Unions and cold war foreign policy in the 1980s: The National Labor Committee, the AFL-CIO, and Central America

Diplomatic History

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 419-451

  Battista, Andrew ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0042235743     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-7709.00318     Document Type: Review

References (293)

1. Among the many works that treat the relationship of American labor to the Cold War are: Ronald Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy: The Cold War in the Unions from Gompers to Lovestone (New York, 1969); Bert Cochran, Labor and Communism: The Conflict that Shaped American Unions (Princeton, NJ, 1977); and Robert H. Zieger, American Workers, American Unions (Baltimore, 1994), 2d ed. On West European labor movements and the Cold War, see Adolph Sturmthal, Left of Center: European Labor Since World War II (Urbana, IL, 1983), and Denis MacShane, International Labour and the Origins of the Cold War (Oxford, 1992). The differences between the AFL and CIO versions of anticommunist foreign policy are examined in John P. Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor," Political Science Quarterly 82 (June 1967): 205-34; and Robert H. Zieger, The CIO, 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1995), 328-32. On union opposition to the Vietnam War, see Philip S. Foner, American Labor and the Indochina War: The Growth of Union Opposition (New York, 1971) and Peter B. Levy, Tbe New Left and Labor in the 1960s (Urbana, IL, 1994), ch. 3.
2. Among the many works that treat the relationship of American labor to the Cold War are: Ronald Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy: The Cold War in the Unions from Gompers to Lovestone (New York, 1969); Bert Cochran, Labor and Communism: The Conflict that Shaped American Unions (Princeton, NJ, 1977); and Robert H. Zieger, American Workers, American Unions (Baltimore, 1994), 2d ed. On West European labor movements and the Cold War, see Adolph Sturmthal, Left of Center: European Labor Since World War II (Urbana, IL, 1983), and Denis MacShane, International Labour and the Origins of the Cold War (Oxford, 1992). The differences between the AFL and CIO versions of anticommunist foreign policy are examined in John P. Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor," Political Science Quarterly 82 (June 1967): 205-34; and Robert H. Zieger, The CIO, 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1995), 328-32. On union opposition to the Vietnam War, see Philip S. Foner, American Labor and the Indochina War: The Growth of Union Opposition (New York, 1971) and Peter B. Levy, Tbe New Left and Labor in the 1960s (Urbana, IL, 1994), ch. 3.
3. Among the many works that treat the relationship of American labor to the Cold War are: Ronald Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy: The Cold War in the Unions from Gompers to Lovestone (New York, 1969); Bert Cochran, Labor and Communism: The Conflict that Shaped American Unions (Princeton, NJ, 1977); and Robert H. Zieger, American Workers, American Unions (Baltimore, 1994), 2d ed. On West European labor movements and the Cold War, see Adolph Sturmthal, Left of Center: European Labor Since World War II (Urbana, IL, 1983), and Denis MacShane, International Labour and the Origins of the Cold War (Oxford, 1992). The differences between the AFL and CIO versions of anticommunist foreign policy are examined in John P. Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor," Political Science Quarterly 82 (June 1967): 205-34; and Robert H. Zieger, The CIO, 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1995), 328-32. On union opposition to the Vietnam War, see Philip S. Foner, American Labor and the Indochina War: The Growth of Union Opposition (New York, 1971) and Peter B. Levy, Tbe New Left and Labor in the 1960s (Urbana, IL, 1994), ch. 3.
4. Among the many works that treat the relationship of American labor to the Cold War are: Ronald Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy: The Cold War in the Unions from Gompers to Lovestone (New York, 1969); Bert Cochran, Labor and Communism: The Conflict that Shaped American Unions (Princeton, NJ, 1977); and Robert H. Zieger, American Workers, American Unions (Baltimore, 1994), 2d ed. On West European labor movements and the Cold War, see Adolph Sturmthal, Left of Center: European Labor Since World War II (Urbana, IL, 1983), and Denis MacShane, International Labour and the Origins of the Cold War (Oxford, 1992). The differences between the AFL and CIO versions of anticommunist foreign policy are examined in John P. Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor," Political Science Quarterly 82 (June 1967): 205-34; and Robert H. Zieger, The CIO, 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1995), 328-32. On union opposition to the Vietnam War, see Philip S. Foner, American Labor and the Indochina War: The Growth of Union Opposition (New York, 1971) and Peter B. Levy, Tbe New Left and Labor in the 1960s (Urbana, IL, 1994), ch. 3.
5. Among the many works that treat the relationship of American labor to the Cold War are: Ronald Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy: The Cold War in the Unions from Gompers to Lovestone (New York, 1969); Bert Cochran, Labor and Communism: The Conflict that Shaped American Unions (Princeton, NJ, 1977); and Robert H. Zieger, American Workers, American Unions (Baltimore, 1994), 2d ed. On West European labor movements and the Cold War, see Adolph Sturmthal, Left of Center: European Labor Since World War II (Urbana, IL, 1983), and Denis MacShane, International Labour and the Origins of the Cold War (Oxford, 1992). The differences between the AFL and CIO versions of anticommunist foreign policy are examined in John P. Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor," Political Science Quarterly 82 (June 1967): 205-34; and Robert H. Zieger, The CIO, 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1995), 328-32. On union opposition to the Vietnam War, see Philip S. Foner, American Labor and the Indochina War: The Growth of Union Opposition (New York, 1971) and Peter B. Levy, Tbe New Left and Labor in the 1960s (Urbana, IL, 1994), ch. 3.
6. Among the many works that treat the relationship of American labor to the Cold War are: Ronald Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy: The Cold War in the Unions from Gompers to Lovestone (New York, 1969); Bert Cochran, Labor and Communism: The Conflict that Shaped American Unions (Princeton, NJ, 1977); and Robert H. Zieger, American Workers, American Unions (Baltimore, 1994), 2d ed. On West European labor movements and the Cold War, see Adolph Sturmthal, Left of Center: European Labor Since World War II (Urbana, IL, 1983), and Denis MacShane, International Labour and the Origins of the Cold War (Oxford, 1992). The differences between the AFL and CIO versions of anticommunist foreign policy are examined in John P. Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor," Political Science Quarterly 82 (June 1967): 205-34; and Robert H. Zieger, The CIO, 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1995), 328-32. On union opposition to the Vietnam War, see Philip S. Foner, American Labor and the Indochina War: The Growth of Union Opposition (New York, 1971) and Peter B. Levy, Tbe New Left and Labor in the 1960s (Urbana, IL, 1994), ch. 3.
7. Among the many works that treat the relationship of American labor to the Cold War are: Ronald Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy: The Cold War in the Unions from Gompers to Lovestone (New York, 1969); Bert Cochran, Labor and Communism: The Conflict that Shaped American Unions (Princeton, NJ, 1977); and Robert H. Zieger, American Workers, American Unions (Baltimore, 1994), 2d ed. On West European labor movements and the Cold War, see Adolph Sturmthal, Left of Center: European Labor Since World War II (Urbana, IL, 1983), and Denis MacShane, International Labour and the Origins of the Cold War (Oxford, 1992). The differences between the AFL and CIO versions of anticommunist foreign policy are examined in John P. Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor," Political Science Quarterly 82 (June 1967): 205-34; and Robert H. Zieger, The CIO, 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1995), 328-32. On union opposition to the Vietnam War, see Philip S. Foner, American Labor and the Indochina War: The Growth of Union Opposition (New York, 1971) and Peter B. Levy, Tbe New Left and Labor in the 1960s (Urbana, IL, 1994), ch. 3.
8. Among the many works that treat the relationship of American labor to the Cold War are: Ronald Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy: The Cold War in the Unions from Gompers to Lovestone (New York, 1969); Bert Cochran, Labor and Communism: The Conflict that Shaped American Unions (Princeton, NJ, 1977); and Robert H. Zieger, American Workers, American Unions (Baltimore, 1994), 2d ed. On West European labor movements and the Cold War, see Adolph Sturmthal, Left of Center: European Labor Since World War II (Urbana, IL, 1983), and Denis MacShane, International Labour and the Origins of the Cold War (Oxford, 1992). The differences between the AFL and CIO versions of anticommunist foreign policy are examined in John P. Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor," Political Science Quarterly 82 (June 1967): 205-34; and Robert H. Zieger, The CIO, 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1995), 328-32. On union opposition to the Vietnam War, see Philip S. Foner, American Labor and the Indochina War: The Growth of Union Opposition (New York, 1971) and Peter B. Levy, Tbe New Left and Labor in the 1960s (Urbana, IL, 1994), ch. 3.
9. Among the many works that treat the relationship of American labor to the Cold War are: Ronald Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy: The Cold War in the Unions from Gompers to Lovestone (New York, 1969); Bert Cochran, Labor and Communism: The Conflict that Shaped American Unions (Princeton, NJ, 1977); and Robert H. Zieger, American Workers, American Unions (Baltimore, 1994), 2d ed. On West European labor movements and the Cold War, see Adolph Sturmthal, Left of Center: European Labor Since World War II (Urbana, IL, 1983), and Denis MacShane, International Labour and the Origins of the Cold War (Oxford, 1992). The differences between the AFL and CIO versions of anticommunist foreign policy are examined in John P. Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor," Political Science Quarterly 82 (June 1967): 205-34; and Robert H. Zieger, The CIO, 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1995), 328-32. On union opposition to the Vietnam War, see Philip S. Foner, American Labor and the Indochina War: The Growth of Union Opposition (New York, 1971) and Peter B. Levy, Tbe New Left and Labor in the 1960s (Urbana, IL, 1994), ch. 3.
10. Two valuable collections of essays on the Central America crisis of the 1980s are: Morris J. Blachman, William M. LeoGrande, and Kenneth Sharpe, eds., Confronting Revolution: Security through Diplomacy in Central America (New York, 1986); and Nora Hamilton, Jeffrey A. Frieden, Linda Fuller, and Manuel Pastor, Jr., eds., Crisis in Central America: Regional Dynamics and U.S. Policy in the 1980s (Boulder, 1988).
11. Two valuable collections of essays on the Central America crisis of the 1980s are: Morris J. Blachman, William M. LeoGrande, and Kenneth Sharpe, eds., Confronting Revolution: Security through Diplomacy in Central America (New York, 1986); and Nora Hamilton, Jeffrey A. Frieden, Linda Fuller, and Manuel Pastor, Jr., eds., Crisis in Central America: Regional Dynamics and U.S. Policy in the 1980s (Boulder, 1988).
12. The sources cited in the previous note also contain many essays on the Reagan administration's policies in Central America. For a good overview of U.S. policy in the region, see also Christian Smith, Resisting Reagan: The U.S. Central America Peace Movement (Chicago, 1996), chs. 2-3.
13. The views and policies of the AFL-CIO on Central America during the 1980s will be documented in detail later in the paper.
14. David Dyson and Daniel Cantor, "Anaheim and After: A Proposal for General Support Funding of the National Labor Committee," September 1986; National Labor Committee, "Background on the National Labor Committee," nd; National Labor Committee, in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador, The Search For Peace in Central America (New York, May 1985); David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993. As of 1985, the membership of the NLC was as follows, with all members bring presidents of their respective unions unless otherwise noted: Jack Sheinkman, secretary-treasurer, ACTWU; Douglas Fraser, president emeritus, UAW; William Winpisinger, IAM; Morton Bahr, Communications Workers of America (CWA); Owen Bieber, UAW; Kenneth Blaylock, American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE); Kenneth Brown, Graphic Communication International Union (GCIU); Bernard Butsavage, International Molders and Allied Workers Union (IMAW); William Bywater, International Union of Electrical Workers (IUE); Cesar Chavez, United Farm Workers of America (UFW); John DeConcini, Bakery, Confectionary, and Tobacco Workers Union (BCTW); Murray Finley, ACTWU; Mary Hatwood Futrell, National Education Association (NEA); James Herman, International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union (ILWU); Keith Johnson, International Woodworkers of America (IWA); James Kane, United Electical Workers (UE); Frank Martino, International Chemical Workers Union (ICW); Gerald McEntee, American Federation of State County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME); Joseph Misbrener, Oil Chemical and Atomic Workers (OCAW); Henry Nicholas, National Union of Hospital and Health Care Employees (NUHHCE); Charles Perlik, The Newspaper Guild (TNG); Carl Scarbrough, United Furniture Workers of America (UFWA); Vincent Sombrotto, National Association of Letter Carriers (NALC); John Sweeney, Service Employees International Union (SEIU); and J. C. Turner, International Union of Operating Engineers (IUOE). In the late 1980s three unions - IMWA, IWA, and IUOE - left the NLC, but by 1993 it had added four new union presidents to its roster: Ron Carey, Teamsters union (IBT); Mac Fleming, Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees (BMWE); Jay Mazur, International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU); and William Wynn, United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW). Sources: National Labor Committee in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador, The Search for Peace in Central America, 3-4; National Labor Committee in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador, El Salvador: Critical Choices (New York, June 1989), inside front cover; and National Labor Committee Education Fund in Support of Worker and Human Rights in Central America, Haiti after the Coup: Still in the Hands of Thugs, April 1993, 4-5.
15. David Dyson and Daniel Cantor, "Anaheim and After: A Proposal for General Support Funding of the National Labor Committee," September 1986; National Labor Committee, "Background on the National Labor Committee," nd; National Labor Committee, in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador, The Search For Peace in Central America (New York, May 1985); David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993. As of 1985, the membership of the NLC was as follows, with all members bring presidents of their respective unions unless otherwise noted: Jack Sheinkman, secretary-treasurer, ACTWU; Douglas Fraser, president emeritus, UAW; William Winpisinger, IAM; Morton Bahr, Communications Workers of America (CWA); Owen Bieber, UAW; Kenneth Blaylock, American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE); Kenneth Brown, Graphic Communication International Union (GCIU); Bernard Butsavage, International Molders and Allied Workers Union (IMAW); William Bywater, International Union of Electrical Workers (IUE); Cesar Chavez, United Farm Workers of America (UFW); John DeConcini, Bakery, Confectionary, and Tobacco Workers Union (BCTW); Murray Finley, ACTWU; Mary Hatwood Futrell, National Education Association (NEA); James Herman, International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union (ILWU); Keith Johnson, International Woodworkers of America (IWA); James Kane, United Electical Workers (UE); Frank Martino, International Chemical Workers Union (ICW); Gerald McEntee, American Federation of State County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME); Joseph Misbrener, Oil Chemical and Atomic Workers (OCAW); Henry Nicholas, National Union of Hospital and Health Care Employees (NUHHCE); Charles Perlik, The Newspaper Guild (TNG); Carl Scarbrough, United Furniture Workers of America (UFWA); Vincent Sombrotto, National Association of Letter Carriers (NALC); John Sweeney, Service Employees International Union (SEIU); and J. C. Turner, International Union of Operating Engineers (IUOE). In the late 1980s three unions - IMWA, IWA, and IUOE - left the NLC, but by 1993 it had added four new union presidents to its roster: Ron Carey, Teamsters union (IBT); Mac Fleming, Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees (BMWE); Jay Mazur, International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU); and William Wynn, United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW). Sources: National Labor Committee in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador, The Search for Peace in Central America, 3-4; National Labor Committee in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador, El Salvador: Critical Choices (New York, June 1989), inside front cover; and National Labor Committee Education Fund in Support of Worker and Human Rights in Central America, Haiti after the Coup: Still in the Hands of Thugs, April 1993, 4-5.
