obituaries note his relations with the Soviet KGB; see The Daily Telegraph 25 September 1999, "Trade Unionist Whose Champagne Socialism and Success in Boosting Membership Inspired Resentment"; c.f. Terry Pattinson, The Independent 23 September 1999, Keith Harper, The Guardian 23 September 1999.
11. ASTMS National Executive Council Minutes, MRC, 79/AS/1/4/5-14, 8 March 1975. Jenkins was given a right of reply in The Times when criticized for his advocacy of Soviet visits to the TUC. See MRC, Clive Jenkins papers [hereafter CJP], CJ/3/38, draft letter to editor of The Daily Mail of 26 June 1985, re. Paterson's article of 19 June 1985 "Why Showman Jenkins Finally Got the Bird"; marked by Jenkins, "No: undignified: don't send. But file." Some of Jenkins's obituaries note his relations with the Soviet KGB; see The Daily Telegraph 25 September 1999, "Trade Unionist Whose Champagne Socialism and Success in Boosting Membership Inspired Resentment"; c.f. Terry Pattinson, The Independent 23 September 1999, Keith Harper, The Guardian 23 September 1999.
12. NEC Minutes, 8 March 1975, for the Socialist Worker court action after Paul Foot's article regarding Spanish holiday services sponsored by ASTMS and the Transport and General Workers' Union (TGWU); CJP, CJ/3/77, Richard Littlejohn of The Standard, 28 August 1986; Colin Ettinger to Jenkins, 22 September 1986, 23 October 1987, for damages of £2,500 and an apology after Lloyd resigned from the The New Statesman for the "Onward Shuffles Norm" article of 29 August 1986; CJ/3/82, for Today, 6 June 1988, libel consideration. Interview with Richard Clements, formerly editor of The Tribune, 26 February 2002.
13. The origins of the debate are Sidney and Beatrice Webb, Industrial Democracy (London [etc.], 1902), pp. 28-33, and the portrayal of the Boilermakers" General Secretary, Robert Knight. J. McIlroy, "Still under Siege: British Trade-Unions at the Turn of the Century", HSIR, 3 (1997), pp. 93-112, provides a survey, including a comment on an earlier debate between Zeitlin and Price.
14. The origins of the debate are Sidney and Beatrice Webb, Industrial Democracy (London [etc.], 1902), pp. 28-33, and the portrayal of the Boilermakers" General Secretary, Robert Knight. J. McIlroy, "Still under Siege: British Trade-Unions at the Turn of the Century", HSIR, 3 (1997), pp. 93-112, provides a survey, including a comment on an earlier debate between Zeitlin and Price.
15. David Lockwood, The Blackcoated Worker, 2nd edn (Oxford [etc.], 1989); George Bain, The Growth of White Collar Unionism (Oxford, 1970); Rosemary Crompton and Gareth Jones, White-Collar Proletariat: Deskilling and Gender in Clerical Work (London, 1984), pp. 167-185 and passim. Researchers such as Bain, W.J. McCarthy, and Keith and Dorothy Wedderburn also developed close links with Jenkins and ASTMS.
16. David Lockwood, The Blackcoated Worker, 2nd edn (Oxford [etc.], 1989); George Bain, The Growth of White Collar Unionism (Oxford, 1970); Rosemary Crompton and Gareth Jones, White-Collar Proletariat: Deskilling and Gender in Clerical Work (London, 1984), pp. 167-185 and passim. Researchers such as Bain, W.J. McCarthy, and Keith and Dorothy Wedderburn also developed close links with Jenkins and ASTMS.
17. David Lockwood, The Blackcoated Worker, 2nd edn (Oxford [etc.], 1989); George Bain, The Growth of White Collar Unionism (Oxford, 1970); Rosemary Crompton and Gareth Jones, White-Collar Proletariat: Deskilling and Gender in Clerical Work (London, 1984), pp. 167-185 and passim. Researchers such as Bain, W.J. McCarthy, and Keith and Dorothy Wedderburn also developed close links with Jenkins and ASTMS.
