The end of alliances

World Policy Journal

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 1-20

  Menon, Rajan ^a  

^a LEHIGH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 0042330207     PISSN: 07402775     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/07402775-2003-3008     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. Outside these traditional centers of industrial and military power, the advance of decolonization in the decades following World War II was creating a collection of newly independent states, which would become known as the Third World. As the Cold War gained momentum, the United States used bilateral and multilateral alliances, economic aid, and even military interventions and counterinsurgency operations to thwart the (real or imagined) spread of Soviet influence in these former colonies - particularly in radical nationalist regimes where the inchoate versions of socialism held considerable appeal, the Soviet Union was considered a friend, and the Soviet model was admired. The overall American objective was to enlist Asian and African allies in the worldwide competition against the Soviet Union, or, at a minimum, to counter Soviet influence.
2. Until 1958, CENTO was called the Baghdad Pact.
3. See Robert Kagan, Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order (New York: Knopf, 2003).
4. Quoted in Timothy Garton Ash, "How the West Can Be One," New York Times Magazine, April 26, 2003, p. 13.
5. Henry Kissinger, for example, remarked that the fracas over Iraq could prove "catastrophic for the Atlantic alliance," but, perhaps for that very reason, concluded that "in the end, French realism will not permit France to stand aside while its strongest ally - which has stood by it through two world wars and the Cold War - pursues its vital interests with a coalition of the willing" (Henry A. Kissinger, "Role Reversal and Alliance Realities," Washington Post, February 10, 2003).
6. Francois Heisbourg, quoted in Michael J. Glennon, "Why the Security Council Failed," Foreign Affairs, vol. 82 (May/June 2003), p. 25.
7. I do not mean to say that Védrine, a Socialist, is himself a Gaullist, but that his characterization was quintessentially so.
8. Some displays of pique, notably the decision to replace "French fries" with "Freedom fries" on the House of Representatives' menu - without, as it happens, doing anything about the word "menu" itself - did not have the positive consequences for America's reputation that congressional Francophobes might have envisaged.
9. See Sean Kay, "Putting NATO Back Together Again," Current History, vol. 102 (March 2003), pp. 106-112.
10. See William Richard Smyser, "American Might Is Sailing Away from Europe," Financial Times, March 2, 2003. Symser does not, however, believe that this portends the end of NATO.
11. Tony Judt, "Europe Finds No Counterweight to American Power," New York Times, April 20, 2003.
12. The phrase is that of Timothy Garton Ash, in "How the West Can Be One."
13. In essence, the treaty calls upon the parties to "consult together whenever, in the opinion of either of them, the political independence or security of either of the Parties is threatened by external armed attack" and "to develop appropriate means to deter armed attack" and to "take suitable measures in consultation and agreement to implement this Treaty and to further its purposes" (Article II); to regard "an armed attack in the Pacific area on either of the Parties in territories now under their respective administrative control" as a threat to "its own peace and safety" and to "meet the common danger in accordance with it own constitutional processes" (Article III). Under Article IV, South Korea gives the United States "the right to dispose...land, air, and sea forces in and about the territory of the Republic of Korea...." For the full text of the treaty, see www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/korea/ kor001.htm.
14. This increases the possibility of a widening of the gap between the United States and South Korea. A graphic demonstration that this could happen occurred in March 2003, when North Korean jets tried to force a U.S. surveillance plane operating in international airspace to land, a move that suggested that Pyongyang was planning to hold the crew hostage. Roh's insistence that the United States proceed cautiously despite this incident did not please Washington. See Robyn Lim, "South Korea: The Yanks May Go Home," International Herald Tribune, March 12, 2003.
15. On the economic transformation, see Alice Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).
16. See Bruce Cumings, Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History (New York: Norton, 1997), esp. ch. 6; Chalmers Johnson, Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2000), ch. 4; and Don Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History (New York, Basic Books, 1997).
17. See Bruce Cumings, Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History (New York: Norton, 1997), esp. ch. 6; Chalmers Johnson, Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2000), ch. 4; and Don Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History (New York, Basic Books, 1997).