16. David Dyson and Daniel Cantor, "Anaheim and After: A Proposal for General Support Funding of the National Labor Committee," September 1986; National Labor Committee, "Background on the National Labor Committee," nd; National Labor Committee, in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador, The Search For Peace in Central America (New York, May 1985); David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993. As of 1985, the membership of the NLC was as follows, with all members bring presidents of their respective unions unless otherwise noted: Jack Sheinkman, secretary-treasurer, ACTWU; Douglas Fraser, president emeritus, UAW; William Winpisinger, IAM; Morton Bahr, Communications Workers of America (CWA); Owen Bieber, UAW; Kenneth Blaylock, American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE); Kenneth Brown, Graphic Communication International Union (GCIU); Bernard Butsavage, International Molders and Allied Workers Union (IMAW); William Bywater, International Union of Electrical Workers (IUE); Cesar Chavez, United Farm Workers of America (UFW); John DeConcini, Bakery, Confectionary, and Tobacco Workers Union (BCTW); Murray Finley, ACTWU; Mary Hatwood Futrell, National Education Association (NEA); James Herman, International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union (ILWU); Keith Johnson, International Woodworkers of America (IWA); James Kane, United Electical Workers (UE); Frank Martino, International Chemical Workers Union (ICW); Gerald McEntee, American Federation of State County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME); Joseph Misbrener, Oil Chemical and Atomic Workers (OCAW); Henry Nicholas, National Union of Hospital and Health Care Employees (NUHHCE); Charles Perlik, The Newspaper Guild (TNG); Carl Scarbrough, United Furniture Workers of America (UFWA); Vincent Sombrotto, National Association of Letter Carriers (NALC); John Sweeney, Service Employees International Union (SEIU); and J. C. Turner, International Union of Operating Engineers (IUOE). In the late 1980s three unions - IMWA, IWA, and IUOE - left the NLC, but by 1993 it had added four new union presidents to its roster: Ron Carey, Teamsters union (IBT); Mac Fleming, Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees (BMWE); Jay Mazur, International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU); and William Wynn, United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW). Sources: National Labor Committee in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador, The Search for Peace in Central America, 3-4; National Labor Committee in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador, El Salvador: Critical Choices (New York, June 1989), inside front cover; and National Labor Committee Education Fund in Support of Worker and Human Rights in Central America, Haiti after the Coup: Still in the Hands of Thugs, April 1993, 4-5.
17. David Dyson and Daniel Cantor, "Anaheim and After: A Proposal for General Support Funding of the National Labor Committee," September 1986; National Labor Committee, "Background on the National Labor Committee," nd; National Labor Committee, in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador, The Search For Peace in Central America (New York, May 1985); David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993. As of 1985, the membership of the NLC was as follows, with all members bring presidents of their respective unions unless otherwise noted: Jack Sheinkman, secretary-treasurer, ACTWU; Douglas Fraser, president emeritus, UAW; William Winpisinger, IAM; Morton Bahr, Communications Workers of America (CWA); Owen Bieber, UAW; Kenneth Blaylock, American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE); Kenneth Brown, Graphic Communication International Union (GCIU); Bernard Butsavage, International Molders and Allied Workers Union (IMAW); William Bywater, International Union of Electrical Workers (IUE); Cesar Chavez, United Farm Workers of America (UFW); John DeConcini, Bakery, Confectionary, and Tobacco Workers Union (BCTW); Murray Finley, ACTWU; Mary Hatwood Futrell, National Education Association (NEA); James Herman, International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union (ILWU); Keith Johnson, International Woodworkers of America (IWA); James Kane, United Electical Workers (UE); Frank Martino, International Chemical Workers Union (ICW); Gerald McEntee, American Federation of State County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME); Joseph Misbrener, Oil Chemical and Atomic Workers (OCAW); Henry Nicholas, National Union of Hospital and Health Care Employees (NUHHCE); Charles Perlik, The Newspaper Guild (TNG); Carl Scarbrough, United Furniture Workers of America (UFWA); Vincent Sombrotto, National Association of Letter Carriers (NALC); John Sweeney, Service Employees International Union (SEIU); and J. C. Turner, International Union of Operating Engineers (IUOE). In the late 1980s three unions - IMWA, IWA, and IUOE - left the NLC, but by 1993 it had added four new union presidents to its roster: Ron Carey, Teamsters union (IBT); Mac Fleming, Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees (BMWE); Jay Mazur, International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU); and William Wynn, United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW). Sources: National Labor Committee in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador, The Search for Peace in Central America, 3-4; National Labor Committee in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador, El Salvador: Critical Choices (New York, June 1989), inside front cover; and National Labor Committee Education Fund in Support of Worker and Human Rights in Central America, Haiti after the Coup: Still in the Hands of Thugs, April 1993, 4-5.
18. David Dyson and Daniel Cantor, "Anaheim and After: A Proposal for General Support Funding of the National Labor Committee," September 1986; National Labor Committee, "Background on the National Labor Committee," nd; National Labor Committee, in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador, The Search For Peace in Central America (New York, May 1985); David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993. As of 1985, the membership of the NLC was as follows, with all members bring presidents of their respective unions unless otherwise noted: Jack Sheinkman, secretary-treasurer, ACTWU; Douglas Fraser, president emeritus, UAW; William Winpisinger, IAM; Morton Bahr, Communications Workers of America (CWA); Owen Bieber, UAW; Kenneth Blaylock, American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE); Kenneth Brown, Graphic Communication International Union (GCIU); Bernard Butsavage, International Molders and Allied Workers Union (IMAW); William Bywater, International Union of Electrical Workers (IUE); Cesar Chavez, United Farm Workers of America (UFW); John DeConcini, Bakery, Confectionary, and Tobacco Workers Union (BCTW); Murray Finley, ACTWU; Mary Hatwood Futrell, National Education Association (NEA); James Herman, International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union (ILWU); Keith Johnson, International Woodworkers of America (IWA); James Kane, United Electical Workers (UE); Frank Martino, International Chemical Workers Union (ICW); Gerald McEntee, American Federation of State County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME); Joseph Misbrener, Oil Chemical and Atomic Workers (OCAW); Henry Nicholas, National Union of Hospital and Health Care Employees (NUHHCE); Charles Perlik, The Newspaper Guild (TNG); Carl Scarbrough, United Furniture Workers of America (UFWA); Vincent Sombrotto, National Association of Letter Carriers (NALC); John Sweeney, Service Employees International Union (SEIU); and J. C. Turner, International Union of Operating Engineers (IUOE). In the late 1980s three unions - IMWA, IWA, and IUOE - left the NLC, but by 1993 it had added four new union presidents to its roster: Ron Carey, Teamsters union (IBT); Mac Fleming, Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees (BMWE); Jay Mazur, International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU); and William Wynn, United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW). Sources: National Labor Committee in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador, The Search for Peace in Central America, 3-4; National Labor Committee in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador, El Salvador: Critical Choices (New York, June 1989), inside front cover; and National Labor Committee Education Fund in Support of Worker and Human Rights in Central America, Haiti after the Coup: Still in the Hands of Thugs, April 1993, 4-5.
19. David Dyson and Daniel Cantor, "Anaheim and After: A Proposal for General Support Funding of the National Labor Committee," September 1986; National Labor Committee, "Background on the National Labor Committee," nd; National Labor Committee, in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador, The Search For Peace in Central America (New York, May 1985); David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993. As of 1985, the membership of the NLC was as follows, with all members bring presidents of their respective unions unless otherwise noted: Jack Sheinkman, secretary-treasurer, ACTWU; Douglas Fraser, president emeritus, UAW; William Winpisinger, IAM; Morton Bahr, Communications Workers of America (CWA); Owen Bieber, UAW; Kenneth Blaylock, American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE); Kenneth Brown, Graphic Communication International Union (GCIU); Bernard Butsavage, International Molders and Allied Workers Union (IMAW); William Bywater, International Union of Electrical Workers (IUE); Cesar Chavez, United Farm Workers of America (UFW); John DeConcini, Bakery, Confectionary, and Tobacco Workers Union (BCTW); Murray Finley, ACTWU; Mary Hatwood Futrell, National Education Association (NEA); James Herman, International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union (ILWU); Keith Johnson, International Woodworkers of America (IWA); James Kane, United Electical Workers (UE); Frank Martino, International Chemical Workers Union (ICW); Gerald McEntee, American Federation of State County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME); Joseph Misbrener, Oil Chemical and Atomic Workers (OCAW); Henry Nicholas, National Union of Hospital and Health Care Employees (NUHHCE); Charles Perlik, The Newspaper Guild (TNG); Carl Scarbrough, United Furniture Workers of America (UFWA); Vincent Sombrotto, National Association of Letter Carriers (NALC); John Sweeney, Service Employees International Union (SEIU); and J. C. Turner, International Union of Operating Engineers (IUOE). In the late 1980s three unions - IMWA, IWA, and IUOE - left the NLC, but by 1993 it had added four new union presidents to its roster: Ron Carey, Teamsters union (IBT); Mac Fleming, Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees (BMWE); Jay Mazur, International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU); and William Wynn, United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW). Sources: National Labor Committee in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador, The Search for Peace in Central America, 3-4; National Labor Committee in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador, El Salvador: Critical Choices (New York, June 1989), inside front cover; and National Labor Committee Education Fund in Support of Worker and Human Rights in Central America, Haiti after the Coup: Still in the Hands of Thugs, April 1993, 4-5.
20. Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993.
21. Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993.
22. Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993.
23. On the cases of SEIU and CWA, see Dave Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," NACLA: Report on the American, May-June 1988, 30; and Sean Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism? U.S. Trade Unions and the Conflict in El Salvador and Nicaragua, 1981-1989" (Ph.D. diss., University of Bath, 1990), 291-92. The industrial sectors of NLC unions were determined based on data on union membership by industry group in Bureau of Labor Statistics, Directory of National Unions and Employee Associations, 1979 (Washington, DC, 1979), Appendix A.
24. On the cases of SEIU and CWA, see Dave Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," NACLA: Report on the American, May-June 1988, 30; and Sean Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism? U.S. Trade Unions and the Conflict in El Salvador and Nicaragua, 1981-1989" (Ph.D. diss., University of Bath, 1990), 291-92. The industrial sectors of NLC unions were determined based on data on union membership by industry group in Bureau of Labor Statistics, Directory of National Unions and Employee Associations, 1979 (Washington, DC, 1979), Appendix A.
25. On the cases of SEIU and CWA, see Dave Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," NACLA: Report on the American, May-June 1988, 30; and Sean Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism? U.S. Trade Unions and the Conflict in El Salvador and Nicaragua, 1981-1989" (Ph.D. diss., University of Bath, 1990), 291-92. The industrial sectors of NLC unions were determined based on data on union membership by industry group in Bureau of Labor Statistics, Directory of National Unions and Employee Associations, 1979 (Washington, DC, 1979), Appendix A.
26. The membership figure was calculated from data in Courtney D. Gifford, Directory of U.S. Labor Organizations, 1988-89 Edition (Washington, 1988), 42, 47, and Appendix A. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Dave Dyson and Bill Patterson, memo to Don Stillman, 16 November 1983; Jack Sheinkman to Henry Nicholas, 3 June 1986; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; Kitty Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone: A History of the National Labor Committee," in No Sweat: Fashion, Free Trade, and the Rights of Garment Workers, ed. Andrew Ross (New York, 1997), 73; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993.
27. The membership figure was calculated from data in Courtney D. Gifford, Directory of U.S. Labor Organizations, 1988-89 Edition (Washington, 1988), 42, 47, and Appendix A. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Dave Dyson and Bill Patterson, memo to Don Stillman, 16 November 1983; Jack Sheinkman to Henry Nicholas, 3 June 1986; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; Kitty Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone: A History of the National Labor Committee," in No Sweat: Fashion, Free Trade, and the Rights of Garment Workers, ed. Andrew Ross (New York, 1997), 73; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993.
28. The membership figure was calculated from data in Courtney D. Gifford, Directory of U.S. Labor Organizations, 1988-89 Edition (Washington, 1988), 42, 47, and Appendix A. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Dave Dyson and Bill Patterson, memo to Don Stillman, 16 November 1983; Jack Sheinkman to Henry Nicholas, 3 June 1986; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; Kitty Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone: A History of the National Labor Committee," in No Sweat: Fashion, Free Trade, and the Rights of Garment Workers, ed. Andrew Ross (New York, 1997), 73; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993.
29. The membership figure was calculated from data in Courtney D. Gifford, Directory of U.S. Labor Organizations, 1988-89 Edition (Washington, 1988), 42, 47, and Appendix A. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Dave Dyson and Bill Patterson, memo to Don Stillman, 16 November 1983; Jack Sheinkman to Henry Nicholas, 3 June 1986; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; Kitty Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone: A History of the National Labor Committee," in No Sweat: Fashion, Free Trade, and the Rights of Garment Workers, ed. Andrew Ross (New York, 1997), 73; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993.
30. The membership figure was calculated from data in Courtney D. Gifford, Directory of U.S. Labor Organizations, 1988-89 Edition (Washington, 1988), 42, 47, and Appendix A. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Dave Dyson and Bill Patterson, memo to Don Stillman, 16 November 1983; Jack Sheinkman to Henry Nicholas, 3 June 1986; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; Kitty Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone: A History of the National Labor Committee," in No Sweat: Fashion, Free Trade, and the Rights of Garment Workers, ed. Andrew Ross (New York, 1997), 73; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993.
31. The membership figure was calculated from data in Courtney D. Gifford, Directory of U.S. Labor Organizations, 1988-89 Edition (Washington, 1988), 42, 47, and Appendix A. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Dave Dyson and Bill Patterson, memo to Don Stillman, 16 November 1983; Jack Sheinkman to Henry Nicholas, 3 June 1986; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; Kitty Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone: A History of the National Labor Committee," in No Sweat: Fashion, Free Trade, and the Rights of Garment Workers, ed. Andrew Ross (New York, 1997), 73; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993.
32. The membership figure was calculated from data in Courtney D. Gifford, Directory of U.S. Labor Organizations, 1988-89 Edition (Washington, 1988), 42, 47, and Appendix A. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Dave Dyson and Bill Patterson, memo to Don Stillman, 16 November 1983; Jack Sheinkman to Henry Nicholas, 3 June 1986; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; Kitty Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone: A History of the National Labor Committee," in No Sweat: Fashion, Free Trade, and the Rights of Garment Workers, ed. Andrew Ross (New York, 1997), 73; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993.
33. The membership figure was calculated from data in Courtney D. Gifford, Directory of U.S. Labor Organizations, 1988-89 Edition (Washington, 1988), 42, 47, and Appendix A. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Dave Dyson and Bill Patterson, memo to Don Stillman, 16 November 1983; Jack Sheinkman to Henry Nicholas, 3 June 1986; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; Kitty Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone: A History of the National Labor Committee," in No Sweat: Fashion, Free Trade, and the Rights of Garment Workers, ed. Andrew Ross (New York, 1997), 73; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993.
34. Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993.
35. Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993.
36. National Labor Committee in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador and New York City Labor Committee in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out," New York Times, 26 March 1982; National Labor Committee, "Background on the National Labor Committee," nd, 3.
37. National Labor Committee in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador and New York City Labor Committee in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out," New York Times, 26 March 1982; National Labor Committee, "Background on the National Labor Committee," nd, 3.
38. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; David Dyson and Daniel Cantor, "Anaheim and After: A Proposal for General Support Funding of the National Labor Committee," September 1986, 6, 9; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993. An anonymous reviewer for Diplomatic History disagreed with my interpretation of the quote from Jack Sheinkman and with my claim that the National Labor Committee challenged the Cold War framework of U.S. foreign policy. The reviewer argued that the quote indicates only that Sheinkman disputed the relevance of the Cold War (East-West conflict) to the civil war in El Salvador, not that he rejected the Cold War (anticommunist or antiSoviet) framework or basis of U.S. foreign policy. The National Labor Committee, the reviewer believes, accepted the anti-communist or Cold War principles of U.S. foreign policy but denied that it was valid to apply those principles to the crisis in Central America. It is surely true that Jack Sheinkman and the other union leaders in the National Labor Committee were anticommunist in the sense that they opposed the social and political system of the Soviet Union and other Communist regimes. But I believe that the anticommunism of NLC leaders in the 1980s was a residual ideological orientation that did not commit them to a Cold War foreign policy in any traditional sense. The anticommunism of NLC leaders was descended from the postwar CIO, which upheld - in both domestic politics and foreign policy - a tough but progressive anticommunism that was fairly close to that of contemporary European social democratic labor movements and political parties. In their foreign policy views, however, NLC leaders were much more directly the heirs of United Auto Workers President Walter Reuther in the 1960s, when his disputes with AFL-CIO President George Meany over foreign policy were a key part of his decision to lead the UAW out of the Federation. Reuther was as committed an anticommunist as the postwar CIO produced, but in the 1960s he supported detente and arms control with the Soviet Union, favored expanded economic, political, and cultural contacts and exchanges between Western and Communist nations, and opposed - if rather late in the day - the war in Vietnam. Reuther no doubt remained an anticommunist all his days, which were tragically cut short by an airplane crash in 1970, but his evolving foreign policy views served as the transition between those of the CIO in the immediate postwar years and those of NLC leaders in the 1980s. Like the UAW, most other unions that enrolled in the NLC had opposed the war in Vietnam, though in many cases not until after President Lyndon Johnson was out of office. From that point on they also favored detente, arms control, and - even in the case of unions, like the UAW and the IAM (Machinists), that represented workers in defense industry - reduced levels of defense spending. When the NLC's opposition to the Reagan administration's policy in Central America is placed in this larger context of foreign policy positions by its constituent unions, it seems to me misleading to suggest that the NLC accepted the Cold War basis of U.S. foreign policy and only disputed the application of that policy to the conflicts in Central America. Most NLC unions were in fact strongly opposed to the revival of Cold War tensions during the first Reagan administration. NLC leaders were still anticommunist in their basic political principles, but that alone is not always sufficient to lead to support for traditional Cold War foreign policy. A series of further judgments is necessary for that, including the judgment that the Soviet Union or communism is a serious threat to national interests, the judgment that other threats to those interests (requiring different foreign policies) do not exist or are much less serious, and the judgment that the costs of Cold War foreign policy are acceptable. CIO leaders of the immediate postwar years made or accepted all these judgments, but I do not think that NLC leaders of the 1980s did. After nearly forty years of coexistence, the level of threat that the Soviet Union was seen to pose to Western Europe and the United States was much reduced for NLC leaders compared to leaders of the postwar CIO. The great exception to this reduction of threat was, of course, the nuclear arsenal of the USSR and the balance of nuclear terror between it and the United States, but it was precisely this nightmarish reality that led many people to favor an easing of tensions with the Soviet Union.
39. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; David Dyson and Daniel Cantor, "Anaheim and After: A Proposal for General Support Funding of the National Labor Committee," September 1986, 6, 9; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993. An anonymous reviewer for Diplomatic History disagreed with my interpretation of the quote from Jack Sheinkman and with my claim that the National Labor Committee challenged the Cold War framework of U.S. foreign policy. The reviewer argued that the quote indicates only that Sheinkman disputed the relevance of the Cold War (East-West conflict) to the civil war in El Salvador, not that he rejected the Cold War (anticommunist or antiSoviet) framework or basis of U.S. foreign policy. The National Labor Committee, the reviewer believes, accepted the anti-communist or Cold War principles of U.S. foreign policy but denied that it was valid to apply those principles to the crisis in Central America. It is surely true that Jack Sheinkman and the other union leaders in the National Labor Committee were anticommunist in the sense that they opposed the social and political system of the Soviet Union and other Communist regimes. But I believe that the anticommunism of NLC leaders in the 1980s was a residual ideological orientation that did not commit them to a Cold War foreign policy in any traditional sense. The anticommunism of NLC leaders was descended from the postwar CIO, which upheld - in both domestic politics and foreign policy - a tough but progressive anticommunism that was fairly close to that of contemporary European social democratic labor movements and political parties. In their foreign policy views, however, NLC leaders were much more directly the heirs of United Auto Workers President Walter Reuther in the 1960s, when his disputes with AFL-CIO President George Meany over foreign policy were a key part of his decision to lead the UAW out of the Federation. Reuther was as committed an anticommunist as the postwar CIO produced, but in the 1960s he supported detente and arms control with the Soviet Union, favored expanded economic, political, and cultural contacts and exchanges between Western and Communist nations, and opposed - if rather late in the day - the war in Vietnam. Reuther no doubt remained an anticommunist all his days, which were tragically cut short by an airplane crash in 1970, but his evolving foreign policy views served as the transition between those of the CIO in the immediate postwar years and those of NLC leaders in the 1980s. Like the UAW, most other unions that enrolled in the NLC had opposed the war in Vietnam, though in many cases not until after President Lyndon Johnson was out of office. From that point on they also favored detente, arms control, and - even in the case of unions, like the UAW and the IAM (Machinists), that represented workers in defense industry - reduced levels of defense spending. When the NLC's opposition to the Reagan administration's policy in Central America is placed in this larger context of foreign policy positions by its constituent unions, it seems to me misleading to suggest that the NLC accepted the Cold War basis of U.S. foreign policy and only disputed the application of that policy to the conflicts in Central America. Most NLC unions were in fact strongly opposed to the revival of Cold War tensions during the first Reagan administration. NLC leaders were still anticommunist in their basic political principles, but that alone is not always sufficient to lead to support for traditional Cold War foreign policy. A series of further judgments is necessary for that, including the judgment that the Soviet Union or communism is a serious threat to national interests, the judgment that other threats to those interests (requiring different foreign policies) do not exist or are much less serious, and the judgment that the costs of Cold War foreign policy are acceptable. CIO leaders of the immediate postwar years made or accepted all these judgments, but I do not think that NLC leaders of the 1980s did. After nearly forty years of coexistence, the level of threat that the Soviet Union was seen to pose to Western Europe and the United States was much reduced for NLC leaders compared to leaders of the postwar CIO. The great exception to this reduction of threat was, of course, the nuclear arsenal of the USSR and the balance of nuclear terror between it and the United States, but it was precisely this nightmarish reality that led many people to favor an easing of tensions with the Soviet Union.
40. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; David Dyson and Daniel Cantor, "Anaheim and After: A Proposal for General Support Funding of the National Labor Committee," September 1986, 6, 9; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993. An anonymous reviewer for Diplomatic History disagreed with my interpretation of the quote from Jack Sheinkman and with my claim that the National Labor Committee challenged the Cold War framework of U.S. foreign policy. The reviewer argued that the quote indicates only that Sheinkman disputed the relevance of the Cold War (East-West conflict) to the civil war in El Salvador, not that he rejected the Cold War (anticommunist or antiSoviet) framework or basis of U.S. foreign policy. The National Labor Committee, the reviewer believes, accepted the anti-communist or Cold War principles of U.S. foreign policy but denied that it was valid to apply those principles to the crisis in Central America. It is surely true that Jack Sheinkman and the other union leaders in the National Labor Committee were anticommunist in the sense that they opposed the social and political system of the Soviet Union and other Communist regimes. But I believe that the anticommunism of NLC leaders in the 1980s was a residual ideological orientation that did not commit them to a Cold War foreign policy in any traditional sense. The anticommunism of NLC leaders was descended from the postwar CIO, which upheld - in both domestic politics and foreign policy - a tough but progressive anticommunism that was fairly close to that of contemporary European social democratic labor movements and political parties. In their foreign policy views, however, NLC leaders were much more directly the heirs of United Auto Workers President Walter Reuther in the 1960s, when his disputes with AFL-CIO President George Meany over foreign policy were a key part of his decision to lead the UAW out of the Federation. Reuther was as committed an anticommunist as the postwar CIO produced, but in the 1960s he supported detente and arms control with the Soviet Union, favored expanded economic, political, and cultural contacts and exchanges between Western and Communist nations, and opposed - if rather late in the day - the war in Vietnam. Reuther no doubt remained an anticommunist all his days, which were tragically cut short by an airplane crash in 1970, but his evolving foreign policy views served as the transition between those of the CIO in the immediate postwar years and those of NLC leaders in the 1980s. Like the UAW, most other unions that enrolled in the NLC had opposed the war in Vietnam, though in many cases not until after President Lyndon Johnson was out of office. From that point on they also favored detente, arms control, and - even in the case of unions, like the UAW and the IAM (Machinists), that represented workers in defense industry - reduced levels of defense spending. When the NLC's opposition to the Reagan administration's policy in Central America is placed in this larger context of foreign policy positions by its constituent unions, it seems to me misleading to suggest that the NLC accepted the Cold War basis of U.S. foreign policy and only disputed the application of that policy to the conflicts in Central America. Most NLC unions were in fact strongly opposed to the revival of Cold War tensions during the first Reagan administration. NLC leaders were still anticommunist in their basic political principles, but that alone is not always sufficient to lead to support for traditional Cold War foreign policy. A series of further judgments is necessary for that, including the judgment that the Soviet Union or communism is a serious threat to national interests, the judgment that other threats to those interests (requiring different foreign policies) do not exist or are much less serious, and the judgment that the costs of Cold War foreign policy are acceptable. CIO leaders of the immediate postwar years made or accepted all these judgments, but I do not think that NLC leaders of the 1980s did. After nearly forty years of coexistence, the level of threat that the Soviet Union was seen to pose to Western Europe and the United States was much reduced for NLC leaders compared to leaders of the postwar CIO. The great exception to this reduction of threat was, of course, the nuclear arsenal of the USSR and the balance of nuclear terror between it and the United States, but it was precisely this nightmarish reality that led many people to favor an easing of tensions with the Soviet Union.
41. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; National Labor Committee, "Background on the National Labor Committee," nd.
42. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; National Labor Committee, "Background on the National Labor Committee," nd.
43. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; National Labor Committee, "Background on the National Labor Committee," nd.
44. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; National Labor Committee, "Background on the National Labor Committee," nd.
45. Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson and Daniel Cantor, "Anaheim and After: A Proposal for General Support Funding of the National Labor Committee," September 1986, 4-5; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-interest," 28-36.
46. Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson and Daniel Cantor, "Anaheim and After: A Proposal for General Support Funding of the National Labor Committee," September 1986, 4-5; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-interest," 28-36.
47. Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson and Daniel Cantor, "Anaheim and After: A Proposal for General Support Funding of the National Labor Committee," September 1986, 4-5; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-interest," 28-36.
48. Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson and Daniel Cantor, "Anaheim and After: A Proposal for General Support Funding of the National Labor Committee," September 1986, 4-5; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-interest," 28-36.
49. Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson and Daniel Cantor, "Anaheim and After: A Proposal for General Support Funding of the National Labor Committee," September 1986, 4-5; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-interest," 28-36.
50. The four reports published by the National Labor Committee in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador were: El Salvador Labor, Terror, and Peace (New York, July 1983); The Search for Peace in Central America; El Salvador: Critical Choicer, and El Salvador 1990: Arena Repression Unites the Salvadoran Labor Movement (New York, September 1990).
51. The four reports published by the National Labor Committee in Support of Democracy and Human Rights in El Salvador were: El Salvador Labor, Terror, and Peace (New York, July 1983); The Search for Peace in Central America; El Salvador: Critical Choicer, and El Salvador 1990: Arena Repression Unites the Salvadoran Labor Movement (New York, September 1990).
52. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; NLC, El Salvador: Labor, Terror, and Peace, 3-7, 11-15; NLC, The Search for Peace in Central America, 7-10, 14-15, 24; NLC, El Salvador Critical Choices, 4-8, 13-15; NLC, El Salvador 1990: ARENA Repression Unites the Salvadoran Labor Movement, 3-5; David Dyson, "Testimony of April 27, 1988" (photocopy of typed manuscript in author's possession), 1-6.
53. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; NLC, El Salvador: Labor, Terror, and Peace, 3-7, 11-15; NLC, The Search for Peace in Central America, 7-10, 14-15, 24; NLC, El Salvador Critical Choices, 4-8, 13-15; NLC, El Salvador 1990: ARENA Repression Unites the Salvadoran Labor Movement, 3-5; David Dyson, "Testimony of April 27, 1988" (photocopy of typed manuscript in author's possession), 1-6.
54. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; NLC, El Salvador: Labor, Terror, and Peace, 3-7, 11-15; NLC, The Search for Peace in Central America, 7-10, 14-15, 24; NLC, El Salvador Critical Choices, 4-8, 13-15; NLC, El Salvador 1990: ARENA Repression Unites the Salvadoran Labor Movement, 3-5; David Dyson, "Testimony of April 27, 1988" (photocopy of typed manuscript in author's possession), 1-6.
55. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; NLC, El Salvador: Labor, Terror, and Peace, 3-7, 11-15; NLC, The Search for Peace in Central America, 7-10, 14-15, 24; NLC, El Salvador Critical Choices, 4-8, 13-15; NLC, El Salvador 1990: ARENA Repression Unites the Salvadoran Labor Movement, 3-5; David Dyson, "Testimony of April 27, 1988" (photocopy of typed manuscript in author's possession), 1-6.
56. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; NLC, El Salvador: Labor, Terror, and Peace, 3-7, 11-15; NLC, The Search for Peace in Central America, 7-10, 14-15, 24; NLC, El Salvador Critical Choices, 4-8, 13-15; NLC, El Salvador 1990: ARENA Repression Unites the Salvadoran Labor Movement, 3-5; David Dyson, "Testimony of April 27, 1988" (photocopy of typed manuscript in author's possession), 1-6.
57. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; NLC, El Salvador: Labor, Terror, and Peace, 3-7, 11-15; NLC, The Search for Peace in Central America, 7-10, 14-15, 24; NLC, El Salvador Critical Choices, 4-8, 13-15; NLC, El Salvador 1990: ARENA Repression Unites the Salvadoran Labor Movement, 3-5; David Dyson, "Testimony of April 27, 1988" (photocopy of typed manuscript in author's possession), 1-6.
58. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; NLC, El Salvador Labor, Terror, and Peace, 18-19; NLC, The Search for Peace in Central America, 13-16, 24, 27; NLC, El Salvador Critical Choices, 12-15; NLC, El Salvador 1900, 1-2, 13-14; David Dyson, "Testimony of April 27, 1988," 4-6, 16. The Contadora process was initiated in 1983 by Panama, Mexico, Columbia, and Venezuela to promote a regional political settlement of the conflicts in Central America, and the Arias Plan, proposed later in the decade by the Costa Rican President Oscar Arias, was likewise a framework for a region-wide negotiated settlement of Central American conflicts. Because the Contadora process and Arias Plan favored regional settlement of Central American conflicts by means of political negotiations in which the United States would have no direct role or influence, the Reagan administration was hostile toward both. The Arias Plan, for which President Arias received a Nobel Prize in 1987, led to the Esquipulas Accord of that year, which provided a framework under which the governments and oppositions of Nicaragua, El Salvador, and other Central American nations negotiated treaties that concluded their military conflicts.
59. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; NLC, El Salvador Labor, Terror, and Peace, 18-19; NLC, The Search for Peace in Central America, 13-16, 24, 27; NLC, El Salvador Critical Choices, 12-15; NLC, El Salvador 1900, 1-2, 13-14; David Dyson, "Testimony of April 27, 1988," 4-6, 16. The Contadora process was initiated in 1983 by Panama, Mexico, Columbia, and Venezuela to promote a regional political settlement of the conflicts in Central America, and the Arias Plan, proposed later in the decade by the Costa Rican President Oscar Arias, was likewise a framework for a region-wide negotiated settlement of Central American conflicts. Because the Contadora process and Arias Plan favored regional settlement of Central American conflicts by means of political negotiations in which the United States would have no direct role or influence, the Reagan administration was hostile toward both. The Arias Plan, for which President Arias received a Nobel Prize in 1987, led to the Esquipulas Accord of that year, which provided a framework under which the governments and oppositions of Nicaragua, El Salvador, and other Central American nations negotiated treaties that concluded their military conflicts.
60. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; NLC, El Salvador Labor, Terror, and Peace, 18-19;
61. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; NLC, El Salvador Labor, Terror, and Peace, 18-19; NLC, The Search for Peace in Central America, 13-16, 24, 27; NLC, El Salvador Critical Choices, 12-15; NLC, El Salvador 1900, 1-2, 13-14; David Dyson, "Testimony of April 27, 1988," 4-6, 16. The Contadora process was initiated in 1983 by Panama, Mexico, Columbia, and Venezuela to promote a regional political settlement of the conflicts in Central America, and the Arias Plan, proposed later in the decade by the Costa Rican President Oscar Arias, was likewise a framework for a region-wide negotiated settlement of Central American conflicts. Because the Contadora process and Arias Plan favored regional settlement of Central American conflicts by means of political negotiations in which the United States would have no direct role or influence, the Reagan administration was hostile toward both. The Arias Plan, for which President Arias received a Nobel Prize in 1987, led to the Esquipulas Accord of that year, which provided a framework under which the governments and oppositions of Nicaragua, El Salvador, and other Central American nations negotiated treaties that concluded their military conflicts.
62. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; NLC, El Salvador Labor, Terror, and Peace, 18-19; NLC, The Search for Peace in Central America, 13-16, 24, 27; NLC, El Salvador Critical Choices, 12-15; NLC, El Salvador 1900, 1-2, 13-14; David Dyson, "Testimony of April 27, 1988," 4-6, 16. The Contadora process was initiated in 1983 by Panama, Mexico, Columbia, and Venezuela to promote a regional political settlement of the conflicts in Central America, and the Arias Plan, proposed later in the decade by the Costa Rican President Oscar Arias, was likewise a framework for a region-wide negotiated settlement of Central American conflicts. Because the Contadora process and Arias Plan favored regional settlement of Central American conflicts by means of political negotiations in which the United States would have no direct role or influence, the Reagan administration was hostile toward both. The Arias Plan, for which President Arias received a Nobel Prize in 1987, led to the Esquipulas Accord of that year, which provided a framework under which the governments and oppositions of Nicaragua, El Salvador, and other Central American nations negotiated treaties that concluded their military conflicts.
63. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; NLC, El Salvador Labor, Terror, and Peace, 18-19; NLC, The Search for Peace in Central America, 13-16, 24, 27; NLC, El Salvador Critical Choices, 12-15; NLC, El Salvador 1900, 1-2, 13-14; David Dyson, "Testimony of April 27, 1988," 4-6, 16. The Contadora process was initiated in 1983 by Panama, Mexico, Columbia, and Venezuela to promote a regional political settlement of the conflicts in Central America, and the Arias Plan, proposed later in the decade by the Costa Rican President Oscar Arias, was likewise a framework for a region-wide negotiated settlement of Central American conflicts. Because the Contadora process and Arias Plan favored regional settlement of Central American conflicts by means of political negotiations in which the United States would have no direct role or influence, the Reagan administration was hostile toward both. The Arias Plan, for which President Arias received a Nobel Prize in 1987, led to the Esquipulas Accord of that year, which provided a framework under which the governments and oppositions of Nicaragua, El Salvador, and other Central American nations negotiated treaties that concluded their military conflicts.
64. NLC, The Search For Peace in Central America, 17-25.
65. NLC, El Salvador: Labor, Terror, and Peace, 1-2; NLC, The Search for Peace in Central America, 3-5; NLC, El Salvador: Critical Choices, 2-3; NLC, El Salvador 1990, "Preface"; National Labor Committee, Labor Rights Denied, El Salvador: An On-Site Investigation by a Delegation of Labor-Legislative-Religious Leaders (New York, December 1988), 3-4; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, May 11, 1993.
66. NLC, El Salvador: Labor, Terror, and Peace, 1-2; NLC, The Search for Peace in Central America, 3-5; NLC, El Salvador: Critical Choices, 2-3; NLC, El Salvador 1990, "Preface"; National Labor Committee, Labor Rights Denied, El Salvador: An On-Site Investigation by a Delegation of Labor-Legislative-Religious Leaders (New York, December 1988), 3-4; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, May 11, 1993.
67. NLC, El Salvador: Labor, Terror, and Peace, 1-2; NLC, The Search for Peace in Central America, 3-5; NLC, El Salvador: Critical Choices, 2-3; NLC, El Salvador 1990, "Preface"; National Labor Committee, Labor Rights Denied, El Salvador: An On-Site Investigation by a Delegation of Labor-Legislative-Religious Leaders (New York, December 1988), 3-4; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, May 11, 1993.
68. NLC, El Salvador: Labor, Terror, and Peace, 1-2; NLC, The Search for Peace in Central America, 3-5; NLC, El Salvador: Critical Choices, 2-3; NLC, El Salvador 1990, "Preface"; National Labor Committee, Labor Rights Denied, El Salvador: An On-Site Investigation by a Delegation of Labor-Legislative-Religious Leaders (New York, December 1988), 3-4; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, May 11, 1993.
69. NLC, El Salvador: Labor, Terror, and Peace, 1-2; NLC, The Search for Peace in Central America, 3-5; NLC, El Salvador: Critical Choices, 2-3; NLC, El Salvador 1990, "Preface"; National Labor Committee, Labor Rights Denied, El Salvador: An On-Site Investigation by a Delegation of Labor-Legislative-Religious Leaders (New York, December 1988), 3-4; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, May 11, 1993.
70. NLC, El Salvador: Labor, Terror, and Peace, 1-2; NLC, The Search for Peace in Central America, 3-5; NLC, El Salvador: Critical Choices, 2-3; NLC, El Salvador 1990, "Preface"; National Labor Committee, Labor Rights Denied, El Salvador: An On-Site Investigation by a Delegation of Labor-Legislative-Religious Leaders (New York, December 1988), 3-4; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, May 11, 1993.
71. NLC, El Salvador: Labor, Terror, and Peace, 1-2; NLC, The Search for Peace in Central America, 3-5; NLC, El Salvador: Critical Choices, 2-3; NLC, El Salvador 1990, "Preface"; National Labor Committee, Labor Rights Denied, El Salvador: An On-Site Investigation by a Delegation of Labor-Legislative-Religious Leaders (New York, December 1988), 3-4; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, May 11, 1993.
72. NLC, El Salvador: Labor, Terror, and Peace, 1-2; NLC, The Search for Peace in Central America, 3-5; NLC, El Salvador: Critical Choices, 2-3; NLC, El Salvador 1990, "Preface"; National Labor Committee, Labor Rights Denied, El Salvador: An On-Site Investigation by a Delegation of Labor-Legislative-Religious Leaders (New York, December 1988), 3-4; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, May 11, 1993.
73. National Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS), "Proposal for Tour of the United States by a Delegation from the National Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS)," nd; NLC, "Freed Salvadoran Labor Leader Meets N.Y. Union Leaders," press release, 20 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to (ACTWU) General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; NLC, El Salvador 1990, "Preface"; Jack Sheinkman to unnamed persons, 18 July 1988.
74. National Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS), "Proposal for Tour of the United States by a Delegation from the National Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS)," nd; NLC, "Freed Salvadoran Labor Leader Meets N.Y. Union Leaders," press release, 20 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to (ACTWU) General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; NLC, El Salvador 1990, "Preface"; Jack Sheinkman to unnamed persons, 18 July 1988.
75. National Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS), "Proposal for Tour of the United States by a Delegation from the National Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS)," nd; NLC, "Freed Salvadoran Labor Leader Meets N.Y. Union Leaders," press release, 20 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to (ACTWU) General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; NLC, El Salvador 1990, "Preface"; Jack Sheinkman to unnamed persons, 18 July 1988.
76. National Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS), "Proposal for Tour of the United States by a Delegation from the National Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS)," nd; NLC, "Freed Salvadoran Labor Leader Meets N.Y. Union Leaders," press release, 20 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to (ACTWU) General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; NLC, El Salvador 1990, "Preface"; Jack Sheinkman to unnamed persons, 18 July 1988.
77. National Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS), "Proposal for Tour of the United States by a Delegation from the National Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS)," nd; NLC, "Freed Salvadoran Labor Leader Meets N.Y. Union Leaders," press release, 20 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to (ACTWU) General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; NLC, El Salvador 1990, "Preface"; Jack Sheinkman to unnamed persons, 18 July 1988.
78. David Dyson, "Testimony before House Appropriations Subcommittee on Foreign Operations," 17 May 1985 (photocopy of typed manuscript in author's possession); David Dyson, "Testimony of April 27, 1988"; A Jack Sheinkman to Henry Nicholas, 3 June 1986; Jack Sheinkman to William Winpisinger, 1 October 1987; National Labor Committee, "Funding El Salvador: Debate in the U.S. Congress," March-April 1989; National Labor Committee, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview" 26 April 1989; Jack Sheinkman to the Honorable Dante Fascell, 22 May 1989; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, November 1989; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, 25 April 1990; Charles Kernaghan, memo to National Labor Committee Contacts, 21 October 1991.
79. David Dyson, "Testimony before House Appropriations Subcommittee on Foreign Operations," 17 May 1985 (photocopy of typed manuscript in author's possession); David Dyson, "Testimony of April 27, 1988"; A Jack Sheinkman to Henry Nicholas, 3 June 1986; Jack Sheinkman to William Winpisinger, 1 October 1987; National Labor Committee, "Funding El Salvador: Debate in the U.S. Congress," March-April 1989; National Labor Committee, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview" 26 April 1989; Jack Sheinkman to the Honorable Dante Fascell, 22 May 1989; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, November 1989; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, 25 April 1990; Charles Kernaghan, memo to National Labor Committee Contacts, 21 October 1991.
80. David Dyson, "Testimony before House Appropriations Subcommittee on Foreign Operations," 17 May 1985 (photocopy of typed manuscript in author's possession); David Dyson, "Testimony of April 27, 1988"; A Jack Sheinkman to Henry Nicholas, 3 June 1986; Jack Sheinkman to William Winpisinger, 1 October 1987; National Labor Committee, "Funding El Salvador: Debate in the U.S. Congress," March-April 1989; National Labor Committee, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview" 26 April 1989; Jack Sheinkman to the Honorable Dante Fascell, 22 May 1989; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, November 1989; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, 25 April 1990; Charles Kernaghan, memo to National Labor Committee Contacts, 21 October 1991.
81. David Dyson, "Testimony before House Appropriations Subcommittee on Foreign Operations," 17 May 1985 (photocopy of typed manuscript in author's possession); David Dyson, "Testimony of April 27, 1988"; A Jack Sheinkman to Henry Nicholas, 3 June 1986; Jack Sheinkman to William Winpisinger, 1 October 1987; National Labor Committee, "Funding El Salvador: Debate in the U.S. Congress," March-April 1989; National Labor Committee, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview" 26 April 1989; Jack Sheinkman to the Honorable Dante Fascell, 22 May 1989; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, November 1989; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, 25 April 1990; Charles Kernaghan, memo to National Labor Committee Contacts, 21 October 1991.
82. David Dyson, "Testimony before House Appropriations Subcommittee on Foreign Operations," 17 May 1985 (photocopy of typed manuscript in author's possession); David Dyson, "Testimony of April 27, 1988"; A Jack Sheinkman to Henry Nicholas, 3 June 1986; Jack Sheinkman to William Winpisinger, 1 October 1987; National Labor Committee, "Funding El Salvador: Debate in the U.S. Congress," March-April 1989; National Labor Committee, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview" 26 April 1989; Jack Sheinkman to the Honorable Dante Fascell, 22 May 1989; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, November 1989; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, 25 April 1990; Charles Kernaghan, memo to National Labor Committee Contacts, 21 October 1991.
83. David Dyson, "Testimony before House Appropriations Subcommittee on Foreign Operations," 17 May 1985 (photocopy of typed manuscript in author's possession); David Dyson, "Testimony of April 27, 1988"; A Jack Sheinkman to Henry Nicholas, 3 June 1986; Jack Sheinkman to William Winpisinger, 1 October 1987; National Labor Committee, "Funding El Salvador: Debate in the U.S. Congress," March-April 1989; National Labor Committee, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview" 26 April 1989; Jack Sheinkman to the Honorable Dante Fascell, 22 May 1989; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, November 1989; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, 25 April 1990; Charles Kernaghan, memo to National Labor Committee Contacts, 21 October 1991.
84. National Labor Committee, "An Appeal to the People of the U.S.," photocopy, nd; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 548-52, 570-73.
85. National Labor Committee, "An Appeal to the People of the U.S.," photocopy, nd; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 548-52, 570-73.
86. National Labor Committee, "An Appeal to the People of the U.S.," photocopy, nd; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 548-52, 570-73.
87. National Labor Committee, "An Appeal to the People of the U.S.," photocopy, nd; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 548-52, 570-73.
88. National Labor Committee, "An Appeal to the People of the U.S.," photocopy, nd; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 548-52, 570-73.
89. National Labor Committee, "Cities Committees," nd; Ben Davis to David Dyson, 25 July 1988; Denys Everingham and Bruce Bodner to Labor Committee Supporters, nd; Tess Ewing to Brothers and Sisters, 1 June 1988; Tess Ewing to Dave Dyson, 26 May 1989; Scott Harding to Dave Dyson, 24 June 1988; "Interview with David Dyson," Labor Report on Central America, 1988 (prepublication transcription; photocopy of typed manuscript in author's possession); Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 28-36; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, February 1990; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, April/May 1990; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993.
90. National Labor Committee, "Cities Committees," nd; Ben Davis to David Dyson, 25 July 1988; Denys Everingham and Bruce Bodner to Labor Committee Supporters, nd; Tess Ewing to Brothers and Sisters, 1 June 1988; Tess Ewing to Dave Dyson, 26 May 1989; Scott Harding to Dave Dyson, 24 June 1988; "Interview with David Dyson," Labor Report on Central America, 1988 (prepublication transcription; photocopy of typed manuscript in author's possession); Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 28-36; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, February 1990; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, April/May 1990; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993.
