Effects of scarification disturbance on the seedling and midstory layer in a successional mixed-oak forest

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 85-91

  Lhotka, John M ^a   Zaczek, James J ^b  

^a ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION   (United States)

^b SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Oak regeneration; Quercus; Silviculture; Soil scarification

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; FORESTRY; HARDWOODS; SOILS; VEGETATION; WEATHER FORECASTING;

GERMINANTS; MIDSTORY TREES; OAK REGENERATION; SOIL SCARIFICATION;

SEED;

BIODIVERSITY; HARDWOODS; HARVESTERS; MINERALS; PLANTS; QUERCUS; SCARIFICATION; SEEDLINGS; SILVICULTURE; SOIL;

ACER; ACER SACCHARUM; ASIMINA TRILOBA; MILETINAE; QUERCUS; QUERCUS ALBA; SACCHARUM; SACCHARUM HYBRID CULTIVAR;

EID: 0042311868     PISSN: 07426348     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/njaf/20.2.85     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. ABRAMS, M.D. 1992. Fire and the development of oak forests. BioSeience 42(5):346-353.
2. ABRAMS, M.D., AND G.J. NOWACKI. 1992. Historical variation in fire, oak recruitment, and post-logging accelerated succession in Central Pennsylvania. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 199(1):19-28.
3. AUCHMOODY, L.R., H.C. SMITH, AND R.S. WALTERS. 1994, Planting northern red oak acorns: Is size and planting depth important? USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. NE-693. 5 p.
4. BROSE, P.H., D.H. VAN LEAR, AND P.D. KEYSER. 1999. A shelterwood-burn technique for regenerating productive upland oak sites in the Piedmont Region. South. J. Appl. For. 23(3):158-163.
5. BUNDY, P.P., A.A. ALVIN, AND M.J. BAUOHMAN. 1991. Red oak regeneration following "scarification" and harvesting: A case study. North. J. Appl. For. 8:173-174.
6. COTTAM, W., AND J.T. CURTIS. 1956. The use of distance measures in phytosociological sampling. Ecology 37:451-460.
7. CROW, T.R. 1988. Reproductive mode and mechanisms for self-replacement of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) - a review. For. Sci. 34(1): 19-40.
8. FEHRENBACHER, J.B., AND R.T. ODELL. 1959. Williamson County Soils, Soil Rep. 79. Univ. of Ill. Agric. Exp. Sta. in coop, with the USDA Soil Conserv. Serv. 72 p.
9. FRALISH, J.S. 1997. Community succession, diversity, and disturbance in the central hardwood forest. P. 234-266 in Conservation in highly fragmented landscapes, Schwartz, M.W. (ed.). Chapman and Hall, New York.
10. FRALISH, J.S., F.B. CROOKS, J.L. CHAMBERS, AND P.M. HARTY. 1991. Comparison of presettlement, second-growth, and old-growth forest on six site types in the Illinois Shawnee Hills. Am. Midl. Natur. 125:294-309.
11. Quo, Y., M.G. SHELTON, AND B.R. LOCKHART. 1999. Effects of the forest floor and acorn placement on establishment and early development of water oak seedlings. P. 127-131 in Proc. of the Tenth bienn. south, silvic. res. conf., Haywood, J.D. (ed.). USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-030.
12. GRIFFEN, J. R. 1971. Oak regeneration in the upper Carmel Valley. California. Ecology 52:862-868.
13. JANZEN, D.H. 1971. Seed predation by animals. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 2:465-492.
14. JANZEN, G.C., AND J.D. HODGES. 1985. Influence of midstory and understory vegetation removal on the establishment and development of oak regeneration. P. 273-278 in Proc.of the Third bienn. south. silvic. res. conf., Sholders E. (ed.), USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-054.
15. JOHNSON, P.S. 1994. How to manage oak forests for acorn production. USDA For. Serv. Tech. Brief TB-NC-1. 3 p.
16. JOHNSON, P.S., R.D. JACOBS, A.J. MARTIN, AND E.D. GODEL. 1989. Regenerating northern red oak: Three successful case histories. North. J. Appl. For. 6:174-178.
17. KEYS, J., JR., C. CARPENTER, F. KOENIG, W.H. MCNAB, W. RUSSELL, AND M.L. SMITH. 1995. Ecological units of the eastern United States - first approximation (map and booklet of map unit tables). USDA For. Serv., Atlanta. GA.