18. Bob Carter, Capitalism, Class Conflict and the New Middle Class (London, 1985), pp. 200-202 and passim.
19. Ibid., pp. 197-198; Carter draws heavily on Richter's analysis of Jenkins. See Irving Richter, Political Purpose in Trade Unions (London, 1973).
20. Ibid., pp. 197-198; Carter draws heavily on Richter's analysis of Jenkins. See Irving Richter, Political Purpose in Trade Unions (London, 1973).
21. Bain, Growth of White Collar Unionism, pp. 180-181 and passim; cf. Carter, Capitalism, pp. 163-167, 234-235 for one critical response to Bain. For social-survey evidence which considers class perceptions of nonmanual workers, one of the most illuminating treatments remains W.G. Runciman, Relative Deprivation and Social Justice (Harmondsworth, 1972), pp. 184-200 and passim.
22. Bain, Growth of White Collar Unionism, pp. 180-181 and passim; cf. Carter, Capitalism, pp. 163-167, 234-235 for one critical response to Bain. For social-survey evidence which considers class perceptions of nonmanual workers, one of the most illuminating treatments remains W.G. Runciman, Relative Deprivation and Social Justice (Harmondsworth, 1972), pp. 184-200 and passim.
23. Bain, Growth of White Collar Unionism, pp. 180-181 and passim; cf. Carter, Capitalism, pp. 163-167, 234-235 for one critical response to Bain. For social-survey evidence which considers class perceptions of nonmanual workers, one of the most illuminating treatments remains W.G. Runciman, Relative Deprivation and Social Justice (Harmondsworth, 1972), pp. 184-200 and passim.
24. Edmund Heery and John Kelly, "Full-time Officers and the Shop Steward Network: Patterns of Cooperation and Interdependence", in Patricia Fosh and Edmund Heery (eds), Trade Unions and their Members (Houndsmill [etc.], 1990), pp. 75-106.
25. Carter, Capitalism, pp. 195-196 for workplace groups and fragmentation.
26. Peter Fairbrother, "The Contours of Local Trade Unionism in a Period of Restructuring", in Fosh and Heery, Trade Unions, pp. 147-151 and passim.
27. Clive Jenkins, "My Strategy to 1975", Industry Week, 30 January 1970, pp. 8-9; Crompton and Jones, White Collar Proletariat, p. 168, Table 5.1 gives total white-collar union membership as 5.1 million in 1979. ASTMS claimed well over 400,000 members by 1979.
28. Clive Jenkins, "My Strategy to 1975", Industry Week, 30 January 1970, pp. 8-9; Crompton and Jones, White Collar Proletariat, p. 168, Table 5.1 gives total white-collar union membership as 5.1 million in 1979. ASTMS claimed well over 400,000 members by 1979.
29. ASSET Executive Policy Paper, "The Gold-Plated Handshake" (1961), and "All Systems Go?" (1962).
30. ASSET Executive Policy Paper, "The Gold-Plated Handshake" (1961), and "All Systems Go?" (1962).
31. Chris Wrigley, "From ASSET to ASTMS: An Example of White-Collar Union Growth in the 1960s", Historical Studies in Industrial Relations, 7 (1999), pp. 55-74.
32. Carter, Capitalism, pp. 182-186 and passim for BIM and the failure of "third-force" organization.
33. Mary Douglas, How Institutions Think (London, 1987), pp. 45-46, 51; David Bloor, Wittgenstein, Rules and Institutions (London [etc.], 1997), p. 32. See, for example, Taylor, The Fifth Estate, pp. 229-239 for discussion of the General and Municipal Workers' Union and its structure.
34. Mary Douglas, How Institutions Think (London, 1987), pp. 45-46, 51; David Bloor, Wittgenstein, Rules and Institutions (London [etc.], 1997), p. 32. See, for example, Taylor, The Fifth Estate, pp. 229-239 for discussion of the General and Municipal Workers' Union and its structure.