91. National Labor Committee, "Cities Committees," nd; Ben Davis to David Dyson, 25 July 1988; Denys Everingham and Bruce Bodner to Labor Committee Supporters, nd; Tess Ewing to Brothers and Sisters, 1 June 1988; Tess Ewing to Dave Dyson, 26 May 1989; Scott Harding to Dave Dyson, 24 June 1988; "Interview with David Dyson," Labor Report on Central America, 1988 (prepublication transcription; photocopy of typed manuscript in author's possession); Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 28-36; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, February 1990; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, April/May 1990; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993.
92. National Labor Committee, "Cities Committees," nd; Ben Davis to David Dyson, 25 July 1988; Denys Everingham and Bruce Bodner to Labor Committee Supporters, nd; Tess Ewing to Brothers and Sisters, 1 June 1988; Tess Ewing to Dave Dyson, 26 May 1989; Scott Harding to Dave Dyson, 24 June 1988; "Interview with David Dyson," Labor Report on Central America, 1988 (prepublication transcription; photocopy of typed manuscript in author's possession); Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 28-36; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, February 1990; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, April/May 1990; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993.
93. National Labor Committee, "Cities Committees," nd; Ben Davis to David Dyson, 25 July 1988; Denys Everingham and Bruce Bodner to Labor Committee Supporters, nd; Tess Ewing to Brothers and Sisters, 1 June 1988; Tess Ewing to Dave Dyson, 26 May 1989; Scott Harding to Dave Dyson, 24 June 1988; "Interview with David Dyson," Labor Report on Central America, 1988 (prepublication transcription; photocopy of typed manuscript in author's possession); Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 28-36; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, February 1990; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, April/May 1990; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993.
94. National Labor Committee, "Cities Committees," nd; Ben Davis to David Dyson, 25 July 1988; Denys Everingham and Bruce Bodner to Labor Committee Supporters, nd; Tess Ewing to Brothers and Sisters, 1 June 1988; Tess Ewing to Dave Dyson, 26 May 1989; Scott Harding to Dave Dyson, 24 June 1988; "Interview with David Dyson," Labor Report on Central America, 1988 (prepublication transcription; photocopy of typed manuscript in author's possession); Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 28-36; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, February 1990; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, April/May 1990; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993.
95. National Labor Committee, "Cities Committees," nd; Ben Davis to David Dyson, 25 July 1988; Denys Everingham and Bruce Bodner to Labor Committee Supporters, nd; Tess Ewing to Brothers and Sisters, 1 June 1988; Tess Ewing to Dave Dyson, 26 May 1989; Scott Harding to Dave Dyson, 24 June 1988; "Interview with David Dyson," Labor Report on Central America, 1988 (prepublication transcription; photocopy of typed manuscript in author's possession); Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 28-36; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, February 1990; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, April/May 1990; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993.
96. National Labor Committee, "Cities Committees," nd; Ben Davis to David Dyson, 25 July 1988; Denys Everingham and Bruce Bodner to Labor Committee Supporters, nd; Tess Ewing to Brothers and Sisters, 1 June 1988; Tess Ewing to Dave Dyson, 26 May 1989; Scott Harding to Dave Dyson, 24 June 1988; "Interview with David Dyson," Labor Report on Central America, 1988 (prepublication transcription; photocopy of typed manuscript in author's possession); Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 28-36; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, February 1990; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, April/May 1990; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993.
97. National Labor Committee, "Cities Committees," nd; Ben Davis to David Dyson, 25 July 1988; Denys Everingham and Bruce Bodner to Labor Committee Supporters, nd; Tess Ewing to Brothers and Sisters, 1 June 1988; Tess Ewing to Dave Dyson, 26 May 1989; Scott Harding to Dave Dyson, 24 June 1988; "Interview with David Dyson," Labor Report on Central America, 1988 (prepublication transcription; photocopy of typed manuscript in author's possession); Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 28-36; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, February 1990; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, April/May 1990; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993.
98. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman to Supporters, 17 October 1984; David Dyson to Ken Blaylock, 23 December 1986; David Dyson to John DeMars, 17 November 1987; NLC, Labor Rights Denied: El Salvador, 3; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview"; David Dyson, memo to General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, November 1989; National Labor Committee, "An Appeal to President Bush and Congress: Statement Agreed to at Labor-Religious Dialogue for Peace in El Salvador," 20 December 1989; Jack Sheinkman, memo to Members of the National Labor Committee, 18 January 1990; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 578-80.
99. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman to Supporters, 17 October 1984; David Dyson to Ken Blaylock, 23 December 1986; David Dyson to John DeMars, 17 November 1987; NLC, Labor Rights Denied: El Salvador, 3; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview"; David Dyson, memo to General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, November 1989; National Labor Committee, "An Appeal to President Bush and Congress: Statement Agreed to at Labor-Religious Dialogue for Peace in El Salvador," 20 December 1989; Jack Sheinkman, memo to Members of the National Labor Committee, 18 January 1990; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 578-80.
100. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman to Supporters, 17 October 1984; David Dyson to Ken Blaylock, 23 December 1986; David Dyson to John DeMars, 17 November 1987; NLC, Labor Rights Denied: El Salvador, 3; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview"; David Dyson, memo to General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, November 1989; National Labor Committee, "An Appeal to President Bush and Congress: Statement Agreed to at Labor-Religious Dialogue for Peace in El Salvador," 20 December 1989; Jack Sheinkman, memo to Members of the National Labor Committee, 18 January 1990; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 578-80.
101. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman to Supporters, 17 October 1984; David Dyson to Ken Blaylock, 23 December 1986; David Dyson to John DeMars, 17 November 1987; NLC, Labor Rights Denied: El Salvador, 3; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview"; David Dyson, memo to General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, November 1989; National Labor Committee, "An Appeal to President Bush and Congress: Statement Agreed to at Labor-Religious Dialogue for Peace in El Salvador," 20 December 1989; Jack Sheinkman, memo to Members of the National Labor Committee, 18 January 1990; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 578-80.
102. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman to Supporters, 17 October 1984; David Dyson to Ken Blaylock, 23 December 1986; David Dyson to John DeMars, 17 November 1987; NLC, Labor Rights Denied: El Salvador, 3; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview"; David Dyson, memo to General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, November 1989; National Labor Committee, "An Appeal to President Bush and Congress: Statement Agreed to at Labor-Religious Dialogue for Peace in El Salvador," 20 December 1989; Jack Sheinkman, memo to Members of the National Labor Committee, 18 January 1990; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 578-80.
103. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman to Supporters, 17 October 1984; David Dyson to Ken Blaylock, 23 December 1986; David Dyson to John DeMars, 17 November 1987; NLC, Labor Rights Denied: El Salvador, 3; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview"; David Dyson, memo to General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, November 1989; National Labor Committee, "An Appeal to President Bush and Congress: Statement Agreed to at Labor-Religious Dialogue for Peace in El Salvador," 20 December 1989; Jack Sheinkman, memo to Members of the National Labor Committee, 18 January 1990; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 578-80.
104. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman to Supporters, 17 October 1984; David Dyson to Ken Blaylock, 23 December 1986; David Dyson to John DeMars, 17 November 1987; NLC, Labor Rights Denied: El Salvador, 3; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview"; David Dyson, memo to General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, November 1989; National Labor Committee, "An Appeal to President Bush and Congress: Statement Agreed to at Labor-Religious Dialogue for Peace in El Salvador," 20 December 1989; Jack Sheinkman, memo to Members of the National Labor Committee, 18 January 1990; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 578-80.
105. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman to Supporters, 17 October 1984; David Dyson to Ken Blaylock, 23 December 1986; David Dyson to John DeMars, 17 November 1987; NLC, Labor Rights Denied: El Salvador, 3; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview"; David Dyson, memo to General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, November 1989; National Labor Committee, "An Appeal to President Bush and Congress: Statement Agreed to at Labor-Religious Dialogue for Peace in El Salvador," 20 December 1989; Jack Sheinkman, memo to Members of the National Labor Committee, 18 January 1990; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 578-80.
106. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman to Supporters, 17 October 1984; David Dyson to Ken Blaylock, 23 December 1986; David Dyson to John DeMars, 17 November 1987; NLC, Labor Rights Denied: El Salvador, 3; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview"; David Dyson, memo to General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, November 1989; National Labor Committee, "An Appeal to President Bush and Congress: Statement Agreed to at Labor-Religious Dialogue for Peace in El Salvador," 20 December 1989; Jack Sheinkman, memo to Members of the National Labor Committee, 18 January 1990; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 578-80.
107. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman to Supporters, 17 October 1984; David Dyson to Ken Blaylock, 23 December 1986; David Dyson to John DeMars, 17 November 1987; NLC, Labor Rights Denied: El Salvador, 3; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview"; David Dyson, memo to General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, November 1989; National Labor Committee, "An Appeal to President Bush and Congress: Statement Agreed to at Labor-Religious Dialogue for Peace in El Salvador," 20 December 1989; Jack Sheinkman, memo to Members of the National Labor Committee, 18 January 1990; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 578-80.
108. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman to Supporters, 17 October 1984; David Dyson to Ken Blaylock, 23 December 1986; David Dyson to John DeMars, 17 November 1987; NLC, Labor Rights Denied: El Salvador, 3; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview"; David Dyson, memo to General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, November 1989; National Labor Committee, "An Appeal to President Bush and Congress: Statement Agreed to at Labor-Religious Dialogue for Peace in El Salvador," 20 December 1989; Jack Sheinkman, memo to Members of the National Labor Committee, 18 January 1990; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 578-80.
109. Jack Sheinkman to William Winpisinger, 1 October 1987; UNTS, "Proposal for Tour of the United States by a Delegation From the Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS)," nd; David Dyson to John DeMars, 17 November 1987; "Interview with David Dyson," Labor Report on Central America; Jack Sheinkman to unknown, 18 July 1988; David Dyson, memo to General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; NLC, El Salvador: Critical Choices, 3; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, 25 April 1990; Smith, Resisting Reagan, 97-99; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview."
110. Jack Sheinkman to William Winpisinger, 1 October 1987; UNTS, "Proposal for Tour of the United States by a Delegation From the Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS)," nd; David Dyson to John DeMars, 17 November 1987; "Interview with David Dyson," Labor Report on Central America; Jack Sheinkman to unknown, 18 July 1988; David Dyson, memo to General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; NLC, El Salvador: Critical Choices, 3; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, 25 April 1990; Smith, Resisting Reagan, 97-99; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview."
111. Jack Sheinkman to William Winpisinger, 1 October 1987; UNTS, "Proposal for Tour of the United States by a Delegation From the Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS)," nd; David Dyson to John DeMars, 17 November 1987; "Interview with David Dyson," Labor Report on Central America; Jack Sheinkman to unknown, 18 July 1988; David Dyson, memo to General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; NLC, El Salvador: Critical Choices, 3; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, 25 April 1990; Smith, Resisting Reagan, 97-99; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview."
112. Jack Sheinkman to William Winpisinger, 1 October 1987; UNTS, "Proposal for Tour of the United States by a Delegation From the Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS)," nd; David Dyson to John DeMars, 17 November 1987; "Interview with David Dyson," Labor Report on Central America; Jack Sheinkman to unknown, 18 July 1988; David Dyson, memo to General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; NLC, El Salvador: Critical Choices, 3; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, 25 April 1990; Smith, Resisting Reagan, 97-99; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview."
113. Jack Sheinkman to William Winpisinger, 1 October 1987; UNTS, "Proposal for Tour of the United States by a Delegation From the Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS)," nd; David Dyson to John DeMars, 17 November 1987; "Interview with David Dyson," Labor Report on Central America; Jack Sheinkman to unknown, 18 July 1988; David Dyson, memo to General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; NLC, El Salvador: Critical Choices, 3; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, 25 April 1990; Smith, Resisting Reagan, 97-99; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview."
114. Jack Sheinkman to William Winpisinger, 1 October 1987; UNTS, "Proposal for Tour of the United States by a Delegation From the Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS)," nd; David Dyson to John DeMars, 17 November 1987; "Interview with David Dyson," Labor Report on Central America; Jack Sheinkman to unknown, 18 July 1988; David Dyson, memo to General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; NLC, El Salvador: Critical Choices, 3; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, 25 April 1990; Smith, Resisting Reagan, 97-99; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview."
115. Jack Sheinkman to William Winpisinger, 1 October 1987; UNTS, "Proposal for Tour of the United States by a Delegation From the Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS)," nd; David Dyson to John DeMars, 17 November 1987; "Interview with David Dyson," Labor Report on Central America; Jack Sheinkman to unknown, 18 July 1988; David Dyson, memo to General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; NLC, El Salvador: Critical Choices, 3; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, 25 April 1990; Smith, Resisting Reagan, 97-99; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview."
116. Jack Sheinkman to William Winpisinger, 1 October 1987; UNTS, "Proposal for Tour of the United States by a Delegation From the Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS)," nd; David Dyson to John DeMars, 17 November 1987; "Interview with David Dyson," Labor Report on Central America; Jack Sheinkman to unknown, 18 July 1988; David Dyson, memo to General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; NLC, El Salvador: Critical Choices, 3; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, 25 April 1990; Smith, Resisting Reagan, 97-99; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview."
117. Jack Sheinkman to William Winpisinger, 1 October 1987; UNTS, "Proposal for Tour of the United States by a Delegation From the Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS)," nd; David Dyson to John DeMars, 17 November 1987; "Interview with David Dyson," Labor Report on Central America; Jack Sheinkman to unknown, 18 July 1988; David Dyson, memo to General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; NLC, El Salvador: Critical Choices, 3; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, 25 April 1990; Smith, Resisting Reagan, 97-99; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview."
118. Jack Sheinkman to William Winpisinger, 1 October 1987; UNTS, "Proposal for Tour of the United States by a Delegation From the Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS)," nd; David Dyson to John DeMars, 17 November 1987; "Interview with David Dyson," Labor Report on Central America; Jack Sheinkman to unknown, 18 July 1988; David Dyson, memo to General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; NLC, El Salvador: Critical Choices, 3; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, 25 April 1990; Smith, Resisting Reagan, 97-99; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview."
119. Jack Sheinkman to William Winpisinger, 1 October 1987; UNTS, "Proposal for Tour of the United States by a Delegation From the Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS)," nd; David Dyson to John DeMars, 17 November 1987; "Interview with David Dyson," Labor Report on Central America; Jack Sheinkman to unknown, 18 July 1988; David Dyson, memo to General Office Staff, 21 June 1989; David Dyson, memo to El Salvador Contacts, 29 June 1989; NLC, El Salvador: Critical Choices, 3; David Dyson and Charles Kernaghan, memo to Labor Contacts, 25 April 1990; Smith, Resisting Reagan, 97-99; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview."
120. Smith, Resisting Reagan, 365-72; William M. LeoGrande, Douglas C. Bennett, Morris J. Blachman, and Kenneth E. Sharpe, "Grappling With Central America: From Carter to Reagan," in Confronting Revolution, ed. Blachman, LeoGrande, and Sharpe, ch. 12; Cynthia Arnson, "The Reagan Administration, Congress, and Central America: The Search for Consensus," in Crisis in Central America, ed. Hamilton, Frieden, Fuller, and Pastor, Jr., ch. 2; Philip Brenner and William M. LeoGrande, "Congress and Nicaragua: The Limits of Alternative Policy Making," in Divided Democracy: Cooperation and Conflict Between the President and Congress, ed. James A. Thurber (Washington, 1991), ch. 11; Cynthia J. Arnson and Philip Brenner, "The Limits of Lobbying: Interest Groups, Congress, and Aid to the Contras," in Public Opinion in U.S. Foreign Policy: The Controversy over Contra Aid, ed. Richard Sobel (Lanham, MD, 1993), 191-219.
