The regulation of private policing: Reviewing mechanisms of accountability

Crime Prevention and Community Safety

Volumn 1, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 17-28

  Sarre, Rick ^a   Prenzler, Tim ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

accountability mechanisms; Pluralisation of policing; private sector policing; regulatory controls

Indexed keywords

EID: 0042344453     PISSN: 14603780     EISSN: 17434629     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1057/palgrave.cpcs.8140022     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Putting Accountability of Private Security under the Spotlight, (1998) Security Journal, Vol. 10, pp 97-102. Contact: rick.sarre@unisa.edu.au and at GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001.
2. Senior Lecturer, School of Criminology, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, Australia.
3. For example, South, N. (1988) Policing for Profit: The Private Security Sector. London: Sage
4. 1989 Reconstructing Policing: Differentiation and Contradiction in Post-war Private and Public Policing. In Matthews, R. (ed.) Privatising Criminal Justice. London: Sage, pp 74-104
5. Stenning, P. and Shearing, C. (1979-80) The Quiet Revolution: The Nature, Development and General Legal Implications of Private Security in Canada. Criminal Law Quarterly. Vol. 22, pp 220-248
6. 1991 Policing. In Gladstone, J., Ericson, R. and Shearing, C. (eds) Criminology: A Reader's Guide. Toronto: University of Toronto Centre of Criminology, pp 125-132
7. Johnston, L. (1992) The Rebirth of Private Policing. London: Routledge
8. Fairchild, P. (1994) The Emerging Police Complex: Hoogenboom and Australian Inter-Agency Co-operation. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology. Vol. 27, No. 2, pp 111-132
9. Gill, M. and Hart, J. (1996) Historical Perspectives on Private Investigation in Britain and the US. Security Journal. Vol. 7, pp 273-280
10. Sarre, R. and Prenzler, T. (1999) Issues Facing 21st Century Policing. In Sarre, R. and Tomaino, J. (eds) Exploring Criminal Justice: Contemporary Australian Themes. Adelaide: Institute of Justice Studies, pp 119-149.
11. For example, Wilson, P., Keogh, D. and Lincoln, R. (1994) Private Policing: the Major Issues. In Moyle, P. (ed.) Private Prisons and Police. Leichhardt: Pluto Press, pp 281-295, especially p 281.
12. Bayley, D. and Shearing, C. (1996) The Future of Policing. Law and Society Review. Vol. 30, No. 3, pp 585-606
13. Shearing, C. (1996) Re-inventing Policing: Policing as Governance. In Marenin, O. (ed.) Policing Change: Changing Police. NY: Garland Publishing Co.
14. Cunningham, W., Strauchs, J. and van Meter, C. (1990) Private Security Trends, 1970-2000. Boston: Butterworths-Heinemann
15. de Waard, J. (1993) The Private Security Sector in Fifteen European Countries: Size, Rules and Legislation. Security Journal. Vol. 4, pp 58-63.
16. Sarre, R. (1994) The Legal Powers of Private Police and Security Providers. In Moyle, P. (ed.) Private Prisons and Police. Leichhardt: Pluto Press, pp 259-280.
17. Stenning, P. (1994) Private Policing: Some Recent Myths, Developments and Trends. In Biles, D. and Vernon, J. (eds) Private Sector and Community Involvement in the Criminal Justice System. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, pp 145-156, especially p 149.
18. Hinds, S. (1994), Private Policy and Policing-Does Private Enterprise Have a Role in Delivering the Output of Public Safety and Security? In Biles, D. and Vernon, J. (eds) Private Sector and Community Involvement in the Criminal Justice System. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, pp 183-195, especially p 184.
19. Shearing, C. and Stenning, P. (1983) Private Security and its Implications: A North American Perspective. In Rees, A. (ed.) Policing and Private Security, Proceedings of Training Project 49/5. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, pp 16-50.
20. For a discussion of the proposition that judicial review of police action is an inadequate mechanism of review, refer to Stenning, P. (1981) The Role of Police Boards and Commissions as Institutions of Municipal Police Governance. In Shearing, C. (ed.) Organisational Police Deviance. Toronto: Butterworths.
21. Nalla, M. and Newman, G. (1991) Public Versus Private Control: A Reassessment. Journal of Criminal Justice. Vol. 19, pp 537-547, especially p 543.
22. For example, Williams, D.G.T. (1974) Prosecution, Discretion and the Accountability of the Police. In Hood, R. (ed.) Crime, Criminology and Public Policy. London: Heinemann.
