Modern texts and their readers in late Ottoman Palestine

Middle Eastern Studies

Volumn 38, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 17-40

  Ayalon, Ami ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0042235807     PISSN: 00263206     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/714004491     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. 'Mawt al-adab fi filastin', al-Munadi, 21 May 1912, reproduced in Yaacov Yehoshua, Ta'rikh al-sihafa al-'arabiyya fi fi'lastin f'i'il-'ahd al-'uthmani (1908-1918) (Jerusalem: matba'at al-ma'arif, 1974), pp.171-2; Filastin (Jaffa), 15 July 1911, p.1. Similarly, Filastin, 22 July 1911, p.1; 2 Aug. 1911, p.1; al-Nafa'is al-'Asriyya, Sept. 1911, pp.377-80; and, sometime later, al-Zahra, 1922-23, pp.211-17.
2. 'Mawt al-adab fi filastin', al-Munadi, 21 May 1912, reproduced in Yaacov Yehoshua, Ta'rikh al-sihafa al-'arabiyya fi fi'lastin f'i'il-'ahd al-'uthmani (1908-1918) (Jerusalem: matba'at al-ma'arif, 1974), pp.171-2; Filastin (Jaffa), 15 July 1911, p.1. Similarly, Filastin, 22 July 1911, p.1; 2 Aug. 1911, p.1; al-Nafa'is al-'Asriyya, Sept. 1911, pp.377-80; and, sometime later, al-Zahra, 1922-23, pp.211-17.
3. 'Mawt al-adab fi filastin', al-Munadi, 21 May 1912, reproduced in Yaacov Yehoshua, Ta'rikh al-sihafa al-'arabiyya fi fi'lastin f'i'il-'ahd al-'uthmani (1908-1918) (Jerusalem: matba'at al-ma'arif, 1974), pp.171-2; Filastin (Jaffa), 15 July 1911, p.1. Similarly, Filastin, 22 July 1911, p.1; 2 Aug. 1911, p.1; al-Nafa'is al-'Asriyya, Sept. 1911, pp.377-80; and, sometime later, al-Zahra, 1922-23, pp.211-17.
4. 'Mawt al-adab fi filastin', al-Munadi, 21 May 1912, reproduced in Yaacov Yehoshua, Ta'rikh al-sihafa al-'arabiyya fi fi'lastin f'i'il-'ahd al-'uthmani (1908-1918) (Jerusalem: matba'at al-ma'arif, 1974), pp.171-2; Filastin (Jaffa), 15 July 1911, p.1. Similarly, Filastin, 22 July 1911, p.1; 2 Aug. 1911, p.1; al-Nafa'is al-'Asriyya, Sept. 1911, pp.377-80; and, sometime later, al-Zahra, 1922-23, pp.211-17.
5. 'Mawt al-adab fi filastin', al-Munadi, 21 May 1912, reproduced in Yaacov Yehoshua, Ta'rikh al-sihafa al-'arabiyya fi fi'lastin f'i'il-'ahd al-'uthmani (1908-1918) (Jerusalem: matba'at al-ma'arif, 1974), pp.171-2; Filastin (Jaffa), 15 July 1911, p.1. Similarly, Filastin, 22 July 1911, p.1; 2 Aug. 1911, p.1; al-Nafa'is al-'Asriyya, Sept. 1911, pp.377-80; and, sometime later, al-Zahra, 1922-23, pp.211-17.
6. 'Mawt al-adab fi filastin', al-Munadi, 21 May 1912, reproduced in Yaacov Yehoshua, Ta'rikh al-sihafa al-'arabiyya fi fi'lastin f'i'il-'ahd al-'uthmani (1908-1918) (Jerusalem: matba'at al-ma'arif, 1974), pp.171-2; Filastin (Jaffa), 15 July 1911, p.1. Similarly, Filastin, 22 July 1911, p.1; 2 Aug. 1911, p.1; al-Nafa'is al-'Asriyya, Sept. 1911, pp.377-80; and, sometime later, al-Zahra, 1922-23, pp.211-17.
7. I have preferred the name 'Lebanon' - a loose term prior to the First World War and specific only subsequently - to more accurate yet more cumbersome appellations. 'Palestine' here refers to the country in its mandatory configuration (i.e., east of the Jordan River).
8. R. Khalidi, Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997).
9. See Husam Khatib, Harakat al-tarjama al-filastiniyya: min al-nahda hatta awakhir al-qarn al-'ishrin (Beirut: al-muassasa al-'arabiyya lil-dirasat wal-nashr, 1995), Appendix.