18. See Bruce Cumings, Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History (New York: Norton, 1997), esp. ch. 6; Chalmers Johnson, Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2000), ch. 4; and Don Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History (New York, Basic Books, 1997).
19. The data comparing North and South Korea's economic and military power are from Central Intelligence Agency, World Factbook 2002, available at www.cia.gov. (The CIA calculates GNP figures on the basis of purchasing power parity; the figures for 2002 are estimates.)
20. One of the most thorough analyses of the inter-Korean military balance is provided by Michael O'Hanlon, "Stopping a North Korean Invasion: Why Defending South Korea Is Easier Than the Pentagon Thinks," International Security, vol. 22 (spring 1998), pp. 135-170. O'Hanlon neither anticipates nor advocates the end of the alliance between the United States and South Korea.
21. Victor D. Cha, "Focus on the Future, Not on the North," Washington Quarterly, vol. 26 (winter 2002/03), p. 95.
22. Cha, "Focus on the Future," offers many creative ideas for reshaping the alliance.
23. The treaty now in effect was signed in January 1960 and became operational in June 1960. The first security treaty, "The Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan," was signed on September 8, 1951, and entered into force on April 28, 1952, but it has expired and been superceded by the 1960 treaty. I refer in this article to the 1960 treaty, which, in essence, calls for consultations between the United States and Japan in the event that "the security of Japan or international peace and security in the Far East is threatened (Article III) and for joint action against armed attacks "against either party in the territories under the administration of Japan" (Article V); and provides U.S. "land, air and naval forces" the right to use "facilities and areas in Japan" (Article VI). Article X stipulates that either party may terminate the treaty after giving one-year notice but only after the treaty has been in effect for 10 years. Text of the treaty in Michael J. Green and Patrick Cronin, The US-Japan Alliance: Past, Present, and Future (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1999), appendix 2, pp. 330-32. The text of the 1951 treaty is available at www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/japan/ japan001.htm.
24. The figure for Japan's defense budget is from International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2002-2003 (London: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 299; Richard J. Samuels, Rich Nation, Strong Army: National Security and the Technological Transformation of Japan (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), p. 323.
25. The figure for Japan's defense budget is from International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2002-2003 (London: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 299; Richard J. Samuels, Rich Nation, Strong Army: National Security and the Technological Transformation of Japan (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), p. 323.
26. For the composition and weapon systems of the JSDF and its size in relation to the armed forces of Britain and France, see International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2002-2003 (London: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 39-42, 60-63, 151-52.
27. This is a major theme in Samuels, Rich Nation, Strong Army, on whose analysis I rely here. See esp. ch. 9; his estimate of defense production's share of total Japanese output appears on pp. 319-20.
28. See Michael J. Green, Arming Japan: Defense Production, Alliance Politics, and the Postwar Search for Autonomy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995). METI was previously known as the Ministry for International Trade and Industry (MITI).
29. For a more detailed discussion, see Rajan Menon, "Japan: The Once and Future Superpower," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, vol. 53 (January-February 1997), pp. 29-34; and Glenn D. Hook, Militarization and Demilitarization in Contemporary Japan (London: Routledge, 1996).
30. For a more detailed discussion, see Rajan Menon, "Japan: The Once and Future Superpower," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, vol. 53 (January-February 1997), pp. 29-34; and Glenn D. Hook, Militarization and Demilitarization in Contemporary Japan (London: Routledge, 1996).
31. For recent examples, see Masashi Nishihara, "Japan Needs to Protect Itself Against North Korea," International Herald Tribune, March 4, 2003; Richard Lloyd-Parry and Robert Thomson, "Japan Seeks Parasol in Shade of US Umbrella," London Times, February 26, 2003; Robin Gedye and Colin Joyce, "Tokyo Threat Marks End of Pacifism," www.telegraph.co.uk/core/Content...s%2F2003%2f02%f15% 2Fwkor114.xml&site=5; "Debate: Should the 'Peace' Constitution Be Revised?" Asahi Shimbun, April 28, 2003; Richard Lloyd-Parry and Robert Thomson, "Japan to Review Defence Policy to Cope with New Threats," London Times, February 26, 2003; Ayako Doi, "Unforeseen Consequences: Japan's Emerging Nuclear Debate, " PacNet, no. 12, March 13, 2003; Gillian Tett and Alexandra Harney, "Japan's Defence Role Scrutinized," Financial Times, June 13, 2001; Sebastian Moffett, "Japan Begins to Doubt Its Defense Capabilities," Wall Street Journal, March 12, 2003.
