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The values of ΔH‡ and ΔS‡ for the hydride transfer can be obtained from Table 3, since the initial hydride transfer is in rate-limiting process, the kinetic parameters for the reaction of S with the dihydropyridines may be due to the initial hydride transfer.
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Here we made an assumption that the ground entropy changes for the two reactions [Eqs. (2) and (3)] are equal. This assumption is reasonable. As well known, the ground entropy change is different from the activation entropy change, activation entropy change is defined as the difference of entropy between reactants and the activation complex, but the ground entropy change is defined as the difference of entropy between reactants and products. It is evident that the activation entropy change for the reaction of the 1,2-dihydronicotinamide with the substrate should be quite larger than that for the reaction of the 1,4-dihydronicotinamide with the substrate; the reason is that there is a larger steric barriers in the activation complex for the former reaction. But as to the ground entropy changes for the two reactions, there should not be remarkable difference between them, since the two reactions give the same products and formation entropies for the two dihydropyridines are close to each other.
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48
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0042405938
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note
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Here we used reaction enthalpy to take place of Gibbs free energy to predict the spontaneity of the reactions, since standard ground entropy change for the hydride transfer is generally quite small.
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49
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0034802514
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Some other reduction characters of pyridinium derivatives to yield the corresponding 1,4-dihydropyridines as the major product by hydride transfer have been demonstrated by Kreevoy and co-workers: a) I.-S. H. Lee, E. H. Jeoung, M. M. Kreevoy, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 7492; b) I.-S. H. Lee, K.-H. Chow, M. M. Kreevoy, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 7755; c) I.-S. H. Lee, E. H. Jeoung, M. M. Kreevoy, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 2722.
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Some other reduction characters of pyridinium derivatives to yield the corresponding 1,4-dihydropyridines as the major product by hydride transfer have been demonstrated by Kreevoy and co-workers: a) I.-S. H. Lee, E. H. Jeoung, M. M. Kreevoy, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 7492; b) I.-S. H. Lee, K.-H. Chow, M. M. Kreevoy, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 7755; c) I.-S. H. Lee, E. H. Jeoung, M. M. Kreevoy, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 2722.
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Some other reduction characters of pyridinium derivatives to yield the corresponding 1,4-dihydropyridines as the major product by hydride transfer have been demonstrated by Kreevoy and co-workers: a) I.-S. H. Lee, E. H. Jeoung, M. M. Kreevoy, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 7492; b) I.-S. H. Lee, K.-H. Chow, M. M. Kreevoy, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 7755; c) I.-S. H. Lee, E. H. Jeoung, M. M. Kreevoy, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 2722.
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0041904634
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note
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- to yield the 1,4-dihydropyridines is very fast.
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53
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0041403577
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-
note
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According to Hammett equation log K = ρσ and ΔH ≈ - RTlog K, the line slope of ΔH against a should be approximately equal to -5.7p.
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