10. Shaykh Muhammad al-Khalili, owner of an important collection in eighteenth-century Jerusalem, quoted in Kamil Jamil al-'Asali, Ma'ahid al-'ilm fi bayt al-maqdis (Amman: al-jami'a al-urduniyya, 1981), p.374. Similarly, 'Asali, 'al-Maktabat al-filastiniyya mundh al-fath al-'arabi al-islami hatta 1985', al-Mawsu'a al-filastiniyya Part 2 (al-dirasat al-khassa), Vol.3 (Beirut, 1990), p.292; Muhammad Kurd 'Ali, Khitat al-sham (Damascus: matba'at al-mufid, 1928), Vol.6, pp.196-200; Mohamed Maki Sibai, Mosque Libraries: An Historical Study (London and New York: Mansell, 1987), Ch.6;
11. Shaykh Muhammad al-Khalili, owner of an important collection in eighteenth-century Jerusalem, quoted in Kamil Jamil al-'Asali, Ma'ahid al-'ilm fi bayt al-maqdis (Amman: al-jami'a al-urduniyya, 1981), p.374. Similarly, 'Asali, 'al-Maktabat al-filastiniyya mundh al-fath al-'arabi al-islami hatta 1985', al-Mawsu'a al-filastiniyya Part 2 (al-dirasat al-khassa), Vol.3 (Beirut, 1990), p.292; Muhammad Kurd 'Ali, Khitat al-sham (Damascus: matba'at al-mufid, 1928), Vol.6, pp.196-200; Mohamed Maki Sibai, Mosque Libraries: An Historical Study (London and New York: Mansell, 1987), Ch.6;
12. Shaykh Muhammad al-Khalili, owner of an important collection in eighteenth-century Jerusalem, quoted in Kamil Jamil al-'Asali, Ma'ahid al-'ilm fi bayt al-maqdis (Amman: al-jami'a al-urduniyya, 1981), p.374. Similarly, 'Asali, 'al-Maktabat al-filastiniyya mundh al-fath al-'arabi al-islami hatta 1985', al-Mawsu'a al-filastiniyya Part 2 (al-dirasat al-khassa), Vol.3 (Beirut, 1990), p.292; Muhammad Kurd 'Ali, Khitat al-sham (Damascus: matba'at al-mufid, 1928), Vol.6, pp.196-200; Mohamed Maki Sibai, Mosque Libraries: An Historical Study (London and New York: Mansell, 1987), Ch.6;
13. Shaykh Muhammad al-Khalili, owner of an important collection in eighteenth-century Jerusalem, quoted in Kamil Jamil al-'Asali, Ma'ahid al-'ilm fi bayt al-maqdis (Amman: al-jami'a al-urduniyya, 1981), p.374. Similarly, 'Asali, 'al-Maktabat al-filastiniyya mundh al-fath al-'arabi al-islami hatta 1985', al-Mawsu'a al-filastiniyya Part 2 (al-dirasat al-khassa), Vol.3 (Beirut, 1990), p.292; Muhammad Kurd 'Ali, Khitat al-sham (Damascus: matba'at al-mufid, 1928), Vol.6, pp.196-200; Mohamed Maki Sibai, Mosque Libraries: An Historical Study (London and New York: Mansell, 1987), Ch.6;
14. Khadir Ibrahim Salama, Fihrist makhtutat al-maktaba al-budayriyya (Jerusalem: idarat al-awqaf al-'amma, 1987), Vol.1, pp.3-4;
15. idem, Fihris makhtutat maktabat al-masjid al-aqsa (Jerusalem: matba'at dar al-aytam, 2nd Edn. 1983), Vol.1, pp.9-11.
16. Details in Kurd 'Ali (note 5), pp.200-2; Salama, Vol.1, pp.6-13;
17. Details in Kurd 'Ali (note 5), pp.200-2; Salama, Vol.1, pp.6-13;
18. 'Asali, Ma'ahid al-'ilm, pp.388-92;
19. Hasan al-Husayni, Tarajim ahl al-quds fi'l-qarn al-thani 'ashar al-hijri (Amman: al-jami'a al-urduniyya, 1985), pp.71-7:
20. Mahmud 'Ali 'Atallah, Fihris makhtutat maktabat aal al-qamhawi bi-nablus (Amman: al-jami 'a al-urduniyya, 1992), Introduction.