32. For recent examples, see Masashi Nishihara, "Japan Needs to Protect Itself Against North Korea," International Herald Tribune, March 4, 2003; Richard Lloyd-Parry and Robert Thomson, "Japan Seeks Parasol in Shade of US Umbrella," London Times, February 26, 2003; Robin Gedye and Colin Joyce, "Tokyo Threat Marks End of Pacifism," www.telegraph.co.uk/core/Content...s%2F2003%2f02%f15% 2Fwkor114.xml&site=5; "Debate: Should the 'Peace' Constitution Be Revised?" Asahi Shimbun, April 28, 2003; Richard Lloyd-Parry and Robert Thomson, "Japan to Review Defence Policy to Cope with New Threats," London Times, February 26, 2003; Ayako Doi, "Unforeseen Consequences: Japan's Emerging Nuclear Debate, " PacNet, no. 12, March 13, 2003; Gillian Tett and Alexandra Harney, "Japan's Defence Role Scrutinized," Financial Times, June 13, 2001; Sebastian Moffett, "Japan Begins to Doubt Its Defense Capabilities," Wall Street Journal, March 12, 2003.
33. For recent examples, see Masashi Nishihara, "Japan Needs to Protect Itself Against North Korea," International Herald Tribune, March 4, 2003; Richard Lloyd-Parry and Robert Thomson, "Japan Seeks Parasol in Shade of US Umbrella," London Times, February 26, 2003; Robin Gedye and Colin Joyce, "Tokyo Threat Marks End of Pacifism," www.telegraph.co.uk/core/Content...s%2F2003%2f02%f15% 2Fwkor114.xml&site=5; "Debate: Should the 'Peace' Constitution Be Revised?" Asahi Shimbun, April 28, 2003; Richard Lloyd-Parry and Robert Thomson, "Japan to Review Defence Policy to Cope with New Threats," London Times, February 26, 2003; Ayako Doi, "Unforeseen Consequences: Japan's Emerging Nuclear Debate, " PacNet, no. 12, March 13, 2003; Gillian Tett and Alexandra Harney, "Japan's Defence Role Scrutinized," Financial Times, June 13, 2001; Sebastian Moffett, "Japan Begins to Doubt Its Defense Capabilities," Wall Street Journal, March 12, 2003.
34. For recent examples, see Masashi Nishihara, "Japan Needs to Protect Itself Against North Korea," International Herald Tribune, March 4, 2003; Richard Lloyd-Parry and Robert Thomson, "Japan Seeks Parasol in Shade of US Umbrella," London Times, February 26, 2003; Robin Gedye and Colin Joyce, "Tokyo Threat Marks End of Pacifism," www.telegraph.co.uk/core/Content...s%2F2003%2f02%f15% 2Fwkor114.xml&site=5; "Debate: Should the 'Peace' Constitution Be Revised?" Asahi Shimbun, April 28, 2003; Richard Lloyd-Parry and Robert Thomson, "Japan to Review Defence Policy to Cope with New Threats," London Times, February 26, 2003; Ayako Doi, "Unforeseen Consequences: Japan's Emerging Nuclear Debate, " PacNet, no. 12, March 13, 2003; Gillian Tett and Alexandra Harney, "Japan's Defence Role Scrutinized," Financial Times, June 13, 2001; Sebastian Moffett, "Japan Begins to Doubt Its Defense Capabilities," Wall Street Journal, March 12, 2003.