35. Mary Douglas, How Institutions Think (London, 1987), pp. 45-46, 51; David Bloor, Wittgenstein, Rules and Institutions (London [etc.], 1997), p. 32. See, for example, Taylor, The Fifth Estate, pp. 229-239 for discussion of the General and Municipal Workers' Union and its structure.
36. Ross M. Martin, TUC: The Growth of a Pressure Group, 1868-1976 (Oxford [etc.], 1980), pp. 286-288, 355 n. 73 for the accommodation sought by the TUC and Jenkins's views.
37. Individual divisional officers were notionally responsible for 3,000 to 6,000 members.
38. Interview with Don Groves 13 March 2002, Machynlleth.
39. CJP, Box CJ 24, President Keith Milner to Jenkins, 20 August 1960. Jenkins became Acting General Secretary in summer 1960, though Knight's resignation was not formally announced until October. NEC Minutes, 8 October 1960.
40. NEC Minutes, 14-15 August 1948, identifies Peter Meldrum of Glasgow and Aubrey Sanders (a well-known Communist Party member in the London office), as spokesmen for the Officers' Committee. Sanders resigned in early 1949 and was replaced by Clive Jenkins, George Smith's former assistant at the Birmingham office. Officer reorganization had been discussed in early 1949 with communist Len Powell and the right-wing Smith for Officers' Committee; NEC Minutes, 12-13 February 1949.
41. CJP, Box CJ 25, Irene E. Diffley to Powell, 29 November 1950 and 13 December 1950; Powell to Knight, 8 December 1950; Meldrum to Powell, 14 December 1950; George A Smith to Powell, 14 December 1950, and (two letters) 19 December 1950; E.J. Mans to Powell, 23 December 1950. By 1950, Powell (secretary of the Officers' Committee), Will Rowe, and Clive Jenkins were all members of the Communist Party, as were most of the clerical and administrative staff at the union's head office. Communists were well represented in the London district of the union where Powell's "London Campaign" of recruitment was directed. George Smith (supported by Seth Dewhurst from Lancashire and some other reactionary members of the NEC), was a notable opponent, who recruited E.J. Mans and the union's Finance Officer, Irene Diffley, and later Ron Dickens to his cause in 1950-1951. Interview with Jenkins, December 1998, for fraction meetings of communists.
42. Powell possibly favoured industrial and combine organization being developed by shop stewards. See NMLH, Communist Party of Great Britain archives; Papers of Industrial Organizer, Jim Matthews. CP/IND/Matthews/04/04, Memo on Industrial Organization, 18 June 1948, noted the growth of combine committees at De Havillands and elsewhere as "a new fruitful development".
43. CJP, Box CJ 25, Officers' Memos re meeting 14 January 1951 and Memo 8 August 1951, noting membership growth to 13,000 by August 1951.
44. CJP, Box CJ 24, "A Personal Assessment of Reorganisation", n.d. but appears to be document from which Jenkins's manuscript notes in regard to NEC meeting of August 1951 are summarised. See CJP Box CJ 25, Officers Memo above. The paper may date from 1954. Five industrial officers were later identified, including Jenkins as Transport Officer.
45. CJP, Box CJ 11, Minutes of NEC Sub-Committee on Functions of Full-time Officers, 2 August 1952
46. Will Rowe suggested the creation of National Industrial Councils as well as regional or "area" organizers in 1948. There were also local criticisms of the NEC's decision to send ASSET representatives to a meeting of the Joint Shop Stewards' Committee. NEC Minutes, 22-23 January 1949.
47. Mikardo had addressed a meeting of Labour MPs on the prospects for civil aviation as early as 1943, soon after being selected as prospective Labour candidate for Reading; NMLH, Jo Richardson/Ian Mikardo papers, LP/RICH/1/15, Ian Mikardo diary, 1 July 1943; cutting, Reading Standard 18 June 1943.