21. Photography came to Palestine in the 1840s. We have numerous pictures taken in streets, marketplaces and other public places during the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth. They show that hardly any written Arabic signs existed in such places until the twentieth century. Early written signs, appearing toward the end of the previous century, were almost exclusively in foreign languages. See, for example, E. Schiller and M. Levin, Tsilumei eretz israel ha-rishonim (Tel Aviv: Misrad ha-Bitahon, 1991); J.M. Landau, Abdul-Hamid's Palestine (London: André Deutsch, 1979); I. Nasser, Photographing Jerusalem: The Image of the City in Nineteenth Century Photography (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); E.G. Matson, The Middle East in Pictures (New York: Arno Press, 1980), Vols.1 and 2; E. Onne, Photographic Heritage of the Holy Land 1839-1914 (Manchester: Institute for Advanced Studies, Polytechnic, 1980);
22. Photography came to Palestine in the 1840s. We have numerous pictures taken in streets, marketplaces and other public places during the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth. They show that hardly any written Arabic signs existed in such places until the twentieth century. Early written signs, appearing toward the end of the previous century, were almost exclusively in foreign languages. See, for example, E. Schiller and M. Levin, Tsilumei eretz israel ha-rishonim (Tel Aviv: Misrad ha-Bitahon, 1991); J.M. Landau, Abdul-Hamid's Palestine (London: André Deutsch, 1979); I. Nasser, Photographing Jerusalem: The Image of the City in Nineteenth Century Photography (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); E.G. Matson, The Middle East in Pictures (New York: Arno Press, 1980), Vols.1 and 2; E. Onne, Photographic Heritage of the Holy Land 1839-1914 (Manchester: Institute for Advanced Studies, Polytechnic, 1980);
23. Photography came to Palestine in the 1840s. We have numerous pictures taken in streets, marketplaces and other public places during the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth. They show that hardly any written Arabic signs existed in such places until the twentieth century. Early written signs, appearing toward the end of the previous century, were almost exclusively in foreign languages. See, for example, E. Schiller and M. Levin, Tsilumei eretz israel ha-rishonim (Tel Aviv: Misrad ha-Bitahon, 1991); J.M. Landau, Abdul-Hamid's Palestine (London: André Deutsch, 1979); I. Nasser, Photographing Jerusalem: The Image of the City in Nineteenth Century Photography (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); E.G. Matson, The Middle East in Pictures (New York: Arno Press, 1980), Vols.1 and 2; E. Onne, Photographic Heritage of the Holy Land 1839-1914 (Manchester: Institute for Advanced Studies, Polytechnic, 1980);
24. Photography came to Palestine in the 1840s. We have numerous pictures taken in streets, marketplaces and other public places during the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth. They show that hardly any written Arabic signs existed in such places until the twentieth century. Early written signs, appearing toward the end of the previous century, were almost exclusively in foreign languages. See, for example, E. Schiller and M. Levin, Tsilumei eretz israel ha-rishonim (Tel Aviv: Misrad ha-Bitahon, 1991); J.M. Landau, Abdul-Hamid's Palestine (London: André Deutsch, 1979); I. Nasser, Photographing Jerusalem: The Image of the City in Nineteenth Century Photography (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); E.G. Matson, The Middle East in Pictures (New York: Arno Press, 1980), Vols.1 and 2; E. Onne, Photographic Heritage of the Holy Land 1839-1914 (Manchester: Institute for Advanced Studies, Polytechnic, 1980);
25. Photography came to Palestine in the 1840s. We have numerous pictures taken in streets, marketplaces and other public places during the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth. They show that hardly any written Arabic signs existed in such places until the twentieth century. Early written signs, appearing toward the end of the previous century, were almost exclusively in foreign languages. See, for example, E. Schiller and M. Levin, Tsilumei eretz israel ha-rishonim (Tel Aviv: Misrad ha-Bitahon, 1991); J.M. Landau, Abdul-Hamid's Palestine (London: André Deutsch, 1979); I. Nasser, Photographing Jerusalem: The Image of the City in Nineteenth Century Photography (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); E.G. Matson, The Middle East in Pictures (New York: Arno Press, 1980), Vols.1 and 2; E. Onne, Photographic Heritage of the Holy Land 1839-1914 (Manchester: Institute for Advanced Studies, Polytechnic, 1980);
26. In Arab Lands: The Bonfils Collection of the University of Pennsylvania Museum (Cairo: Zeitouna Press, 1999);
27. K. Gröber, Palästina, Arabien und Syrien: Baukunst, Landschaft, Volksleben (Berlin: Ernst Wasmuth, 1925).
28. For example, R. Darnton, The Business of Enlightenment (Cambridge: Belknap, 1979); R. Chartier, The Culture of Print: Power and the Use of Print in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989); J.S. Allen, In the Public Eye: A History of Reading in Modern France, 1800-1940 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991).
29. For example, R. Darnton, The Business of Enlightenment (Cambridge: Belknap, 1979); R. Chartier, The Culture of Print: Power and the Use of Print in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989); J.S. Allen, In the Public Eye: A History of Reading in Modern France, 1800-1940 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991).