18. LARSEN, D.R., AND P.S. JOHNSON. 1998. Linking the ecology of natural oak regeneration to silviculture. For. Ecol. Manage. 106:1-7.
19. LOCKHART. B.R., J.D. HODGES, AND E.S. GARDINER. 2000. Response of advanced cherrybark oak reproduction to midstory removal and shoot clipping. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1):45-983.
20. LOFTIS, D.L. Regenerating Southern Appalachian Mixed hardwood stands with the shelterwood method. South, J. Appl. For. 7:212-217.
21. LOFTIS, D.L. 1990. A shelterwood method for the regenerating red oak in the Southern Appalachians. For. Sci. 36(4):917-929.
22. LORIMER, C.G. 1984. Development of red maple understory in northeastern oak forests. For. Sci. 30:3-22.
23. LORIMER, C.G. 1993. Causes of the oak regeneration problem. P. 14-39 in Oak regeneration: Serious problems and practical recommendations, Lofis, D.L. and C.E. McGee (eds.). USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-84.
24. LORIMER C.G, J.W. CHAPMAN, AND W.D. LAMBERT. 1994. Tall understorey vegetation as a factor in the poor development of oak seedlings beneath mature stands. J. Ecol. 84:227-237.
25. MARQUIS, D.A., P.L. ECKERT, AND B.A. ROACH. 1976. Acorn weevils, rodents, and deer all contribute to oak regeneration difficulties in Pennsylvania. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. NE-356. 5 p.
26. NILSSON, U., P. GEMMEL, M. LOF, AND T. WELANDER. 1996. Germination and early growth of sown Quercus rohur L. in relation to soil preparation, sowing depths, and prevention against predation. New For. 12:69-86.
27. NOWACKI, G.J., AND M.D. ABRAMS. 1992. Community, edaphic, and historical analysis of mixed oak forests of the Ridge and Valley Province in central Pennsylvania. Can. J. For. Res. 22:790-800.
28. OAK, S.W. 1993. Insects and disease affecting oak regeneration success. P. 105-111 in Oak regeneration: Serious problems and practical recommendations, Loftis, D.L., and C.E. McGee (eds.). USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-84.
29. OLSON, D.F., JR., AND S.O. BOYCE. 1971. Factors affecting acorn production and germination and early growth of seedlings and seedling sprouts. P. 44-48 in Oak Symp. Proc. USDA For. Serv. Northeastern For. Exp. Sta., Radnor, PA.
30. OSTFELD, R.S., C.G. JONES, AND J.O. WOLFF. 1996. Of mice and mast. Ecological connections in the eastern deciduous forests. BioScience 46(5):323-330.
31. ROGERS, R. 1990. White oak. P. 605-613 in Silvics of North America: Volume 2, Hardwoods, Burns, R.M., and B.H. Honkala (eds.). USDA For. Serv. Agric. Handb. 654.
32. SANDER, I.L., P.S. JOHNSON, AND R. ROGERS. 1984. Evaluating oak advanced reproduction in the Missouri Ozarks. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. NC-251. 16 p.
33. SCHOLZ, H.F. 1959. Further observations on seedbed scarification show benefits to northern red oak were temporary. USDA For. Serv. Tech. Notes. Lake States For. Exp. Sta. No. 555. 2 p.
34. SLUDER, E.R., D.F. OLSON, JR., AND T.W. JARRETT. 1961. Tests on direct seeding of oak in the Piedmont and Southern Appalachians of North Carolina. USDA For. Serv. Southeast For. Exp. Sta. Pap. 134. 12 p.
35. STEINER, K.C. 1995. Autumn predation of northern red oak seed crops. P. 489-494 in Proc. of the Tenth central hardwood for. conf., Gottschalk, K.W., and S.L.C. Fosbroke (eds.). USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-197.
36. ZACZEK, J.J., J. HARDING, AND J. WFLFLEY. 1997. Impact of soil scarification on the composition of regeneration and species diversity in an oak shelterwood. P. 341-348 in Proc. of the Eleventh central hardwood for. conf., Palardy, S.G., et al. (eds.). USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-188.
37. ZACZEK, J.J. 2002 Composition, diversity, and height of tree regeneration three years after soil scarification in a mixed-oak shelterwood. For. Ecol. Manage. 163:205-215.