48. Irene Diffley, the Finance Officer, resigned in 1951 in a cloud of controversy, leading to press reports and an enquiry by the General Purposes and Finance Committee (GPFC). The clerical staff were represented on a Joint Consultative Committee, which negotiated grading agreements and salaries between office employees and the NEC. For staff responses to the 1954 reforms see CJP, Box 11, Minutes of Joint Consultative Committee, 14 December 1954; Knight to Jessie Maurice of the Clerical and Allied Workers Union group at Head Office, 21 December 1954: "I cannot accept that the NEC or myself for that matter, can only alter conditions within the Office after consultation and mutual agreement, irrespective of the circumstances surrounding the efficiency of Head Office, financial considerations or other matters that may arise." Also Maurice to Knight, 20 December 1954, and Knight to Maurice 4 January 1955 in regard to GPFC appeal.
49. NEC Minutes, 11-12 December 1954. John Lilburne was appointed as office manager while Muriel Turner continued as Knight's personal secretary.
50. ASSET General Purposes and Finance Committee, Minutes [hereafter GPFC Minutes], 14 August 1954, 28 August 1954, 4 December 1954, 15 January 1955. Jenkins's entertainment expenses were investigated by the GPFC. Len Harper was Chair and Jenkins Secretary of the Officers Committee by 1954. On 15 January 1955, the Committee agreed to accept documentation but refused to recommend the suspension of the reorganization scheme. See also CJP, Box CJ 24, Knight to Jenkins 20 December 1954 re Jenkins's letter 20 December 1954 requesting status quo until consultation.
51. CJP Box 11, NEC Meeting 11-12 December 1954 and minute 1194 (a), ASSET Officers' Committee, "Brief Introductory Statement", and manuscript notes of presentation, "DCJ[enkins] then led in: said he could not work new scheme. Contravened 1949 decisions. Impossible burden of work"; London District Committee Minutes 18 December 1954; ASSET GPFC Minutes, 15 January 1955, 5 February 1955. The NEC was usually divided by nine to six on the reforms, including the rationalization of Head Office; GPFC Minutes, 5 February 1955, where Jenkins argued that the new scheme "would impose impossible burdens on them"; CJP Box 11, Officers Committee to Knight, 11 February 1955; Dickens and Smith to Powell, 8 February 1955, for right-wing officers' support of NEC.
52. CJP Box 11, London District Committee Minutes 18 December 1954; GPFC Minutes, 15 January 1955, 5 February 1955; Memo of Officers' Committee to Knight, 11 February 1955. The NEC was itself divided on the scheme (usually by nine to six), and John Aplin resigned in protest at the reorganization; NEC Minutes 11-12 December 1954. The NEC proposed to reorganize Head Office but not to increase the staff.
53. ASTMS Papers, MRC, 79/AS/1/2/1-4, Annual Delegate Conference Minutes, (ADC Minutes), Margate 1955. Aplin's motion was carried 6,610 to 4,710. Irene Diffley and George Smith supported Mikardo and the platform; NEC Minutes, 13-14 October 1956. A hybrid model of coverage was discussed in 1956 but little progress was made.
54. NEC Minutes, 8-9 October 1955; Dickens and Smith complained about Powell. Also Minutes 11-12 February 1956.
55. NEC Minutes, 12 December 1959, 10-11 December 1960. After criticisms by divisional councils in 1959 for his involvement a right-wing initiative for countering communist influence in Africa, Knight visited the Leipzig trade fair, antagonizing another exhibitor - Mikardo. President, Keith Milner, and right-winger, Bill Bennett, joined Mikardo in demanding that Knight forego his outside interests or resign. Knight accepted a financial settlement of £2,500 but faced hardship in subsequent years. He appealed to the TUC for assistance. MRC TUC Files, 292B/91/153, Knight to George Woodcock, 15 April 1962, and 28 November 1963; Knight to Vie Feather, 17 April 1970: "I am now at the end of my financial resources. [...] Believe me, only desperation prompts me to write to you in this fashion." It is unclear if Woodcock or Feather assisted.