30. For example, R. Darnton, The Business of Enlightenment (Cambridge: Belknap, 1979); R. Chartier, The Culture of Print: Power and the Use of Print in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989); J.S. Allen, In the Public Eye: A History of Reading in Modern France, 1800-1940 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991).
31. Al-Maktaba al-Khalidiyya, Barnamaj al-maktaba al-khalidiyya (Jerusalem: matba'at Jurji Habib Hananya, 1900); L.I. Conrad, 'The Khalidi Library', in S. Auld and R. Hillenbrand (eds.), Ottoman Jerusalem (London: Altajir World of Islam Trust, 2000), pp.191-209; L I. Conrad and B. Kellner-Heinkele, 'Ottoman Resources in the Khalidi Library in Jerusalem', in A. Singer and A. Cohen (eds.), Aspects of Ottoman History: Papers from CIEPO IX, Jerusalem (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1994), pp.280-93. The Khalidiyya catalogue lists a total of 1,156 items, but indicates (p.78) that many other books were left out for various reasons. See also Khalidi (note 3), pp.43-6, 54-5. Details on the more traditional part of the collection may be found in Kurd 'Ali (note 5), pp.200-1; 'Abdallah Mukhlis, 'Khaza'in al-kutub al-'arabiyya: nafa'is al-khizana al-khalidiyya fi'l-quds al-sharif', Majallat al-majma al-'ilmi al-'arabi (Damascus), Aug. 1924, pp.366-9; Filib di Tarrazi, Khaza'in al-kutub al-'arabiyya fi'l-khafiqayn (Beirut: wizarat al-tarbiyya al-wataniyya wal-funun al-jamila, 1948), Vol.1, pp.142-3.
32. Al-Maktaba al-Khalidiyya, Barnamaj al-maktaba al-khalidiyya (Jerusalem: matba'at Jurji Habib Hananya, 1900); L.I. Conrad, 'The Khalidi Library', in S. Auld and R. Hillenbrand (eds.), Ottoman Jerusalem (London: Altajir World of Islam Trust, 2000), pp.191-209; L I. Conrad and B. Kellner-Heinkele, 'Ottoman Resources in the Khalidi Library in Jerusalem', in A. Singer and A. Cohen (eds.), Aspects of Ottoman History: Papers from CIEPO IX, Jerusalem (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1994), pp.280-93. The Khalidiyya catalogue lists a total of 1,156 items, but indicates (p.78) that many other books were left out for various reasons. See also Khalidi (note 3), pp.43-6, 54-5. Details on the more traditional part of the collection may be found in Kurd 'Ali (note 5), pp.200-1; 'Abdallah Mukhlis, 'Khaza'in al-kutub al-'arabiyya: nafa'is al-khizana al-khalidiyya fi'l-quds al-sharif', Majallat al-majma al-'ilmi al-'arabi (Damascus), Aug. 1924, pp.366-9; Filib di Tarrazi, Khaza'in al-kutub al-'arabiyya fi'l-khafiqayn (Beirut: wizarat al-tarbiyya al-wataniyya wal-funun al-jamila, 1948), Vol.1, pp.142-3.
33. Al-Maktaba al-Khalidiyya, Barnamaj al-maktaba al-khalidiyya (Jerusalem: matba'at Jurji Habib Hananya, 1900); L.I. Conrad, 'The Khalidi Library', in S. Auld and R. Hillenbrand (eds.), Ottoman Jerusalem (London: Altajir World of Islam Trust, 2000), pp.191-209; L I. Conrad and B. Kellner-Heinkele, 'Ottoman Resources in the Khalidi Library in Jerusalem', in A. Singer and A. Cohen (eds.), Aspects of Ottoman History: Papers from CIEPO IX, Jerusalem (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1994), pp.280-93. The Khalidiyya catalogue lists a total of 1,156 items, but indicates (p.78) that many other books were left out for various reasons. See also Khalidi (note 3), pp.43-6, 54-5. Details on the more traditional part of the collection may be found in Kurd 'Ali (note 5), pp.200-1; 'Abdallah Mukhlis, 'Khaza'in al-kutub al-'arabiyya: nafa'is al-khizana al-khalidiyya fi'l-quds al-sharif', Majallat al-majma al-'ilmi al-'arabi (Damascus), Aug. 1924, pp.366-9; Filib di Tarrazi, Khaza'in al-kutub al-'arabiyya fi'l-khafiqayn (Beirut: wizarat al-tarbiyya al-wataniyya wal-funun al-jamila, 1948), Vol.1, pp.142-3.