35. For recent examples, see Masashi Nishihara, "Japan Needs to Protect Itself Against North Korea," International Herald Tribune, March 4, 2003; Richard Lloyd-Parry and Robert Thomson, "Japan Seeks Parasol in Shade of US Umbrella," London Times, February 26, 2003; Robin Gedye and Colin Joyce, "Tokyo Threat Marks End of Pacifism," www.telegraph.co.uk/core/Content...s%2F2003%2f02%f15% 2Fwkor114.xml&site=5; "Debate: Should the 'Peace' Constitution Be Revised?" Asahi Shimbun, April 28, 2003; Richard Lloyd-Parry and Robert Thomson, "Japan to Review Defence Policy to Cope with New Threats," London Times, February 26, 2003; Ayako Doi, "Unforeseen Consequences: Japan's Emerging Nuclear Debate, " PacNet, no. 12, March 13, 2003; Gillian Tett and Alexandra Harney, "Japan's Defence Role Scrutinized," Financial Times, June 13, 2001; Sebastian Moffett, "Japan Begins to Doubt Its Defense Capabilities," Wall Street Journal, March 12, 2003.
36. For recent examples, see Masashi Nishihara, "Japan Needs to Protect Itself Against North Korea," International Herald Tribune, March 4, 2003; Richard Lloyd-Parry and Robert Thomson, "Japan Seeks Parasol in Shade of US Umbrella," London Times, February 26, 2003; Robin Gedye and Colin Joyce, "Tokyo Threat Marks End of Pacifism," www.telegraph.co.uk/core/Content...s%2F2003%2f02%f15% 2Fwkor114.xml&site=5; "Debate: Should the 'Peace' Constitution Be Revised?" Asahi Shimbun, April 28, 2003; Richard Lloyd-Parry and Robert Thomson, "Japan to Review Defence Policy to Cope with New Threats," London Times, February 26, 2003; Ayako Doi, "Unforeseen Consequences: Japan's Emerging Nuclear Debate, " PacNet, no. 12, March 13, 2003; Gillian Tett and Alexandra Harney, "Japan's Defence Role Scrutinized," Financial Times, June 13, 2001; Sebastian Moffett, "Japan Begins to Doubt Its Defense Capabilities," Wall Street Journal, March 12, 2003.
37. For recent examples, see Masashi Nishihara, "Japan Needs to Protect Itself Against North Korea," International Herald Tribune, March 4, 2003; Richard Lloyd-Parry and Robert Thomson, "Japan Seeks Parasol in Shade of US Umbrella," London Times, February 26, 2003; Robin Gedye and Colin Joyce, "Tokyo Threat Marks End of Pacifism," www.telegraph.co.uk/core/Content...s%2F2003%2f02%f15% 2Fwkor114.xml&site=5; "Debate: Should the 'Peace' Constitution Be Revised?" Asahi Shimbun, April 28, 2003; Richard Lloyd-Parry and Robert Thomson, "Japan to Review Defence Policy to Cope with New Threats," London Times, February 26, 2003; Ayako Doi, "Unforeseen Consequences: Japan's Emerging Nuclear Debate, " PacNet, no. 12, March 13, 2003; Gillian Tett and Alexandra Harney, "Japan's Defence Role Scrutinized," Financial Times, June 13, 2001; Sebastian Moffett, "Japan Begins to Doubt Its Defense Capabilities," Wall Street Journal, March 12, 2003.
38. For recent examples, see Masashi Nishihara, "Japan Needs to Protect Itself Against North Korea," International Herald Tribune, March 4, 2003; Richard Lloyd-Parry and Robert Thomson, "Japan Seeks Parasol in Shade of US Umbrella," London Times, February 26, 2003; Robin Gedye and Colin Joyce, "Tokyo Threat Marks End of Pacifism," www.telegraph.co.uk/core/Content...s%2F2003%2f02%f15% 2Fwkor114.xml&site=5; "Debate: Should the 'Peace' Constitution Be Revised?" Asahi Shimbun, April 28, 2003; Richard Lloyd-Parry and Robert Thomson, "Japan to Review Defence Policy to Cope with New Threats," London Times, February 26, 2003; Ayako Doi, "Unforeseen Consequences: Japan's Emerging Nuclear Debate, " PacNet, no. 12, March 13, 2003; Gillian Tett and Alexandra Harney, "Japan's Defence Role Scrutinized," Financial Times, June 13, 2001; Sebastian Moffett, "Japan Begins to Doubt Its Defense Capabilities," Wall Street Journal, March 12, 2003.