56. NEC Minutes, 10 June 1960, 10-11 December 1960, 7/1/1961. Neither Muriel nor her fellow Assistant General Secretaries faced competitive interview, being appointed by the NEC. The anticommunists were weakened by the death of Dewhurst, and Mathison's appointment as a union official in 1960. Mathison later became a national officer (with the support of Bill Bennett), having acted as secretary of the Officers' Committee; 97/AS/3/3/23, Mathison to Jenkins, 18 June 1966, for posts vacated by Powell and Turner.
57. McCusker and Jenkins had fought the closure of the Renfrew base, McCusker becoming an ASSET officer about 1956; NEC Minutes, 13-14 October 1956.
58. NEC Minutes, 7 January 1961, 11 February 1961. Minutes 9 December 1967 for progress at AEI-GEC.
59. NEC Minutes 4-5 May 1968, 9 June 1973.
60. CJP, 79/AS/6/2/I, New Society article 30 May 1963, "Gaffers' Men are Organising"; Engineering, 20 August 1965; Statist 14 January 1966. Jenkins contrasted the Amalgamated Engineering Union's disregard of the foreman as "yesterday's man", and ASSET's positive vision for their future.
61. NEC Minutes, 10 December 1966. Jenkins claimed that the 50,000 target was surpassed though he usually provided optimistic figures. It is likely that the figure was reached in 1967.
62. NEC Minutes, 10 October 1965, 10 December 1966.
63. 79/AS/3/3/17, File on ASSET membership. About two-thirds of members were employed in engineering.
64. The EEF signed a procedure agreement in 1944 which conceded recognition where ASSET could prove a clear majority within a recognized grade of eligible employees, though the Federation also used its powerful Foremen and Staffs Mutual Benefit Society (FSMBS) as a weapon against ASSET and other staff unions.
65. NEC Minutes, 10-11 February 1951, 1 June 1951, 9 December 1951, for AScW; 6 February 1960, 10-11 December 1960. The AESD proposed that ASSET should abandon its foremen to the manual unions. Since ASSET was also firmly opposed to absorption by the AEU, little progress could be made. Jim Mortimer of DATA has been widely identified as the key advocate of industrial unionism. By this period, the AScW was financially and organizationally frail, having been bitterly assailed in the conservative press for its communist credentials. NEC Minutes, 8 May 1967, 2 July 1967; ASSET "Division 1" NEC Minutes, 9 March 1968; interview with Stan Davison, 26 February 2002; interview with Jim Mortimer, 27 September 2002.
66. ASTMS 79/AS/3/9/7, correspondence of Mikardo to Jenkins: Mikardo 10 August 1966, recommended Mike Redhouse (a relative of his wife, Mary), as a "good socialist and a highly political animal". Jenkins responded 18 August 1966, that if the union kept expanding "we will always be looking for fresh talent". Redhouse was appointed as a Trainee Officer.
67. Among those senior lay officers of the AESD recruited to ASSET was Ted Mackenzie who assumed responsibility for civil aviation; NEC Minutes 11 May 1962. Mackenzie was a former communist who became Vice-President and President of AESD; J.E. Mortimer, A History of the Association of Engineering and Shipbuilding Draughtsmen, (London, 1960), pp. 283-286, 436. Don Groves was recruited from the Society of Technical Civil Servants which later merged with DATA-TASS; interview with Greta Karpin, 22 April 2002.