34. Al-Maktaba al-Khalidiyya, Barnamaj al-maktaba al-khalidiyya (Jerusalem: matba'at Jurji Habib Hananya, 1900); L.I. Conrad, 'The Khalidi Library', in S. Auld and R. Hillenbrand (eds.), Ottoman Jerusalem (London: Altajir World of Islam Trust, 2000), pp.191-209; L I. Conrad and B. Kellner-Heinkele, 'Ottoman Resources in the Khalidi Library in Jerusalem', in A. Singer and A. Cohen (eds.), Aspects of Ottoman History: Papers from CIEPO IX, Jerusalem (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1994), pp.280-93. The Khalidiyya catalogue lists a total of 1,156 items, but indicates (p.78) that many other books were left out for various reasons. See also Khalidi (note 3), pp.43-6, 54-5. Details on the more traditional part of the collection may be found in Kurd 'Ali (note 5), pp.200-1; 'Abdallah Mukhlis, 'Khaza'in al-kutub al-'arabiyya: nafa'is al-khizana al-khalidiyya fi'l-quds al-sharif', Majallat al-majma al-'ilmi al-'arabi (Damascus), Aug. 1924, pp.366-9; Filib di Tarrazi, Khaza'in al-kutub al-'arabiyya fi'l-khafiqayn (Beirut: wizarat al-tarbiyya al-wataniyya wal-funun al-jamila, 1948), Vol.1, pp.142-3.
35. Al-Maktaba al-Khalidiyya, Barnamaj al-maktaba al-khalidiyya (Jerusalem: matba'at Jurji Habib Hananya, 1900); L.I. Conrad, 'The Khalidi Library', in S. Auld and R. Hillenbrand (eds.), Ottoman Jerusalem (London: Altajir World of Islam Trust, 2000), pp.191-209; L I. Conrad and B. Kellner-Heinkele, 'Ottoman Resources in the Khalidi Library in Jerusalem', in A. Singer and A. Cohen (eds.), Aspects of Ottoman History: Papers from CIEPO IX, Jerusalem (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1994), pp.280-93. The Khalidiyya catalogue lists a total of 1,156 items, but indicates (p.78) that many other books were left out for various reasons. See also Khalidi (note 3), pp.43-6, 54-5. Details on the more traditional part of the collection may be found in Kurd 'Ali (note 5), pp.200-1; 'Abdallah Mukhlis, 'Khaza'in al-kutub al-'arabiyya: nafa'is al-khizana al-khalidiyya fi'l-quds al-sharif', Majallat al-majma al-'ilmi al-'arabi (Damascus), Aug. 1924, pp.366-9; Filib di Tarrazi, Khaza'in al-kutub al-'arabiyya fi'l-khafiqayn (Beirut: wizarat al-tarbiyya al-wataniyya wal-funun al-jamila, 1948), Vol.1, pp.142-3.
36. Al-Maktaba al-Khalidiyya, Barnamaj al-maktaba al-khalidiyya (Jerusalem: matba'at Jurji Habib Hananya, 1900); L.I. Conrad, 'The Khalidi Library', in S. Auld and R. Hillenbrand (eds.), Ottoman Jerusalem (London: Altajir World of Islam Trust, 2000), pp.191-209; L I. Conrad and B. Kellner-Heinkele, 'Ottoman Resources in the Khalidi Library in Jerusalem', in A. Singer and A. Cohen (eds.), Aspects of Ottoman History: Papers from CIEPO IX, Jerusalem (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1994), pp.280-93. The Khalidiyya catalogue lists a total of 1,156 items, but indicates (p.78) that many other books were left out for various reasons. See also Khalidi (note 3), pp.43-6, 54-5. Details on the more traditional part of the collection may be found in Kurd 'Ali (note 5), pp.200-1; 'Abdallah Mukhlis, 'Khaza'in al-kutub al-'arabiyya: nafa'is al-khizana al-khalidiyya fi'l-quds al-sharif', Majallat al-majma al-'ilmi al-'arabi (Damascus), Aug. 1924, pp.366-9; Filib di Tarrazi, Khaza'in al-kutub al-'arabiyya fi'l-khafiqayn (Beirut: wizarat al-tarbiyya al-wataniyya wal-funun al-jamila, 1948), Vol.1, pp.142-3.
37. Barnamaj al-maktaba al-khalidiyya, pp.55-7.
38. Conrad and Kellner-Hinkele (note 9), pp.292-3, and personal communication with L. Conrad; Khalidi (note 3), pp.44-5, 54.