23. For an excellent example of the contemporary development of regulatory models in an allied discipline, refer to Harding, R. (1997) Private Prisons and Public Accountability. Buckingham: Open University Press, especially p 158 ff.
24. In February 1996 and again in March 1997 Assistant Commissioners of Police and representatives of the security industries from Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and Fiji sought strategic alliances on such issues as training standards, licensing, service delivery and codes of practice.
25. Maahs, R. and Hemmens, C. (1998) Guarding the Public: A Statutory Analysis of State Regulation of Security Guards. Journal of Crime and Justice. Vol. XXI, No. 1, pp 119-34.
26. Private Security Advisory Council (1976) A Report on the Regulation of Private Guard Services including a Model Private Security Licensing and Regulatory Statute. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.
27. Gill, M. and Hart, J. (1997) Policing as a Business: the Organisation and Structure of Private Investigation. Policing and Society. Vol. 7, pp 117-141, especially p 117
28. Gill, M., Hart, J. and Stevens, J. (1996) Private Investigators: Under-researched, Under-estimated, Under-used. International Journal of Risk, Security and Crime Prevention. Vol. 1. No. 4, pp 305-314, especially p 312.
29. Johnston, op cit, p 84.
30. Prenzler, T. (1995) Security Managers' Perceptions of Industry Regulation: An Australian Study. Security Journal. Vol. 6, pp 227-234, especially p 228.
31. Home Office (1979) The Private Security Industry: A Discussion Paper. London: Home Office, p 17, quoted in Gill and Hart (1996) op cit, p 279.
32. Cunningham et al, op cit.
33. Prenzler (1995), op cit, p 228.
34. Prenzler, T and Sarre, R (1999) A Survey of Security Legislation and Regulatory Strategies in Australia. Security Journal. Vol. 12, No. 3, in press.
35. Prenzler, T and Hayes, H (1999) An Evaluation of the Queensland Security Providers Act: Implications for National Regulation of the Protective Security Industry. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology. Vol. 32, No. 1, in press.
36. Grabosky, P. (1995) Using Non-governmental Resources to Foster Regulatory Compliance. Governance. Vol. 8, No. 4, pp 527-550.
37. Amongst them the Australian Security Industry Association Limited (ASIAL) and the New Zealand Security Industry Association (NZSIA). Refer to Hinds, op cit, p 188.
38. Shearing, C. and Stenning P. (1982) Private Policing. Newbury Park: Sage, p 244.
39. Johnston, op cit.
40. Hinds, op cit, p 188
41. Prenzler (1995) op cit.
42. Johnston, op cit, p 87
43. Prenzler (1995) op cit, p 228.
44. ICAC (1992) Report on the Unauthorised Release of Information, Vol. 1. Sydney: Independent Commission Against Corruption, p 3.
45. For example, The Private Security Advisory Council (USA) and The Canadian General Standards Board (Canada).
46. Ayres, I. and Braithwaite, J. (1992) Responsive Regulation: Transcending the Deregulation Debate. New York: OUP.
47. Grabosky, P. (1997) Inside the Pyramid: Towards a Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of Regulatory Systems. International Journal of the Sociology of Law. Vol. 25, No. 3, pp 195-201, especially p 197.
48. Cherney, A. (1997) Trust as a Regulatory Strategy: A Theoretical Review. Current Issues in Criminal Justice. Vol. 9, No. 1, pp 71-84, especially p 79.
49. Grabosky (1997) op cit, p 201.
50. ICAC, op cit, p 133.
51. Schiller, J. and Harris, G. (1988) The Legal Liability of a Private Security Guard Company for the Criminal Acts of Third Parties. In Lipman, I. (ed.) The Private Security Industry: Issues and Trends. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Newbury Park: Sage, July 1988, Vol. 498, pp 91-97.
52. 1968 120 CLR 516.
53. 1992 59 SASR 490.
54. Alderman, E. and Kennedy, C. (1995) The Right to Privacy. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, p 249.
55. Des Moines Register, 8 February 1997, p 1A.
56. Warren, I. (1995) An Air of Uncertainty: Private Security Regulation in Victoria. Deakin Law Review. Vol. 2, pp 223-253, especially p 238
57. Bayley and Shearing, op cit, p 596.
58. Prenzler, T (1998) La Sécurité Privée et le Problème de la Confiance: L'expérience Australienne. Criminologie. Vol. 31, No. 2, pp 87-109. An English language version is available from the author.
59. Swanton, B. (1993) Police and Private Security: Possible Directions. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice. No. 42.
60. Prenzler (1998) op cit.
61. Deregulation Unit (1990) Report on Licensing Aspects of the Security (Protection) Industry Act 1985. Sydney: NSW Government.
62. NSWPS (1995) Security Industry Review. Sydney: NSW Police Service, p 10.
63. ICAC, op cit.