68. Gary Morton Papers [hereafter GMP], provided by former ASTMS officer; copies in possession of author. Manuscript commentary on "questions of fact" concerning "Statement by ASTMS National Executive Council to the Chairman and Members of the Committee of the Arbitration in the case of Ms. Judy Wright (Nee Cotter)", p. 2, para. 2 (ii). The statement was presented 1 September 1975. The NEC claimed thirty-five trainees passed through the scheme in 1962-1975. Notes of the Officers' Committee in 1975 dated the scheme from 1965. The NEC appears to agree that the Trainee Scheme began in 1965, following Len Powell's retirement, with the appointment of Bill Greenfield and Roger Rosewell as the first trainee probationers. As late as 1968, officers were still retaining the antiquated title of "Assistant Divisional Officer" to which Jenkins had been appointed in 1947. NEC Minutes, 24 March 1968, for request of Assistant DOs Garrard, Redhouse, and Howard to be placed on the full DO scale.
69. ASTMS Papers, 79/AS/3/3/33, "Collective Bargaining Committee: Correspondence with Officers [Greta Karpin's file]" ; agreement signed by Jenkins and Harry Gibbs for the OC, 22 January 1962; 79/AS/3/3/23, Memo of Mathison to Jenkins, 16 August 1966; Turner to David Phillips of W.H. Thompsons, 21 April 1967. Mathison remained Secretary of the OC until Reg Bird assumed the role in the merged union.
70. ASTMS Staff Files, 79/AS/3/3/29. Groves was recommended by Cyril Cooper, General Secretary of the Society of Technical Civil Servants; Don Groves to Jenkins, 18 August 1965; Greta Karpin interview, 22 April 2002.
71. ASTMS 79/AS/3/3/29, Mathison to Jenkins, 6 March 1966: "he resents authority and lacks discipline"; Jenkins to Groves, 15 March 1966; Smith to Jenkins 13 April 1966; Groves to Jenkins, 29 June 1966, and 19 August 1966.
72. Taylor, The Fifth Estate, pp. 225-228 for Ken Gill and communist influence in DATA and later TASS (Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section of AEU).
73. NEC Minutes, 11 May 1959 for ASSET-ETU agreement negotiated by Jenkins; NEC Minutes, 14 October 1961, for ASSET's opposition to the expulsion of the ETU from the TUC. CJP, MRC, CJ/3/107, "Strictly Personal & Confidential" Report 1, June 1958, with Jenkins's annotation, "Who is behind this?". One of three anti-union organizations identified was financed by the US. Their activities included the sabotage of communist Joe Scott's AEU election campaign; Joseph Melling, "Red Under the Collar? Clive Jenkins, White Collar Unionism and the Politics of the British Left, 1947-1965", Twentieth Century British History, 13 (2002), pp. 412-449, for a discussion.
74. Communist Party archives, NMLH, Industrial Department, "Notes on the London Industrial Shop Stewards Defence Committee", 14 September 1966 in CP/Cent/Ind/1/3. The Communist Party struggled to maintain its historical influence in the engineering trades after the dissolution of the National Shop Stewards' Council in the mid-1960s, leaving space for the growth of the ultra-leftists who provided the "rank-and-filist" analysis of trade unionism at this period.
75. ASTMS 79/AS/3/3/33, Reg Bird to John K. Dutton, 18 March 1968. Bird called for the integration of three former ASSET trainees (Mike Garrard, Mike Redhouse, and Bob Howard) into the agreement covering divisional officers. Bird was a communist responsible for members in British Leyland Cars and Dunlop's, as well as the National Health Service; NEC Minutes, 11 May 1969, for Jenkins's cautioning of Bird regarding strike calls.
76. ASTMS 79/AS/3/3/33, Jenkins and Dutton to Bird, 24 April 1968 regarding NEC Bargaining Committee at 20 April 1968.
77. Clive Jenkins, All Against the Collar: Struggles of a White Collar Union Leader (London, 1930), pp. 122-128.
78. Groves interview, 13 March 2002, emphasized Jenkins's failure to build an effective organization to support the growth of the union, particularly a rigorous system of training and administration.
79. Jim Tomlinson, "The Labour Government and the Trade Unions, 1945-51", in Nick Tiratsoo (ed.), The Attlee Years (London, 1991), pp. 90-105 for a further discussion.