The evolution of medical imaging: From Geiger counters to MRI - A personal saga

Perspectives in Biology and Medicine

Volumn 46, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 349-370

  Mallard, John R ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HUMAN; IMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0042367485     PISSN: 00315982     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2003.0040     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. Ambrose, J., and G. Hounsfield. 1973. Computerized transverse axial scanning (tomography). II. Clinical applications. Br. J. Radiol. 46:1023-31.
2. Andrew, E. R. 1980. NMR imaging of intact biological systems. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 289:471-81.
3. Bowley, A. R., et al. 1973. A radioisotope scanner for rectilinear, arc, transverse and longitudinal section scanning: ASS (the Aberdeen Section Scanner). Br. J. Radiol. 46:262-71.
4. Brownell, G. L., and W. H. Sweet. 1953. Localization of brain tumors with positron emitters. Nucleonics 11:40-45.
5. Carril, J. M., et al. 1979. Cranial scintigraphy:Value of adding emission computed tomographic sections to conventional pertechnetate images (512 cases). J. Nucl. Med. 20: 1117-23.
6. Cassen, B., and L. Curtis. 1951. The in-vivo delineation of thyroid glands with an automatically scanning recorder. UCLA Report 130.
7. Cassen, B., et al. 1951. Instrumentation for I131 use in medical studies. Nucleonics 9: 46-50.
8. Chesser, R., and H. H. Gemmell. 1982. The interfacing of a gamma camera to a DEC gamma-11 data processing system for single photon emission tomography. Phys. Med. Biol. 27:437-41.
9. Choudhury, A. R., W. I. Keyes, and A. F. MacDonald. 1974. Cerebral scanning, including transverse section technique in the investigation of symptomatic epilepsy. In Hans Berger Centenary Symposium on Epilepsy, Edinburgh, 1973, edited by C. Harris and J. Maudsley, 243-49. London: Churchill and Livingstone.
10. Christie, D. A., and E. M. Tansey, eds. 1998. Wellcome witnesses to twentieth-century medicine. Vol. 2. Making the human body transparent: The impact of nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging. London:Wellcome Trust.
11. Cook, P. D., and J. R. Mallard. 1963. An electron spin resonance cavity for the detection of free radicals in the presence of water. Nature 198:145-47.
12. Damadian, R. 1971. Tumor detection by nuclear magnetic resonance. Science 171:1151-53.
13. Damadian, R. 1980. Field focussing NMR (FONAR) and the formation of chemical images in man. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 289:489-500.
14. Edelstein, W. A., et al. 1980. Spin-warp NMR imaging and application to human whole-body imaging. Phys. Med. Biol. 25:751-76.
15. Evans, N. T. S., et al. 1986. The Aberdeen mark I1 single photon emission tomographic scanner: Specification and some clinical applications. Phys. Med. Biol. 131:65-78.
16. Foster, M. A. 1984. Magnetic resonance in medicine and biology. Oxford: Pergamon.
17. Foster, M. A., and J. M. S. Hutchison. 1989. NMR imaging. Oxford: IRL.
18. Garraway, A. N., P. K. Grannell, and P. Mansfield. 1974. Image formation in NMR by a selective irradiative process. J. Phys. C. 7:L457-62.
19. Gemmell, H. G., et al. 1987. Differential diagnosis in dementia using the cerebral blood flow agent 99mTc HM-PAO: A SPECT study. J. Comput. Assist. Tomog. 11(3):398-402.
20. Gordon, R. E. 1974. Proton NMR relaxation time measurements in some biological tissues. Ph.D. thesis, University of Aberdeen.
21. Hounsfield, G. 1973. Computerized transverse axial scanning (tomography). I. Description of system. Br. J. Radiol. 46:1016-22.
22. Hutchison,J. M. S. 1976. Imaging by nuclear magnetic resonance. In Proceedings of the 7th L. H. Gray Memorial Conference, Leeds, 135-41. Chichester: John Wiley.
23. Hutchison, J. M. S., and J. R. Mallard. 1971. Electron spin resonance spectrometry on the whole mouse in-vivo: A 100MHz spectrometer. J. Phys. E. Sci. Instrum. 4:237-39.
24. Hutchison, J. M. S., J. R. Mallard, and G. C. Goll. 1974. In-vivo imaging of body structures using proton resonance. In Proceedings of the 18th Ampere Conference, Nottingham, edited by P. S. Allen, E. R. Andrew, and C. A. Bates, 283-84. Nottingham: Univ. of Nottingham.
25. Hutchison, J. M. S., et al. 1980. U.K. Patent 2079946A.
26. Isherwood, I. 1992. Report of the Working Party on Provision of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Services in the United Kingdom, September 1992. London: Royal College of Radiology.
27. Kuhl, D. E. 1964. A cylindrical radioisotope scanner for cylindrical and section scanning. In Medical radioisotope scanning, vol. 1, 273-89.Vienna: IAEA.
28. Lauterbur, P. C. 1973. Image formation by induced local interact ions: Examples employing nuclear magnetic resonance. Nature 242:190-91.
29. Lurie, D.J., et al. 1990. Free radicals imaged in-vivo in the rat by using proton-electron double resonance imaging (PEDRI). Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 333:453-56.
30. Lurie, D.J., et al. 1992. Spin-trapped hydroxyl free radicals studied at low field by field-cycled dynamic nuclear polarization. Appl. Magnetic Resonance 3:317-21.
31. Mallard, J. R. 1967. Medical physics: What is it? Hybrid tea: Numerically scanning clockwise. Aberdeen Univ. Rev. 42(137):12-29.
32. Mallard, J. R. 1986. The Wellcome Foundation Lecture 1984. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in medicine: Medical and biological applications and problems. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 226:391-419.