39. Khalidi (note 3), p.54, and details in notes 62 and 63.
40. See the introduction section in the following catalogues by 'Atallah: Fihris al-makhtutat, maktabat masjid al-hajj nimr al-nabulusi fi nablus (Amman: majma'al-lugha al-'arabiyya al-urduni, 1983); Fihris makhtutat maktabat al-haram al-ibrahimi - al-khalil (Nablus: jami'at al-najah, 1983); Fihrist makhtutat al-maktaba al-jawhariyya (Nablus: jami'at al-najah, 1990); Fihris makhtutat maktabat aal al-kamhawi fi-nablus (Amman: al-jami'a al-urduniyya, 1992); Fihris makhtutat all tuffaha bi-nablus (Nablus: jami'at al-najah, 1993). Similarly, Salama, Makhtutat al-maktaba al-budayriyya and Makhtutat maktabat al-masjid al-aqsa.
41. See the introduction section in the following catalogues by 'Atallah: Fihris al-makhtutat, maktabat masjid al-hajj nimr al-nabulusi fi nablus (Amman: majma'al-lugha al-'arabiyya al-urduni, 1983); Fihris makhtutat maktabat al-haram al-ibrahimi - al-khalil (Nablus: jami'at al-najah, 1983); Fihrist makhtutat al-maktaba al-jawhariyya (Nablus: jami'at al-najah, 1990); Fihris makhtutat maktabat aal al-kamhawi fi-nablus (Amman: al-jami'a al-urduniyya, 1992); Fihris makhtutat all tuffaha bi-nablus (Nablus: jami'at al-najah, 1993). Similarly, Salama, Makhtutat al-maktaba al-budayriyya and Makhtutat maktabat al-masjid al-aqsa.
42. See the introduction section in the following catalogues by 'Atallah: Fihris al-makhtutat, maktabat masjid al-hajj nimr al-nabulusi fi nablus (Amman: majma'al-lugha al-'arabiyya al-urduni, 1983); Fihris makhtutat maktabat al-haram al-ibrahimi - al-khalil (Nablus: jami'at al-najah, 1983); Fihrist makhtutat al-maktaba al-jawhariyya (Nablus: jami'at al-najah, 1990); Fihris makhtutat maktabat aal al-kamhawi fi-nablus (Amman: al-jami'a al-urduniyya, 1992); Fihris makhtutat all tuffaha bi-nablus (Nablus: jami'at al-najah, 1993). Similarly, Salama, Makhtutat al-maktaba al-budayriyya and Makhtutat maktabat al-masjid al-aqsa.
43. See the introduction section in the following catalogues by 'Atallah: Fihris al-makhtutat, maktabat masjid al-hajj nimr al-nabulusi fi nablus (Amman: majma'al-lugha al-'arabiyya al-urduni, 1983); Fihris makhtutat maktabat al-haram al-ibrahimi - al-khalil (Nablus: jami'at al-najah, 1983); Fihrist makhtutat al-maktaba al-jawhariyya (Nablus: jami'at al-najah, 1990); Fihris makhtutat maktabat aal al-kamhawi fi-nablus (Amman: al-jami'a al-urduniyya, 1992); Fihris makhtutat all tuffaha bi-nablus (Nablus: jami'at al-najah, 1993). Similarly, Salama, Makhtutat al-maktaba al-budayriyya and Makhtutat maktabat al-masjid al-aqsa.
44. See the introduction section in the following catalogues by 'Atallah: Fihris al-makhtutat, maktabat masjid al-hajj nimr al-nabulusi fi nablus (Amman: majma'al-lugha al-'arabiyya al-urduni, 1983); Fihris makhtutat maktabat al-haram al-ibrahimi - al-khalil (Nablus: jami'at al-najah, 1983); Fihrist makhtutat al-maktaba al-jawhariyya (Nablus: jami'at al-najah, 1990); Fihris makhtutat maktabat aal al-kamhawi fi-nablus (Amman: al-jami'a al-urduniyya, 1992); Fihris makhtutat all tuffaha bi-nablus (Nablus: jami'at al-najah, 1993). Similarly, Salama, Makhtutat al-maktaba al-budayriyya and Makhtutat maktabat al-masjid al-aqsa.
45. See the introduction section in the following catalogues by 'Atallah: Fihris al-makhtutat, maktabat masjid al-hajj nimr al-nabulusi fi nablus (Amman: majma'al-lugha al-'arabiyya al-urduni, 1983); Fihris makhtutat maktabat al-haram al-ibrahimi - al-khalil (Nablus: jami'at al-najah, 1983); Fihrist makhtutat al-maktaba al-jawhariyya (Nablus: jami'at al-najah, 1990); Fihris makhtutat maktabat aal al-kamhawi fi-nablus (Amman: al-jami'a al-urduniyya, 1992); Fihris makhtutat all tuffaha bi-nablus (Nablus: jami'at al-najah, 1993). Similarly, Salama, Makhtutat al-maktaba al-budayriyya and Makhtutat maktabat al-masjid al-aqsa.
46. 'Atallah, Makhtutat maktabat al-haram al-ibrahimi, p.5.