39. Kenji Hall, "Japan Takes Steps to Boost Military," Associated Press, May 15, 2003.
40. This discussion owes much to Paul S. Giarra, a former Defense Department official with responsibility for Japan, who kindly shared with me his expertise on the JSDF.
41. For details on the modernization of Japan's surface and submarine fleets, see International Institute for Strategic Studies, Military Balance 20022003, pp. 151-52; A. D. Baker III, "World Navies in Review," U.S. Naval Institute, Proceedings (March 1998), www.usni.org/Proceedings/Articles98/ PRObakerasia98.htm; idem, "World Navies in Review," (2001), at www.subsim.com/ssr/page43/html; "Back on Course," Venik's Aviation News, www.auronautics.ru/archive/conv/article_January2001_24_111.htm; Vijay Sakhuja, "Japanese Maritime Self Defense Forces: Kata and Katana," Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, New Dehli, at www.idas-india.org/an-jul1000.html; "Fleet List: Japanese Self Defense Forces," www.my.netian.com/̃sieera/NAVY/japan.htm#8; "World Navies Today," www.hazegray.org/world/nav.
42. For details on the modernization of Japan's surface and submarine fleets, see International Institute for Strategic Studies, Military Balance 20022003, pp. 151-52; A. D. Baker III, "World Navies in Review," U.S. Naval Institute, Proceedings (March 1998), www.usni.org/Proceedings/Articles98/ PRObakerasia98.htm; idem, "World Navies in Review," (2001), at www.subsim.com/ssr/page43/html; "Back on Course," Venik's Aviation News, www.auronautics.ru/archive/conv/article_January2001_24_111.htm; Vijay Sakhuja, "Japanese Maritime Self Defense Forces: Kata and Katana," Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, New Dehli, at www.idas-india.org/an-jul1000.html; "Fleet List: Japanese Self Defense Forces," www.my.netian.com/̃sieera/NAVY/japan.htm#8; "World Navies Today," www.hazegray.org/world/nav.
43. For details on the modernization of Japan's surface and submarine fleets, see International Institute for Strategic Studies, Military Balance 20022003, pp. 151-52; A. D. Baker III, "World Navies in Review," U.S. Naval Institute, Proceedings (March 1998), www.usni.org/Proceedings/Articles98/ PRObakerasia98.htm; idem, "World Navies in Review," (2001), at www.subsim.com/ssr/page43/html; "Back on Course," Venik's Aviation News, www.auronautics.ru/archive/conv/article_January2001_24_111.htm; Vijay Sakhuja, "Japanese Maritime Self Defense Forces: Kata and Katana," Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, New Dehli, at www.idas-india.org/an-jul1000.html; "Fleet List: Japanese Self Defense Forces," www.my.netian.com/̃sieera/NAVY/japan.htm#8; "World Navies Today," www.hazegray.org/world/nav.
44. For details on the modernization of Japan's surface and submarine fleets, see International Institute for Strategic Studies, Military Balance 20022003, pp. 151-52; A. D. Baker III, "World Navies in Review," U.S. Naval Institute, Proceedings (March 1998), www.usni.org/Proceedings/Articles98/ PRObakerasia98.htm; idem, "World Navies in Review," (2001), at www.subsim.com/ssr/page43/html; "Back on Course," Venik's Aviation News, www.auronautics.ru/archive/conv/article_January2001_24_111.htm; Vijay Sakhuja, "Japanese Maritime Self Defense Forces: Kata and Katana," Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, New Dehli, at www.idas-india.org/an-jul1000.html; "Fleet List: Japanese Self Defense Forces," www.my.netian.com/̃sieera/NAVY/japan.htm#8; "World Navies Today," www.hazegray.org/world/nav.