121. Smith, Resisting Reagan, 365-72; William M. LeoGrande, Douglas C. Bennett, Morris J. Blachman, and Kenneth E. Sharpe, "Grappling With Central America: From Carter to Reagan," in Confronting Revolution, ed. Blachman, LeoGrande, and Sharpe, ch. 12; Cynthia Arnson, "The Reagan Administration, Congress, and Central America: The Search for Consensus," in Crisis in Central America, ed. Hamilton, Frieden, Fuller, and Pastor, Jr., ch. 2; Philip Brenner and William M. LeoGrande, "Congress and Nicaragua: The Limits of Alternative Policy Making," in Divided Democracy: Cooperation and Conflict Between the President and Congress, ed. James A. Thurber (Washington, 1991), ch. 11; Cynthia J. Arnson and Philip Brenner, "The Limits of Lobbying: Interest Groups, Congress, and Aid to the Contras," in Public Opinion in U.S. Foreign Policy: The Controversy over Contra Aid, ed. Richard Sobel (Lanham, MD, 1993), 191-219.
122. Smith, Resisting Reagan, 365-72; William M. LeoGrande, Douglas C. Bennett, Morris J. Blachman, and Kenneth E. Sharpe, "Grappling With Central America: From Carter to Reagan," in Confronting Revolution, ed. Blachman, LeoGrande, and Sharpe, ch. 12; Cynthia Arnson, "The Reagan Administration, Congress, and Central America: The Search for Consensus," in Crisis in Central America, ed. Hamilton, Frieden, Fuller, and Pastor, Jr., ch. 2; Philip Brenner and William M. LeoGrande, "Congress and Nicaragua: The Limits of Alternative Policy Making," in Divided Democracy: Cooperation and Conflict Between the President and Congress, ed. James A. Thurber (Washington, 1991), ch. 11; Cynthia J. Arnson and Philip Brenner, "The Limits of Lobbying: Interest Groups, Congress, and Aid to the Contras," in Public Opinion in U.S. Foreign Policy: The Controversy over Contra Aid, ed. Richard Sobel (Lanham, MD, 1993), 191-219.
123. Smith, Resisting Reagan, 365-72; William M. LeoGrande, Douglas C. Bennett, Morris J. Blachman, and Kenneth E. Sharpe, "Grappling With Central America: From Carter to Reagan," in Confronting Revolution, ed. Blachman, LeoGrande, and Sharpe, ch. 12; Cynthia Arnson, "The Reagan Administration, Congress, and Central America: The Search for Consensus," in Crisis in Central America, ed. Hamilton, Frieden, Fuller, and Pastor, Jr., ch. 2; Philip Brenner and William M. LeoGrande, "Congress and Nicaragua: The Limits of Alternative Policy Making," in Divided Democracy: Cooperation and Conflict Between the President and Congress, ed. James A. Thurber (Washington, 1991), ch. 11; Cynthia J. Arnson and Philip Brenner, "The Limits of Lobbying: Interest Groups, Congress, and Aid to the Contras," in Public Opinion in U.S. Foreign Policy: The Controversy over Contra Aid, ed. Richard Sobel (Lanham, MD, 1993), 191-219.
124. Smith, Resisting Reagan, 365-72; William M. LeoGrande, Douglas C. Bennett, Morris J. Blachman, and Kenneth E. Sharpe, "Grappling With Central America: From Carter to Reagan," in Confronting Revolution, ed. Blachman, LeoGrande, and Sharpe, ch. 12; Cynthia Arnson, "The Reagan Administration, Congress, and Central America: The Search for Consensus," in Crisis in Central America, ed. Hamilton, Frieden, Fuller, and Pastor, Jr., ch. 2; Philip Brenner and William M. LeoGrande, "Congress and Nicaragua: The Limits of Alternative Policy Making," in Divided Democracy: Cooperation and Conflict Between the President and Congress, ed. James A. Thurber (Washington, 1991), ch. 11; Cynthia J. Arnson and Philip Brenner, "The Limits of Lobbying: Interest Groups, Congress, and Aid to the Contras," in Public Opinion in U.S. Foreign Policy: The Controversy over Contra Aid, ed. Richard Sobel (Lanham, MD, 1993), 191-219.
125. Brenner and LeoGrande, "Congress and Nicaragua," 243-44; Arnson, "The Reagan Administration, Congress, and Central America," 51; Arnson and Brenner, "The Limits of Lobbying."
126. Brenner and LeoGrande, "Congress and Nicaragua," 243-44; Arnson, "The Reagan Administration, Congress, and Central America," 51; Arnson and Brenner, "The Limits of Lobbying."
127. Brenner and LeoGrande, "Congress and Nicaragua," 243-44; Arnson, "The Reagan Administration, Congress, and Central America," 51; Arnson and Brenner, "The Limits of Lobbying."
128. See the sources listed in note 23; Buhl quoted in Smith, Resisting Reagan, 246.
129. Dan Cantor, memo to Local Committees, 25 November 1985; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview"; "Interview With David Dyson," Labor Report on Central America; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993.
130. Dan Cantor, memo to Local Committees, 25 November 1985; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview"; "Interview With David Dyson," Labor Report on Central America; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993.
131. Dan Cantor, memo to Local Committees, 25 November 1985; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview"; "Interview With David Dyson," Labor Report on Central America; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993.
132. Dan Cantor, memo to Local Committees, 25 November 1985; NLC, "Funding El Salvador: Legislative Overview"; "Interview With David Dyson," Labor Report on Central America; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993.
133. "The Kissinger Commission Report," Free Trade Union News, February 1984, 1-2; Lane Kirkland, "The Challenge in Latin America," Free Trade Union News, July-August 1984, 1, 2, 8; AFL-CIO, "Resolution No. 34 (As Amended), AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985"; AFL-CIO, Trade Union Rights, Peace, and Democracy in Central America: Report of a Delegation of AFL-CIO Presidents to Nicaragua and El Salvador, September 1987, 1-12; AFL-CIO/American Institute for Free Labor Development, "A Critique of the Americas Watch Report on Labor Rights in El Salvador," 10 June 1988; American Institute for Free Labor Development, Source Book: El Salvador, November 1988, section entitled "El Salvador: Key Issues"; American Institute for Free Labor Development, Source Book: Nicaragua, November 1988, section entitled "Nicaragua: Key Issues"; Aaron Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?," Business Week, 4 November 1985, 92-93; David Moberg, "Teaching the AFL-CIO Some New Tricks," In These Times, 13-19 November 1985, 5-6; Henry Bernstein, "U.S. Unionists Split on Strategy for Central American Aid," Los Angeles Times, 14 May 1986.
134. "The Kissinger Commission Report," Free Trade Union News, February 1984, 1-2; Lane Kirkland, "The Challenge in Latin America," Free Trade Union News, July-August 1984, 1, 2, 8; AFL-CIO, "Resolution No. 34 (As Amended), AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985"; AFL-CIO, Trade Union Rights, Peace, and Democracy in Central America: Report of a Delegation of AFL-CIO Presidents to Nicaragua and El Salvador, September 1987, 1-12; AFL-CIO/American Institute for Free Labor Development, "A Critique of the Americas Watch Report on Labor Rights in El Salvador," 10 June 1988; American Institute for Free Labor Development, Source Book: El Salvador, November 1988, section entitled "El Salvador: Key Issues"; American Institute for Free Labor Development, Source Book: Nicaragua, November 1988, section entitled "Nicaragua: Key Issues"; Aaron Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?," Business Week, 4 November 1985, 92-93; David Moberg, "Teaching the AFL-CIO Some New Tricks," In These Times, 13-19 November 1985, 5-6; Henry Bernstein, "U.S. Unionists Split on Strategy for Central American Aid," Los Angeles Times, 14 May 1986.
135. "The Kissinger Commission Report," Free Trade Union News, February 1984, 1-2; Lane Kirkland, "The Challenge in Latin America," Free Trade Union News, July-August 1984, 1, 2, 8; AFL-CIO, "Resolution No. 34 (As Amended), AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985"; AFL-CIO, Trade Union Rights, Peace, and Democracy in Central America: Report of a Delegation of AFL-CIO Presidents to Nicaragua and El Salvador, September 1987, 1-12; AFL-CIO/American Institute for Free Labor Development, "A Critique of the Americas Watch Report on Labor Rights in El Salvador," 10 June 1988; American Institute for Free Labor Development, Source Book: El Salvador, November 1988, section entitled "El Salvador: Key Issues"; American Institute for Free Labor Development, Source Book: Nicaragua, November 1988, section entitled "Nicaragua: Key Issues"; Aaron Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?," Business Week, 4 November 1985, 92-93; David Moberg, "Teaching the AFL-CIO Some New Tricks," In These Times, 13-19 November 1985, 5-6; Henry Bernstein, "U.S. Unionists Split on Strategy for Central American Aid," Los Angeles Times, 14 May 1986.
136. "The Kissinger Commission Report," Free Trade Union News, February 1984, 1-2; Lane Kirkland, "The Challenge in Latin America," Free Trade Union News, July-August 1984, 1, 2, 8; AFL-CIO, "Resolution No. 34 (As Amended), AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985"; AFL-CIO, Trade Union Rights, Peace, and Democracy in Central America: Report of a Delegation of AFL-CIO Presidents to Nicaragua and El Salvador, September 1987, 1-12; AFL-CIO/American Institute for Free Labor Development, "A Critique of the Americas Watch Report on Labor Rights in El Salvador," 10 June 1988; American Institute for Free Labor Development, Source Book: El Salvador, November 1988, section entitled "El Salvador: Key Issues"; American Institute for Free Labor Development, Source Book: Nicaragua, November 1988, section entitled "Nicaragua: Key Issues"; Aaron Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?," Business Week, 4 November 1985, 92-93; David Moberg, "Teaching the AFL-CIO Some New Tricks," In These Times, 13-19 November 1985, 5-6; Henry Bernstein, "U.S. Unionists Split on Strategy for Central American Aid," Los Angeles Times, 14 May 1986.
137. "The Kissinger Commission Report," Free Trade Union News, February 1984, 1-2; Lane Kirkland, "The Challenge in Latin America," Free Trade Union News, July-August 1984, 1, 2, 8; AFL-CIO, "Resolution No. 34 (As Amended), AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985"; AFL-CIO, Trade Union Rights, Peace, and Democracy in Central America: Report of a Delegation of AFL-CIO Presidents to Nicaragua and El Salvador, September 1987, 1-12; AFL-CIO/American Institute for Free Labor Development, "A Critique of the Americas Watch Report on Labor Rights in El Salvador," 10 June 1988; American Institute for Free Labor Development, Source Book: El Salvador, November 1988, section entitled "El Salvador: Key Issues"; American Institute for Free Labor Development, Source Book: Nicaragua, November 1988, section entitled "Nicaragua: Key Issues"; Aaron Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?," Business Week, 4 November 1985, 92-93; David Moberg, "Teaching the AFL-CIO Some New Tricks," In These Times, 13-19 November 1985, 5-6; Henry Bernstein, "U.S. Unionists Split on Strategy for Central American Aid," Los Angeles Times, 14 May 1986.
138. "The Kissinger Commission Report," Free Trade Union News, February 1984, 1-2; Lane Kirkland, "The Challenge in Latin America," Free Trade Union News, July-August 1984, 1, 2, 8; AFL-CIO, "Resolution No. 34 (As Amended), AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985"; AFL-CIO, Trade Union Rights, Peace, and Democracy in Central America: Report of a Delegation of AFL-CIO Presidents to Nicaragua and El Salvador, September 1987, 1-12; AFL-CIO/American Institute for Free Labor Development, "A Critique of the Americas Watch Report on Labor Rights in El Salvador," 10 June 1988; American Institute for Free Labor Development, Source Book: El Salvador, November 1988, section entitled "El Salvador: Key Issues"; American Institute for Free Labor Development, Source Book: Nicaragua, November 1988, section entitled "Nicaragua: Key Issues"; Aaron Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?," Business Week, 4 November 1985, 92-93; David Moberg, "Teaching the AFL-CIO Some New Tricks," In These Times, 13-19 November 1985, 5-6; Henry Bernstein, "U.S. Unionists Split on Strategy for Central American Aid," Los Angeles Times, 14 May 1986.
139. "The Kissinger Commission Report," Free Trade Union News, February 1984, 1-2; Lane Kirkland, "The Challenge in Latin America," Free Trade Union News, July-August 1984, 1, 2, 8; AFL-CIO, "Resolution No. 34 (As Amended), AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985"; AFL-CIO, Trade Union Rights, Peace, and Democracy in Central America: Report of a Delegation of AFL-CIO Presidents to Nicaragua and El Salvador, September 1987, 1-12; AFL-CIO/American Institute for Free Labor Development, "A Critique of the Americas Watch Report on Labor Rights in El Salvador," 10 June 1988; American Institute for Free Labor Development, Source Book: El Salvador, November 1988, section entitled "El Salvador: Key Issues"; American Institute for Free Labor Development, Source Book: Nicaragua, November 1988, section entitled "Nicaragua: Key Issues"; Aaron Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?," Business Week, 4 November 1985, 92-93; David Moberg, "Teaching the AFL-CIO Some New Tricks," In These Times, 13-19 November 1985, 5-6; Henry Bernstein, "U.S. Unionists Split on Strategy for Central American Aid," Los Angeles Times, 14 May 1986.
140. "The Kissinger Commission Report," Free Trade Union News, February 1984, 1-2; Lane Kirkland, "The Challenge in Latin America," Free Trade Union News, July-August 1984, 1, 2, 8; AFL-CIO, "Resolution No. 34 (As Amended), AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985"; AFL-CIO, Trade Union Rights, Peace, and Democracy in Central America: Report of a Delegation of AFL-CIO Presidents to Nicaragua and El Salvador, September 1987, 1-12; AFL-CIO/American Institute for Free Labor Development, "A Critique of the Americas Watch Report on Labor Rights in El Salvador," 10 June 1988; American Institute for Free Labor Development, Source Book: El Salvador, November 1988, section entitled "El Salvador: Key Issues"; American Institute for Free Labor Development, Source Book: Nicaragua, November 1988, section entitled "Nicaragua: Key Issues"; Aaron Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?," Business Week, 4 November 1985, 92-93; David Moberg, "Teaching the AFL-CIO Some New Tricks," In These Times, 13-19 November 1985, 5-6; Henry Bernstein, "U.S. Unionists Split on Strategy for Central American Aid," Los Angeles Times, 14 May 1986.
141. "The Kissinger Commission Report," Free Trade Union News, February 1984, 1-2; Lane Kirkland, "The Challenge in Latin America," Free Trade Union News, July-August 1984, 1, 2, 8; AFL-CIO, "Resolution No. 34 (As Amended), AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985"; AFL-CIO, Trade Union Rights, Peace, and Democracy in Central America: Report of a Delegation of AFL-CIO Presidents to Nicaragua and El Salvador, September 1987, 1-12; AFL-CIO/American Institute for Free Labor Development, "A Critique of the
142. "The Kissinger Commission Report," Free Trade Union News, February 1984, 1-2; Lane Kirkland, "The Challenge in Latin America," Free Trade Union News, July-August 1984, 1, 2, 8; AFL-CIO, "Resolution No. 34 (As Amended), AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985"; AFL-CIO, Trade Union Rights, Peace, and Democracy in Central America: Report of a Delegation of AFL-CIO Presidents to Nicaragua and El Salvador, September 1987, 1-12; AFL-CIO/American Institute for Free Labor Development, "A Critique of the Americas Watch Report on Labor Rights in El Salvador," 10 June 1988; American Institute for Free Labor Development, Source Book: El Salvador, November 1988, section entitled "El Salvador: Key Issues"; American Institute for Free Labor Development, Source Book: Nicaragua, November 1988, section entitled "Nicaragua: Key Issues"; Aaron Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?," Business Week, 4 November 1985, 92-93; David Moberg, "Teaching the AFL-CIO Some New Tricks," In These Times, 13-19 November 1985, 5-6; Henry Bernstein, "U.S. Unionists Split on Strategy for Central American Aid," Los Angeles Times, 14 May 1986.
143. Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; ACTWU, "Resolution on El Salvador, Submitted to the 1983 Convention of the AFL-CIO"; Lane Kirkland to Mr. Frank Hammer, 13 September 1984; Lane Kirkland, "The Challenge in Latin America"; ACTWU, "Resolution on El Salvador, Submitted to the 1985 Convention of the AFL-CIO"; AFL-ClO, "Resolution No. 34 (As Amended), AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985"; AFL-CIO, "Our Values: An Introduction," nd; AFL-CIO Executive Council, "Resolution on Central America and the Caribbean," February 1988; AFL-CIO Executive Council, "Statement on Central America," 23 February 1989; Jack Sheinkman to Tom Donahue, 10 May 1990; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, July/August 1990, 10; James Ridgeway, "Lane Kirkland Snubs the Lech Walesa of El Salvador," Village Voice, 29 May 1984; Henry Weinstein, "AFL-CIO Supports Arias Peace Proposal," Los Angeles Times, 28 October 1987; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 30; William M. LeoGrande, "Through the Looking Glass: The Kissinger Report on Central America," World Policy Journal (Winter 1984): 251-84.
144. Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; ACTWU, "Resolution on El Salvador, Submitted to the 1983 Convention of the AFL-CIO"; Lane Kirkland to Mr. Frank Hammer, 13 September 1984; Lane Kirkland, "The Challenge in Latin America"; ACTWU, "Resolution on El Salvador, Submitted to the 1985 Convention of the AFL-CIO"; AFL-ClO, "Resolution No. 34 (As Amended), AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985"; AFL-CIO, "Our Values: An Introduction," nd; AFL-CIO Executive Council, "Resolution on Central America and the Caribbean," February 1988; AFL-CIO Executive Council, "Statement on Central America," 23 February 1989; Jack Sheinkman to Tom Donahue, 10 May 1990; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, July/August 1990, 10; James Ridgeway, "Lane Kirkland Snubs the Lech Walesa of El Salvador," Village Voice, 29 May 1984; Henry Weinstein, "AFL-CIO Supports Arias Peace Proposal," Los Angeles Times, 28 October 1987; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 30; William M. LeoGrande, "Through the Looking Glass: The Kissinger Report on Central America," World Policy Journal (Winter 1984): 251-84.
145. Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; ACTWU, "Resolution on El Salvador, Submitted to the 1983 Convention of the AFL-CIO"; Lane Kirkland to Mr. Frank Hammer, 13 September 1984; Lane Kirkland, "The Challenge in Latin America"; ACTWU, "Resolution on El Salvador, Submitted to the 1985 Convention of the AFL-CIO"; AFL-ClO, "Resolution No. 34 (As Amended), AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985"; AFL-CIO, "Our Values: An Introduction," nd; AFL-CIO Executive Council, "Resolution on Central America and the Caribbean," February 1988; AFL-CIO Executive Council, "Statement on Central America," 23 February 1989; Jack Sheinkman to Tom Donahue, 10 May 1990; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, July/August 1990, 10; James Ridgeway, "Lane Kirkland Snubs the Lech Walesa of El Salvador," Village Voice, 29 May 1984; Henry Weinstein, "AFL-CIO Supports Arias Peace Proposal," Los Angeles Times, 28 October 1987; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 30; William M. LeoGrande, "Through the Looking Glass: The Kissinger Report on Central America," World Policy Journal (Winter 1984): 251-84.
146. Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; ACTWU, "Resolution on El Salvador, Submitted to the 1983 Convention of the AFL-CIO"; Lane Kirkland to Mr. Frank Hammer, 13 September 1984; Lane Kirkland, "The Challenge in Latin America"; ACTWU, "Resolution on El Salvador, Submitted to the 1985 Convention of the AFL-CIO"; AFL-ClO, "Resolution No. 34 (As Amended), AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985"; AFL-CIO, "Our Values: An Introduction," nd; AFL-CIO Executive Council, "Resolution on Central America and the Caribbean," February 1988; AFL-CIO Executive Council, "Statement on Central America," 23 February 1989; Jack Sheinkman to Tom Donahue, 10 May 1990; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, July/August 1990, 10; James Ridgeway, "Lane Kirkland Snubs the Lech Walesa of El Salvador," Village Voice, 29 May 1984; Henry Weinstein, "AFL-CIO Supports Arias Peace Proposal," Los Angeles Times, 28 October 1987; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 30; William M. LeoGrande, "Through the Looking Glass: The Kissinger Report on Central America," World Policy Journal (Winter 1984): 251-84.
147. Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; ACTWU, "Resolution on El Salvador, Submitted to the 1983 Convention of the AFL-CIO"; Lane Kirkland to Mr. Frank Hammer, 13 September 1984; Lane Kirkland, "The Challenge in Latin America"; ACTWU, "Resolution on El Salvador, Submitted to the 1985 Convention of the AFL-CIO"; AFL-ClO, "Resolution No. 34 (As Amended), AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985"; AFL-CIO, "Our Values: An Introduction," nd; AFL-CIO Executive Council, "Resolution on Central America and the Caribbean," February 1988; AFL-CIO Executive Council, "Statement on Central America," 23 February 1989; Jack Sheinkman to Tom Donahue, 10 May 1990; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, July/August 1990, 10; James Ridgeway, "Lane Kirkland Snubs the Lech Walesa of El Salvador," Village Voice, 29 May 1984; Henry Weinstein, "AFL-CIO Supports Arias Peace Proposal," Los Angeles Times, 28 October 1987; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 30; William M. LeoGrande, "Through the Looking Glass: The Kissinger Report on Central America," World Policy Journal (Winter 1984): 251-84.
148. Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; ACTWU, "Resolution on El Salvador, Submitted to the 1983 Convention of the AFL-CIO"; Lane Kirkland to Mr. Frank Hammer, 13 September 1984; Lane Kirkland, "The Challenge in Latin America"; ACTWU, "Resolution on El Salvador, Submitted to the 1985 Convention of the AFL-CIO"; AFL-ClO, "Resolution No. 34 (As Amended), AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985"; AFL-CIO, "Our Values: An Introduction," nd; AFL-CIO Executive Council, "Resolution on Central America and the Caribbean," February 1988; AFL-CIO Executive Council, "Statement on Central America," 23 February 1989; Jack Sheinkman to Tom Donahue, 10 May 1990; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, July/August 1990, 10; James Ridgeway, "Lane Kirkland Snubs the Lech Walesa of El Salvador," Village Voice, 29 May 1984; Henry Weinstein, "AFL-CIO Supports Arias Peace Proposal," Los Angeles Times, 28 October 1987; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 30; William M. LeoGrande, "Through the Looking Glass: The Kissinger Report on Central America," World Policy Journal (Winter 1984): 251-84.
149. Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; ACTWU, "Resolution on El Salvador, Submitted to the 1983 Convention of the AFL-CIO"; Lane Kirkland to Mr. Frank Hammer, 13 September 1984; Lane Kirkland, "The Challenge in Latin America"; ACTWU, "Resolution on El Salvador, Submitted to the 1985 Convention of the AFL-CIO"; AFL-ClO, "Resolution No. 34 (As Amended), AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985"; AFL-CIO, "Our Values: An Introduction," nd; AFL-CIO Executive Council, "Resolution on Central America and the Caribbean," February 1988; AFL-CIO Executive Council, "Statement on Central America," 23 February 1989; Jack Sheinkman to Tom Donahue, 10 May 1990; Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, July/August 1990, 10; James Ridgeway, "Lane Kirkland Snubs the Lech Walesa of El Salvador," Village Voice, 29 May 1984; Henry Weinstein, "AFL-CIO Supports Arias Peace Proposal," Los Angeles Times, 28 October 1987; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 30; William M. LeoGrande, "Through the Looking Glass: The Kissinger Report on Central America," World Policy Journal (Winter 1984): 251-84.
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162. Faye Hansen, "The AFL-CIO and the Endowment for Democracy," Economic Notes, May-June 1985, 12-15; "The Kissinger Commission Report," Free Trade Union News, February 1984, 1-2; Jack Germond and Jules Witcover, "'Contra' Debate Shows New Foreign Policy Stance By Labor, Baltimore Sun, 23 March 1986; Bureau of National Affairs, Daily Labor Report, 9 January 1988.
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174. Brenner and LeoGrande, "Congress and Nicaragua," 232; AFL-CIO Executive Council, "Resolution on Central America and the Caribbean," February 1988; David Dyson to John DeMars, 17 November 1987; "Interview with David Dyson," Labor Report.
175. Brenner and LeoGrande, "Congress and Nicaragua," 232; AFL-CIO Executive Council, "Resolution on Central America and the Caribbean," February 1988; David Dyson to John DeMars, 17 November 1987; "Interview with David Dyson," Labor Report.
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186. Daniel Cantor and Juliet Schor, Tunnel Vision: Labor, The World Economy, and Central America (Boston, 1987), 77-78; Paul Garver, "Beyond the Cold War: New Directions for Labor Internationalism," Labor Research Reviev (Spring 1989): 61-71; AFL-CIO, Trade Union Rights, Peace, and Democracy in Central America, 2, 7-12; AIFLD, Source Book. Nicaragua, "Nicaragua: Key Issues"; NLC, The Search for Peace in Central America, 17-19; Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?"; Bernstein, "U.S. Unionists Split on Strategy for Central American Aid"; Al Weinrub and William Bollinger, The AFL-CIO in Central America (Oakland, 1987), 21-26; Tom Barry and Deb Preusch, AIFLD in Central America (Albuquerque, 1986), 31-40; AFL-CIO/AIFLD, "A Critique of the Americas Watch Report," 3-15; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Jack Sheinkman to Tom Donahue, 10 May 1990.
187. Daniel Cantor and Juliet Schor, Tunnel Vision: Labor, The World Economy, and Central America (Boston, 1987), 77-78; Paul Garver, "Beyond the Cold War: New Directions for Labor Internationalism," Labor Research Reviev (Spring 1989): 61-71; AFL-CIO, Trade Union Rights, Peace, and Democracy in Central America, 2, 7-12; AIFLD, Source Book. Nicaragua, "Nicaragua: Key Issues"; NLC, The Search for Peace in Central America, 17-19; Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?"; Bernstein, "U.S. Unionists Split on Strategy for Central American Aid"; Al Weinrub and William Bollinger, The AFL-CIO in Central America (Oakland, 1987), 21-26; Tom Barry and Deb Preusch, AIFLD in Central America (Albuquerque, 1986), 31-40; AFL-CIO/AIFLD, "A Critique of the Americas Watch Report," 3-15; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Jack Sheinkman to Tom Donahue, 10 May 1990.
188. Daniel Cantor and Juliet Schor, Tunnel Vision: Labor, The World Economy, and Central America (Boston, 1987), 77-78; Paul Garver, "Beyond the Cold War: New Directions for Labor Internationalism," Labor Research Reviev (Spring 1989): 61-71; AFL-CIO, Trade Union Rights, Peace, and Democracy in Central America, 2, 7-12; AIFLD, Source Book. Nicaragua, "Nicaragua: Key Issues"; NLC, The Search for Peace in Central America, 17-19; Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?"; Bernstein, "U.S. Unionists Split on Strategy for Central American Aid"; Al Weinrub and William Bollinger, The AFL-CIO in Central America (Oakland, 1987), 21-26; Tom Barry and Deb Preusch, AIFLD in Central America (Albuquerque, 1986), 31-40; AFL-CIO/AIFLD, "A Critique of the Americas Watch Report," 3-15; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Jack Sheinkman to Tom Donahue, 10 May 1990.
189. Daniel Cantor and Juliet Schor, Tunnel Vision: Labor, The World Economy, and Central America (Boston, 1987), 77-78; Paul Garver, "Beyond the Cold War: New Directions for Labor Internationalism," Labor Research Reviev (Spring 1989): 61-71; AFL-CIO, Trade Union Rights, Peace, and Democracy in Central America, 2, 7-12; AIFLD, Source Book. Nicaragua, "Nicaragua: Key Issues"; NLC, The Search for Peace in Central America, 17-19; Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?"; Bernstein, "U.S. Unionists Split on Strategy for Central American Aid"; Al Weinrub and William Bollinger, The AFL-CIO in Central America (Oakland, 1987), 21-26; Tom Barry and Deb Preusch, AIFLD in Central America (Albuquerque, 1986), 31-40; AFL-CIO/AIFLD, "A Critique of the Americas Watch Report," 3-15; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Jack Sheinkman to Tom Donahue, 10 May 1990.
190. Daniel Cantor and Juliet Schor, Tunnel Vision: Labor, The World Economy, and Central America (Boston, 1987), 77-78; Paul Garver, "Beyond the Cold War: New Directions for Labor Internationalism," Labor Research Reviev (Spring 1989): 61-71; AFL-CIO, Trade Union Rights, Peace, and Democracy in Central America, 2, 7-12; AIFLD, Source Book. Nicaragua, "Nicaragua: Key Issues"; NLC, The Search for Peace in Central America, 17-19; Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?"; Bernstein, "U.S. Unionists Split on Strategy for Central American Aid"; Al Weinrub and William Bollinger, The AFL-CIO in Central America (Oakland, 1987), 21-26; Tom Barry and Deb Preusch, AIFLD in Central America (Albuquerque, 1986), 31-40; AFL-CIO/AIFLD, "A Critique of the Americas Watch Report," 3-15; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Jack Sheinkman to Tom Donahue, 10 May 1990.
191. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Jean Weisman, "U.S. Labor Leaders Help Win Release of Ten Salvadoran Trade Unionists" (photocopy; source not known); Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; Tom Kahn, memo to State Federations and Central Bodies, 22 August 1986; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 30-31.
192. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Jean Weisman, "U.S. Labor Leaders Help Win Release of Ten Salvadoran Trade Unionists" (photocopy; source not known); Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; Tom Kahn, memo to State Federations and Central Bodies, 22 August 1986; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 30-31.
193. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Jean Weisman, "U.S. Labor Leaders Help Win Release of Ten Salvadoran Trade Unionists" (photocopy; source not known); Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; Tom Kahn, memo to State Federations and Central Bodies, 22 August 1986; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 30-31.
194. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Jean Weisman, "U.S. Labor Leaders Help Win Release of Ten Salvadoran Trade Unionists" (photocopy; source not known); Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; Tom Kahn, memo to State Federations and Central Bodies, 22 August 1986; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 30-31.
195. Tom Kahn, memo to State Federations and Central Bodies, 22 August 1986; John T. Joyce to person or persons unknown, 1 April 1987; Albert Shanker, "Where We Stand," New York Times, 19 April 1987; Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; Fred Solowey, interview, Washington, DC, 16 June 1993; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 30-32.