47. Ihsan al-Nimr, Ta'rikh jabal nablus wal-balqa' (Nablus: matba'at jam'iyyat 'ummal al-matabi'al-ta'awwuniyya, 1975), Vol.4, p.19. Similarly, Yehoshua, pp.100, 168-9, 170, 172; Ruhi al-Khalidi, quoted in Nasir al-Din al-Asad, Muhadarat 'an Khalil Baydas, ra'id al-qissa al-'arabiyya al-haditha fi filastin (Cairo: jami'at al-duwal al-'arabiyya, 1963), p.11; Muhammad 'Izzat Darwaza, Mudhakkirat 1305-1404/1887-1984 (Beirut: dar al-gharb al-Islami, 1993), Vol.1, pp.177, 179; Qustandi Shumali, al-Ittijahat al-adabiyya wal-naqdiyya fi filastin (Jerusalem: dar al-'awda, 1990), p.26.
48. Ihsan al-Nimr, Ta'rikh jabal nablus wal-balqa' (Nablus: matba'at jam'iyyat 'ummal al-matabi'al-ta'awwuniyya, 1975), Vol.4, p.19. Similarly, Yehoshua, pp.100, 168-9, 170, 172; Ruhi al-Khalidi, quoted in Nasir al-Din al-Asad, Muhadarat 'an Khalil Baydas, ra'id al-qissa al-'arabiyya al-haditha fi filastin (Cairo: jami'at al-duwal al-'arabiyya, 1963), p.11; Muhammad 'Izzat Darwaza, Mudhakkirat 1305-1404/1887-1984 (Beirut: dar al-gharb al-Islami, 1993), Vol.1, pp.177, 179; Qustandi Shumali, al-Ittijahat al-adabiyya wal-naqdiyya fi filastin (Jerusalem: dar al-'awda, 1990), p.26.
49. Ihsan al-Nimr, Ta'rikh jabal nablus wal-balqa' (Nablus: matba'at jam'iyyat 'ummal al-matabi'al-ta'awwuniyya, 1975), Vol.4, p.19. Similarly, Yehoshua, pp.100, 168-9, 170, 172; Ruhi al-Khalidi, quoted in Nasir al-Din al-Asad, Muhadarat 'an Khalil Baydas, ra'id al-qissa al-'arabiyya al-haditha fi filastin (Cairo: jami'at al-duwal al-'arabiyya, 1963), p.11; Muhammad 'Izzat Darwaza, Mudhakkirat 1305-1404/1887-1984 (Beirut: dar al-gharb al-Islami, 1993), Vol.1, pp.177, 179; Qustandi Shumali, al-Ittijahat al-adabiyya wal-naqdiyya fi filastin (Jerusalem: dar al-'awda, 1990), p.26.
50. Ihsan al-Nimr, Ta'rikh jabal nablus wal-balqa' (Nablus: matba'at jam'iyyat 'ummal al-matabi'al-ta'awwuniyya, 1975), Vol.4, p.19. Similarly, Yehoshua, pp.100, 168-9, 170, 172; Ruhi al-Khalidi, quoted in Nasir al-Din al-Asad, Muhadarat 'an Khalil Baydas, ra'id al-qissa al-'arabiyya al-haditha fi filastin (Cairo: jami'at al-duwal al-'arabiyya, 1963), p.11; Muhammad 'Izzat Darwaza, Mudhakkirat 1305-1404/1887-1984 (Beirut: dar al-gharb al-Islami, 1993), Vol.1, pp.177, 179; Qustandi Shumali, al-Ittijahat al-adabiyya wal-naqdiyya fi filastin (Jerusalem: dar al-'awda, 1990), p.26.
51. Ihsan al-Nimr, Ta'rikh jabal nablus wal-balqa' (Nablus: matba'at jam'iyyat 'ummal al-matabi'al-ta'awwuniyya, 1975), Vol.4, p.19. Similarly, Yehoshua, pp.100, 168-9, 170, 172; Ruhi al-Khalidi, quoted in Nasir al-Din al-Asad, Muhadarat 'an Khalil Baydas, ra'id al-qissa al-'arabiyya al-haditha fi filastin (Cairo: jami'at al-duwal al-'arabiyya, 1963), p.11; Muhammad 'Izzat Darwaza, Mudhakkirat 1305-1404/1887-1984 (Beirut: dar al-gharb al-Islami, 1993), Vol.1, pp.177, 179; Qustandi Shumali, al-Ittijahat al-adabiyya wal-naqdiyya fi filastin (Jerusalem: dar al-'awda, 1990), p.26.
52. Yehoshua, pp.168-9.
53. Hadiqat al-Akhbar, 12 Jan. 1865, p.1.
54. Albert Hourani, 'Bustani's Encyclopaedia', Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol.1, No.1 (1990), pp.111-19.