45. For details on the modernization of Japan's surface and submarine fleets, see International Institute for Strategic Studies, Military Balance 20022003, pp. 151-52; A. D. Baker III, "World Navies in Review," U.S. Naval Institute, Proceedings (March 1998), www.usni.org/Proceedings/Articles98/ PRObakerasia98.htm; idem, "World Navies in Review," (2001), at www.subsim.com/ssr/page43/html; "Back on Course," Venik's Aviation News, www.auronautics.ru/archive/conv/article_January2001_24_111.htm; Vijay Sakhuja, "Japanese Maritime Self Defense Forces: Kata and Katana," Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, New Dehli, at www.idas-india.org/an-jul1000.html; "Fleet List: Japanese Self Defense Forces," www.my.netian.com/̃sieera/NAVY/japan.htm#8; "World Navies Today," www.hazegray.org/world/nav.
46. For details on the modernization of Japan's surface and submarine fleets, see International Institute for Strategic Studies, Military Balance 20022003, pp. 151-52; A. D. Baker III, "World Navies in Review," U.S. Naval Institute, Proceedings (March 1998), www.usni.org/Proceedings/Articles98/ PRObakerasia98.htm; idem, "World Navies in Review," (2001), at www.subsim.com/ssr/page43/html; "Back on Course," Venik's Aviation News, www.auronautics.ru/archive/conv/article_January2001_24_111.htm; Vijay Sakhuja, "Japanese Maritime Self Defense Forces: Kata and Katana," Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, New Dehli, at www.idas-india.org/an-jul1000.html; "Fleet List: Japanese Self Defense Forces," www.my.netian.com/̃sieera/NAVY/japan.htm#8; "World Navies Today," www.hazegray.org/world/nav.
47. For details on the modernization of Japan's surface and submarine fleets, see International Institute for Strategic Studies, Military Balance 20022003, pp. 151-52; A. D. Baker III, "World Navies in Review," U.S. Naval Institute, Proceedings (March 1998), www.usni.org/Proceedings/Articles98/ PRObakerasia98.htm; idem, "World Navies in Review," (2001), at www.subsim.com/ssr/page43/html; "Back on Course," Venik's Aviation News, www.auronautics.ru/archive/conv/article_January2001_24_111.htm; Vijay Sakhuja, "Japanese Maritime Self Defense Forces: Kata and Katana," Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, New Dehli, at www.idas-india.org/an-jul1000.html; "Fleet List: Japanese Self Defense Forces," www.my.netian.com/̃sieera/NAVY/japan.htm#8; "World Navies Today," www.hazegray.org/world/nav.
48. Robyn Lim, "Tokyo's Best Bet Is to Strengthen Ties with Washington," International Herald Tribune," April 4, 2003; Joan Gatling-Freeze and Lance Gatling, "Japan Can Breathe Easy with Spies in the Sky," Straits Times (Singapore), April 4, 2003.
49. Robyn Lim, "Tokyo's Best Bet Is to Strengthen Ties with Washington," International Herald Tribune," April 4, 2003; Joan Gatling-Freeze and Lance Gatling, "Japan Can Breathe Easy with Spies in the Sky," Straits Times (Singapore), April 4, 2003.
50. Yoichiro Sato, "Japan's Naval Dispatch Expands the Envelope," PacNet News Letter, no. 04A, January 24, 2003.
51. For a survey of the differences among Japanese leaders and experts on the alliance and on Japan's future military course, see Kiyoshi Sugawa, "Time to Pop the Cork: Three Scenarios to Refine Japanese Use of Force," Brookings Institution, Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, working paper, July 2000.
52. This point was suggested to me by Paul Giarra.
53. See, for example, "Toward a New Relationship with Japan," CATO Handbook for Congress, www.cato.org/pubs/handbook/hb105-47.html. See also Richard J. Samuels and Christopher P. Twomey, "The Eagle Eyes the Pacific," in Green and Cronin, eds., US-Japan Alliance, pp. 3-21.
54. See, for example, "Toward a New Relationship with Japan," CATO Handbook for Congress, www.cato.org/pubs/handbook/hb105-47.html. See also Richard J. Samuels and Christopher P. Twomey, "The Eagle Eyes the Pacific," in Green and Cronin, eds., US-Japan Alliance, pp. 3-21.