An observational study of the relationship between excessively strong short rains in coastal East Africa and Indian ocean SST

Monthly Weather Review

Volumn 131, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 74-94

  Black, Emily ^a   Slingo, Julia ^a   Sperber, Kenneth R ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

^b LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MOISTURE; RAIN; WIND;

WESTERLY FLOWS;

WEATHER FORECASTING;

ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN SYSTEM; EL NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; RAINFALL; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TEMPERATURE ANOMALY;

(EAST); AFRICA; INDIAN OCEAN;

EID: 0042304146     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0074:AOSOTR>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Annamalai, H., J. M. Slingo, K. R. Sperber, and K. Hodges, 1999: The mean evolution and variability of the Asian summer monsoon: Comparison of ECMWF and NCEP-NCAR reanalyses. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1157-1186.
2. Clarke, A. J., and X. Liu, 1994: Interannual sea level in the northern and eastern Indian Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1224-1235.
3. Goddard, L., and N. E. Graham, 1999: Importance of the Indian Ocean for simulating rainfall anomalies over eastern and southern Africa. J. Geophys. Res., 104D, 19 099-19 116.
4. Hastenrath, S., A. Nicklis, and L. Greischar, 1993: Atmospheric-hydrospheric mechanisms of climate anomalies in the western equatorial Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 98D, 20 219-20 235.
5. Hulme, M., 1992: A 1951-80 global land precipitation climatology for the evaluation of general circulation models. Climate Dyn., 7, 57-72.
6. Hulme, M., 1994: Validation of large-scale precipitation fields in general circulation models. Global Precipitation and Climate Change. M. Desbois and F. Desalmand, Eds., Springer-Verlag, 387-404.
7. Indeje, M., and F. H. M. Semazzi, 2000: Relationships between QBO in the lower equatorial stratospheric zonal winds and east African seasonal rainfall. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 73, 227-244.
8. Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-471.
9. Kiladis, G. N., and H. F. Diaz, 1989: Global climatic anomalies associated with extremes in the Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 2, 1069-1090.
10. Latif, M., D. Dommenget, M. Dima, and A. Grotzner, 1999: The role of Indian Ocean sea surface temperature in forcing East African rainfall anomalies during December-January 1997/98. J. Climate, 2, 3497-3504.
11. Lindzen, R. S., and S. Nigam, 1987: On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low-level winds and convergence in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2418-2436.
12. Loschnigg, J., and P. J. Webster, 2000: A coupled ocean-atmosphere system of SST modulation for the Indian Ocean. J. Climate, 13, 3342-3360.
13. Meyers, G., 1996: Variation of Indonesian throughflow and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. J. Geophys. Res., 101C, 12 255-12 263.
14. Mutai, C. C., M. N. Ward, and A. W. Colman, 1998: Towards the prediction of the East Africa short rains based on sea-surface temperature-atmosphere coupling. Int. J. Climatol., 18, 975-997.
15. Nicholson, S. F., and E. Kim, 1997: The relationship of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation to African rainfall. Int. J. Climatol., 17, 117-135.
16. Nicholson, S. F., E. Kim, and J. Hoopingarner, 1988: Atlas of African Rainfall and Its Interannual Variability. Dept. of Meteorology, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 237 pp.
17. Ogallo, L., 1979: Rainfall variability in Africa. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 1133-1139.
18. Ogallo, L., 1989: The spatial and temporal patterns of the East-African seasonal rainfall derived from principal component analysis. Int. J. Climatol., 9, 145-167.
19. Parker, D. E., C. K. Folland, and M. Jackson, 1995: Marine surface temperature: Observed variations and data requirements. Climatic Change, 31, 559-600.
20. Philander, S. G., 1990: El Niño, La Niña and the Southern Oscillation. 1st ed. International Geophysics Series, Vol. 46, Academic Press. 289 pp.
21. Rasmusson, E. M., and T. H. Carpenter, 1983: The relationship between eastern equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures and rainfall over India and Sri Lanka. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 517-528.
22. Rowell, D. P., C. K. Folland, K. Maskell, and M. N. Ward, 1995: Variability of summer rainfall over tropical North Africa (1906-92): Observations and modelling. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 121, 669-704.
23. Saji, N. H., B. N. Goswami, P. N. Vinayachandran, and T. Yamagata, 1999: A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nature, 401, 360-363.
24. Slingo, J. M., and H. Annamalai, 2000: 1997: The El Niño of the century and the response of the Indian summer monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 1778-1797.
25. Tourre, Y. M., and W. B. White, 1995: ENSO signals in global upper-ocean temperature. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1317-1332.
26. Tourre, Y. M., and W. B. White, 1997: Evolution of the ENSO signal over the Indo-Pacific domain. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 683-696.
27. Wang, C. Z., and R. H. Weisberg, 2000: The 1997-98 El Niño evolution relative to previous El Niño events. J. Climate. 13, 488-501.
28. Webster, P. J., A. M. Moore, J. P. Loschnigg, and R. R. Leben, 1999: Coupled ocean-temperature dynamics in the Indian Ocean during 1997-98. Nature, 401, 356-360.
29. Wyrtki, K., 1987: Indonesian throughflow and the associated pressure-gradient. J. Geophys. Res., 92C, 12 941-12 946.
30. Xie, P.-P., and P. Arkin, 1997: Global precipitation: A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates and numerical model outputs. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 2539-2558.
31. Yu, L. S., and M. M. Rienecker, 1999: Mechanisms for the Indian Ocean warming during the 1997-98 El Niño. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 735-738.