55. Al-Jinan, Vol.5, 15 May 1874, announcement between pages 328-9. Bustani first proposed to call it al-Kawthar, after one of the rivers of paradise, but changed is to Da'irat al-Ma'arif' before the first volume came out. See al-Jinan, Vol.5, 15 Nov. 1874, facing p.757.
56. Al-Jinan, Vol.5, 15 May 1874, announcement between pages 328-9. Bustani first proposed to call it al-Kawthar, after one of the rivers of paradise, but changed is to Da'irat al-Ma'arif' before the first volume came out. See al-Jinan, Vol.5, 15 Nov. 1874, facing p.757.
57. The lists usually appeared on the inside cover of the journal. In the Princeton copy, the first 12 volumes include issues with their outer cover, while subsequent volumes are bound without them. The British Library volumes are bound with the outer covers throughout, with occasional exceptions (they are missing in most of volume 11, for 1880). Microfilm copies of the journal in the library collections of the University of Chicago and the University of Haifa have no outer covers.
58. Since the lists at our disposal are less than complete, it is conceivable that the Khalidi family name appeared in one of the few issues not consulted in this research. The chance for that is not high, however, given their absence from subsequent lists of payers.
59. Majalla 'ilmiyya, adabiyya, sihhiyya, sina'iyya. See also Table 1 note **.
60. Al-Diya', Vol.1, p.256; Vol.2, pp.277-8, 341-2, 404, 438, 728; Vol.3, pp.498, 533, 684-86; Vol.4, pp.181, 242, 375; Vol.5, pp.53, 342; Vol.6, pp.53, 86, 148; Vol.8, pp.178, 498-9.
61. Thus, if a person presented several queries in the same issue, his place of residence would be mentioned only once and he was counted here only once. On the other hand, if a person repeatedly approached the journal in different issues, each separate occurrence of his name was counted.
62. Names mentioned in Table 1 note*** are not included in this count.
63. For some of the prominent cultural figures in pre-1908 Palestine, see Yehoshua, pp.100, 168; 'Ali Muhafaza, al-Harakat al-fikriyya fi 'asr al-nahda fi filastin wal-urdun (Beirut: al-Ahliyya lil-nashr, 1987), pp.55-6.
64. For some of the prominent cultural figures in pre-1908 Palestine, see Yehoshua, pp.100, 168; 'Ali Muhafaza, al-Harakat al-fikriyya fi 'asr al-nahda fi filastin wal-urdun (Beirut: al-Ahliyya lil-nashr, 1987), pp.55-6.
65. For a discussion of some of the problems of 'literacy' as a concept, see B.V. Street, Literacy in Theory and Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), especially Chs.4 and 5; P.J. Griffiths, Religious Reading: The Place of Reading in the Practice of Religion (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), especially Ch.2.
66. For a discussion of some of the problems of 'literacy' as a concept, see B.V. Street, Literacy in Theory and Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), especially Chs.4 and 5; P.J. Griffiths, Religious Reading: The Place of Reading in the Practice of Religion (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), especially Ch.2.
67. A[bdul] L[atif] Tibawi, Arab Education in Mandatory Palestine (London: Luzac, 1956), pp.20, 270-71; M.F. Abcarius, Through the Fog of Propaganda (London: Hutchinson, 1946), p.101;
68. A[bdul] L[atif] Tibawi, Arab Education in Mandatory Palestine (London: Luzac, 1956), pp.20, 270-71; M.F. Abcarius, Through the Fog of Propaganda (London: Hutchinson, 1946), p.101;
69. Kamil al-'Asali, 'al-Ta'lim fi filastin min al-fath al-islami hatta bidayat al-'asr al-hadith', al-Mawsu'a al-filastiniyya, Part 2 (al-dirasat al-khassa), Vol.3 (Beirut, 1990), pp.24-7.
70. According to an official Ottoman evaluation from 1914, to be taken as indicating no more than a rough scale, some 8,700 pupils were attending 379 'private schools' in Palestine in 1914, the overwhelming majority of them kuttabs. See Tibawi (note 28), p.20.
71. C. Issawi, The Fertile Crescent, 1800-1914 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), p.34.
72. Issawi (note 30), pp.34, 90-91, 428. Issawi's tables are often lacking with regard to Palestine, but reasonable inferences may be made from data on other places in the Fertile Crescent.
73. Al-Jinan, Vol.5, 15 May 1874, announcement between pp.328-9.
74. Yusuf al-Khuri, al-Sihafa al-'arabiyya fi filastin, 1876-1948 (Beirut: mu'assasat al-dirasat al-filastiniyyah, 1976), pp.7ff.