33. Mallard, J. R. 1987. Hevesy Memorial Lecture 1985. Some call it laziness: I call it deep thought (with apologies to Garfield). Nuc. Med. Commun. 8:691-710.
34. Mallard, J. R. 1995. Medical physics. Ch. 25 in Twentieth-century physics. Vol. 3. 1855-1941. Bristol: Institute of Physics.
35. Mallard, J. R., J. F. Fowler, and M. Sutton. 1961. Brain tumor detection using radioactive arsenic. Br. J. Radiol. 34:562-68. See also Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Med. Electronics (1960): 513-16.
36. Mallard, J. R., J. F. Fowler, and M. Sutton. 1961. Brain tumor detection using radioactive arsenic. Br. J. Radiol. 34:562-68. See also Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Med. Electronics (1960): 513-16.
37. Mallard, J. R., and M. Kent. 1964. Differences observed between electron spin resonance signals from surviving tumor tissues and from their corresponding normal tissues. Nature 204:1192.
38. Mallard, J. R., and M. Kent. 1966. Electron spin resonance in surviving rat tissues. Nature 210:588-91.
39. Mallard, J. R., and D. G. Lawn. 1967. Dielectric absorption of microwaves in human tissues. Nature 213:28-30.
40. Mallard, J. R., and M. J. Myers. 1963. The performance and clinical applications of a gamma camera for the visualization of radioactive isotopes in vivo. Phys. Med. Biol. 8: 165-92.
41. Mallard, J. R., and C.J. Peachey. 1959. Quantitative automatic body scanner for the localization of radioisotopes in-vivo. Br. J. Radiol. 32:652-57. See also Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Med. Electronics, 511-12. International Federation of Medical and Biological Engineering (IFMBG), 1960.
42. Mallard, J. R., and C.J. Peachey. 1959. Quantitative automatic body scanner for the localization of radioisotopes in-vivo. Br. J. Radiol. 32:652-57. See also Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Med. Electronics, 511-12. International Federation of Medical and Biological Engineering (IFMBG), 1960.
43. Mallard, J. R., and A. Whittingham. 1968. Dielectric absorption of microwaves in human tissues. Nature 218:366-67.
44. Mallard, J. R., et al. 1979. Imaging by nuclear magnetic resonance and its bio-medical implications. J. Biomed. Eng. 1:153-60.
45. Mallard, J. R., et al. 1980a. In-vivo NMR imaging in medicine: The Aberdeen approach, both physical and biological. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 289:519-33.
46. Mallard, J. R., et al. 1980b. Medical imaging by nuclear magnetic resonance: A review of the Aberdeen physical and biological programme. In Medical radionuclide imaging, 117-44. Vienna: IAEA.
47. Mansfield, P., et al. 1980. Human whole body imaging and detection of breast tumors by NMR. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B 289:503-10.
48. Menon, R. S., et al. 1992. Functional brain mapping using magnetic resonance imaging: Signal changes accompanying visual stimulation. Invest. Radiol. 27:47-53.
49. Moore, W. S., and G. N. Holland. 1980. Experimental considerations in implementing a whole body multiple sensitive point nuclear magnetic resonance imaging system. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 289:511-18.
50. Pollet, J. E., et al. 1981. Whole body nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in medicine: The first report of its use in surgical practice. Brit. J. Surg. 68:493-94.
51. Radon, J. 1917. Über die Bestimmung von Functionen durch ihre integralwerte langsgewisser Mannigfältigkeiten. Ber. Verh. Sachs. Akad. Wiss. Math./Phys. Kl. 69:262.
52. Redpath, T.W., et al. 1987. A low field imager for clinical use. J. Phys. E. Sci. Instr. 20:1228-34.
53. Ross, K. F. A., and R. E. Gordon. 1981. Water in malignant tissue measured by cell refractometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. J. Microsc. 128:7-21.
54. Sharp, P. F., et al. 1986.Technetium 99m HM-PAO stereoisomers as potential agents for imaging regional cerebral blood flow: Human volunteer studies. J. Nucl. Med. 27:171-17.
55. Smith, F.W., et al. 1981a. Clinical application of nuclear magnetic resonance. Lancet (10 Jan.):78-79.
56. Smith, F. W., et al. 1981b. Oesophagel carcinoma demonstrated by whole-body nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. BMJ 282:510-12.
57. Smith, I. C., et al. 1998. Gamma emission imaging in the management of breast cancer. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 24:320-29.
58. Smith, I. C., et al. 2000. Positron emission tomography using 18Fl-fluordeoxy-D-glucose to predict the pathologic response of breast cancer to primary chemotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 18:1676-88.
59. Tansey, E. M., and D.A. Christie, eds. 2000. Wellcome witnesses to twentieth-century medicine. Vol. 5. Looking at the unborn: Historical aspects of obstetric ultrasound. London:Wellcome Trust.
60. Webb, S. 1988a. From the watching of shadows: The origins of radiological tomography. Bristol: Hilger.
61. Webb, S., ed. 1988b. The physics of medical imaging. Bristol: Hilger.
62. Wilks, R. J., and J. R. Mallard. 1966. A small gamma camera: Improvements in the resolution, a setting-up procedure and a digital print-out. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 17:113-19.
63. Young, I. R., and H. Clow. 1978. NMR imaging. New Scientist (23 Nov.):588.
64. Young, I.R., and D. Griffiths Bhachu. 2000. Current perceptions about the safety of MRI. Br. Inst. Radiol. News (May):5.