196. Tom Kahn, memo to State Federations and Central Bodies, 22 August 1986; John T. Joyce to person or persons unknown, 1 April 1987; Albert Shanker, "Where We Stand," New York Times, 19 April 1987; Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; Fred Solowey, interview, Washington, DC, 16 June 1993; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 30-32.
197. Tom Kahn, memo to State Federations and Central Bodies, 22 August 1986; John T. Joyce to person or persons unknown, 1 April 1987; Albert Shanker, "Where We Stand," New York Times, 19 April 1987; Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; Fred Solowey, interview, Washington, DC, 16 June 1993; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 30-32.
198. Tom Kahn, memo to State Federations and Central Bodies, 22 August 1986; John T. Joyce to person or persons unknown, 1 April 1987; Albert Shanker, "Where We Stand," New York Times, 19 April 1987; Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; Fred Solowey, interview, Washington, DC, 16 June 1993; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 30-32.
199. Tom Kahn, memo to State Federations and Central Bodies, 22 August 1986; John T. Joyce to person or persons unknown, 1 April 1987; Albert Shanker, "Where We Stand," New York Times, 19 April 1987; Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; Fred Solowey, interview, Washington, DC, 16 June 1993; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 30-32.
200. Tom Kahn, memo to State Federations and Central Bodies, 22 August 1986; John T. Joyce to person or persons unknown, 1 April 1987; Albert Shanker, "Where We Stand," New York Times, 19 April 1987; Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; Fred Solowey, interview, Washington, DC, 16 June 1993; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 30-32.
201. Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; Charlie Dee to Mr. Lane Kirkland, 20 April 1983; Charlie Dee to Mr. Irving Brown, 19 May 1983; Tom Kahn, memo to State Federations and Central Bodies, 22 August 1986; Eric Thiel, memo to Tom Kahn Director of International Affairs, AFL-CIO, 27 August 1986; Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?"; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-interest," 30-32; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision.
202. Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; Charlie Dee to Mr. Lane Kirkland, 20 April 1983; Charlie Dee to Mr. Irving Brown, 19 May 1983; Tom Kahn, memo to State Federations and Central Bodies, 22 August 1986; Eric Thiel, memo to Tom Kahn Director of International Affairs, AFL-CIO, 27 August 1986; Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?"; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-interest," 30-32; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision.
203. Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; Charlie Dee to Mr. Lane Kirkland, 20 April 1983; Charlie Dee to Mr. Irving Brown, 19 May 1983; Tom Kahn, memo to State Federations and Central Bodies, 22 August 1986; Eric Thiel, memo to Tom Kahn Director of International Affairs, AFL-CIO, 27 August 1986; Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?"; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-interest," 30-32; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision.
204. Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; Charlie Dee to Mr. Lane Kirkland, 20 April 1983; Charlie Dee to Mr. Irving Brown, 19 May 1983; Tom Kahn, memo to State Federations and Central Bodies, 22 August 1986; Eric Thiel, memo to Tom Kahn Director of International Affairs, AFL-CIO, 27 August 1986; Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?"; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-interest," 30-32; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision.
205. Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; Charlie Dee to Mr. Lane Kirkland, 20 April 1983; Charlie Dee to Mr. Irving Brown, 19 May 1983; Tom Kahn, memo to State Federations and Central Bodies, 22 August 1986; Eric Thiel, memo to Tom Kahn Director of International Affairs, AFL-CIO, 27 August 1986; Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?"; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-interest," 30-32; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision.
206. Lane Kirkland to Principal Officers of State and Local Central Bodies, 24 March 1983; Charlie Dee to Mr. Lane Kirkland, 20 April 1983; Charlie Dee to Mr. Irving Brown, 19 May 1983; Tom Kahn, memo to State Federations and Central Bodies, 22 August 1986; Eric Thiel, memo to Tom Kahn Director of International Affairs, AFL-CIO, 27 August 1986; Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?"; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-interest," 30-32; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision.
207. NLC, press release, 16 October 1984; Jose Arnulfo Grande, Santos Rivera Calzada, Alfredo Hernandez Represa, Hector Bernabe Recinos, Dagoberto Rodriguez Machuca, Arcadio Rauda Mejia, Jose Arturo Valencia, Jorge Hernandez, and Chedor Leomer Ascensio to National Labor Committee, 30 November 1984; Weisman, "U.S. Labor Leaders Help Win Release of Ten Salvadoran Trade Unionists"; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Ridgeway, "Lane Kirkland Snubs the Lech Walesa of El Salvador."
208. NLC, press release, 16 October 1984; Jose Arnulfo Grande, Santos Rivera Calzada, Alfredo Hernandez Represa, Hector Bernabe Recinos, Dagoberto Rodriguez Machuca, Arcadio Rauda Mejia, Jose Arturo Valencia, Jorge Hernandez, and Chedor Leomer Ascensio to National Labor Committee, 30 November 1984; Weisman, "U.S. Labor Leaders Help Win Release of Ten Salvadoran Trade Unionists"; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Ridgeway, "Lane Kirkland Snubs the Lech Walesa of El Salvador."
209. NLC, press release, 16 October 1984; Jose Arnulfo Grande, Santos Rivera Calzada, Alfredo Hernandez Represa, Hector Bernabe Recinos, Dagoberto Rodriguez Machuca, Arcadio Rauda Mejia, Jose Arturo Valencia, Jorge Hernandez, and Chedor Leomer Ascensio to National Labor Committee, 30 November 1984; Weisman, "U.S. Labor Leaders Help Win Release of Ten Salvadoran Trade Unionists"; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Ridgeway, "Lane Kirkland Snubs the Lech Walesa of El Salvador."
210. NLC, press release, 16 October 1984; Jose Arnulfo Grande, Santos Rivera Calzada, Alfredo Hernandez Represa, Hector Bernabe Recinos, Dagoberto Rodriguez Machuca, Arcadio Rauda Mejia, Jose Arturo Valencia, Jorge Hernandez, and Chedor Leomer Ascensio to National Labor Committee, 30 November 1984; Weisman, "U.S. Labor Leaders Help Win Release of Ten Salvadoran Trade Unionists"; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Ridgeway, "Lane Kirkland Snubs the Lech Walesa of El Salvador."
211. NLC, press release, 16 October 1984; Jose Arnulfo Grande, Santos Rivera Calzada, Alfredo Hernandez Represa, Hector Bernabe Recinos, Dagoberto Rodriguez Machuca, Arcadio Rauda Mejia, Jose Arturo Valencia, Jorge Hernandez, and Chedor Leomer Ascensio to National Labor Committee, 30 November 1984; Weisman, "U.S. Labor Leaders Help Win Release of Ten Salvadoran Trade Unionists"; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Ridgeway, "Lane Kirkland Snubs the Lech Walesa of El Salvador."
212. Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, July/August 1990, 2, 10, 15; Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 310-19; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993.
213. Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, July/August 1990, 2, 10, 15; Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 310-19; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993.
214. Labor Coalition on Central America, Labor Action, July/August 1990, 2, 10, 15; Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 310-19; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993.
215. Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 69; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Isabelle Letelier to Jack Sheinkman, 26 June 1989.
216. Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 69; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Isabelle Letelier to Jack Sheinkman, 26 June 1989.
217. Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 69; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Isabelle Letelier to Jack Sheinkman, 26 June 1989.
218. Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 69; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Isabelle Letelier to Jack Sheinkman, 26 June 1989.
219. Zieger, The CIO, ch. 9, 328-32, 374-76; MacShane, International Labour and the Origins of the Cold War, chs. 6-8; John Barnard, Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers (Boston, 1983), ch. 7; David Plotke, Building a Democratic Political Order: Reshaping American Liberalism in the 1930s and 1940s (Cambridge, U.K., 1996), ch. 10; Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor"; Sturmthal, Left of Center, chs. 1-4, 16. More critical analyses of American labor's Cold War commitments include Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy, Henry Berger, "Organized Labor and American Foreign Policy," in The American Working Class: Prospects for the 1080s, ed. I. L. Horowitz, J.C. Leggett, and M. Oppenheimer (New Brunswick, NJ, 1979), ch. 7; and Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision. The CIO contained roughly a dozen unions whose leaders were in or close to the American Communist Party, and in 1945 it joined the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) alongside Soviet and European communist unions as well as European and other noncommunist unions. This collaboration of the "mainstream" CIO with communist unions in both domestic and international politics was premised on the special conditions of the Depression and World War II and did not last beyond 1947. Divisions over the Marshall Plan and the 1948 Progressive Party presidential campaign of Henry Wallace led the CIO to expel its communist-led unions and to abandon the WFTU, but long-standing ideological and trade union differences between the noncommunist CIO unions and communist unions at home and abroad underlay these divisions and made continued cooperation after World War II unlikely. (The CIO's expulsion of communist-led or influenced unions and its exit from the WFTU remain highly charged issues among labor historians and other scholars to this day.) It should be emphasized, however, that both before and after the 1955 merger of the AFL and the CIO, the latter's Cold War foreign policy views differed from those of the former, especially in that the CIO placed less emphasis on military force and more on social development and reform as the means to prevent Soviet or communist advances.
220. Zieger, The CIO, ch. 9, 328-32, 374-76; MacShane, International Labour and the Origins of the Cold War, chs. 6-8; John Barnard, Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers (Boston, 1983), ch. 7; David Plotke, Building a Democratic Political Order: Reshaping American Liberalism in the 1930s and 1940s (Cambridge, U.K., 1996), ch. 10; Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor"; Sturmthal, Left of Center, chs. 1-4, 16. More critical analyses of American labor's Cold War commitments include Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy, Henry Berger, "Organized Labor and American Foreign Policy," in The American Working Class: Prospects for the 1080s, ed. I. L. Horowitz, J.C. Leggett, and M. Oppenheimer (New Brunswick, NJ, 1979), ch. 7; and Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision. The CIO contained roughly a dozen unions whose leaders were in or close to the American Communist Party, and in 1945 it joined the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) alongside Soviet and European communist unions as well as European and other noncommunist unions. This collaboration of the "mainstream" CIO with communist unions in both domestic and international politics was premised on the special conditions of the Depression and World War II and did not last beyond 1947. Divisions over the Marshall Plan and the 1948 Progressive Party presidential campaign of Henry Wallace led the CIO to expel its communist-led unions and to abandon the WFTU, but long-standing ideological and trade union differences between the noncommunist CIO unions and communist unions at home and abroad underlay these divisions and made continued cooperation after World War II unlikely. (The CIO's expulsion of communist-led or influenced unions and its exit from the WFTU remain highly charged issues among labor historians and other scholars to this day.) It should be emphasized, however, that both before and after the 1955 merger of the AFL and the CIO, the latter's Cold War foreign policy views differed from those of the former, especially in that the CIO placed less emphasis on military force and more on social development and reform as the means to prevent Soviet or communist advances.
221. Zieger, The CIO, ch. 9, 328-32, 374-76; MacShane, International Labour and the Origins of the Cold War, chs. 6-8; John Barnard, Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers (Boston, 1983), ch. 7; David Plotke, Building a Democratic Political Order: Reshaping American Liberalism in the 1930s and 1940s (Cambridge, U.K., 1996), ch. 10; Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor"; Sturmthal, Left of Center, chs. 1-4, 16. More critical analyses of American labor's Cold War commitments include Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy, Henry Berger, "Organized Labor and American Foreign Policy," in The American Working Class: Prospects for the 1080s, ed. I. L. Horowitz, J.C. Leggett, and M. Oppenheimer (New Brunswick, NJ, 1979), ch. 7; and Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision. The CIO contained roughly a dozen unions whose leaders were in or close to the American Communist Party, and in 1945 it joined the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) alongside Soviet and European communist unions as well as European and other noncommunist unions. This collaboration of the "mainstream" CIO with communist unions in both domestic and international politics was premised on the special conditions of the Depression and World War II and did not last beyond 1947. Divisions over the Marshall Plan and the 1948 Progressive Party presidential campaign of Henry Wallace led the CIO to expel its communist-led unions and to abandon the WFTU, but long-standing ideological and trade union differences between the noncommunist CIO unions and communist unions at home and abroad underlay these divisions and made continued cooperation after World War II unlikely. (The CIO's expulsion of communist-led or influenced unions and its exit from the WFTU remain highly charged issues among labor historians and other scholars to this day.) It should be emphasized, however, that both before and after the 1955 merger of the AFL and the CIO, the latter's Cold War foreign policy views differed from those of the former, especially in that the CIO placed less emphasis on military force and more on social development and reform as the means to prevent Soviet or communist advances.
222. Zieger, The CIO, ch. 9, 328-32, 374-76; MacShane, International Labour and the Origins of the Cold War, chs. 6-8; John Barnard, Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers (Boston, 1983), ch. 7; David Plotke, Building a Democratic Political Order: Reshaping American Liberalism in the 1930s and 1940s (Cambridge, U.K., 1996), ch. 10; Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor"; Sturmthal, Left of Center, chs. 1-4, 16. More critical analyses of American labor's Cold War commitments include Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy, Henry Berger, "Organized Labor and American Foreign Policy," in The American Working Class: Prospects for the 1080s, ed. I. L. Horowitz, J.C. Leggett, and M. Oppenheimer (New Brunswick, NJ, 1979), ch. 7; and Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision. The CIO contained roughly a dozen unions whose leaders were in or close to the American Communist Party, and in 1945 it joined the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) alongside Soviet and European communist unions as well as European and other noncommunist unions. This collaboration of the "mainstream" CIO with communist unions in both domestic and international politics was premised on the special conditions of the Depression and World War II and did not last beyond 1947. Divisions over the Marshall Plan and the 1948 Progressive Party presidential campaign of Henry Wallace led the CIO to expel its communist-led unions and to abandon the WFTU, but long-standing ideological and trade union differences between the noncommunist CIO unions and communist unions at home and abroad underlay these divisions and made continued cooperation after World War II unlikely. (The CIO's expulsion of communist-led or influenced unions and its exit from the WFTU remain highly charged issues among labor historians and other scholars to this day.) It should be emphasized, however, that both before and after the 1955 merger of the AFL and the CIO, the latter's Cold War foreign policy views differed from those of the former, especially in that the CIO placed less emphasis on military force and more on social development and reform as the means to prevent Soviet or communist advances.
223. Zieger, The CIO, ch. 9, 328-32, 374-76; MacShane, International Labour and the Origins of the Cold War, chs. 6-8; John Barnard, Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers (Boston, 1983), ch. 7; David Plotke, Building a Democratic Political Order: Reshaping American Liberalism in the 1930s and 1940s (Cambridge, U.K., 1996), ch. 10; Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor"; Sturmthal, Left of Center, chs. 1-4, 16. More critical analyses of American labor's Cold War commitments include Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy, Henry Berger, "Organized Labor and American Foreign Policy," in The American Working Class: Prospects for the 1080s, ed. I. L. Horowitz, J.C. Leggett, and M. Oppenheimer (New Brunswick, NJ, 1979), ch. 7; and Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision. The CIO contained roughly a dozen unions whose leaders were in or close to the American Communist Party, and in 1945 it joined the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) alongside Soviet and European communist unions as well as European and other noncommunist unions. This collaboration of the "mainstream" CIO with communist unions in both domestic and international politics was premised on the special conditions of the Depression and World War II and did not last beyond 1947. Divisions over the Marshall Plan and the 1948 Progressive Party presidential campaign of Henry Wallace led the CIO to expel its communist-led unions and to abandon the WFTU, but long-standing ideological and trade union differences between the noncommunist CIO unions and communist unions at home and abroad underlay these divisions and made continued cooperation after World War II unlikely. (The CIO's expulsion of communist-led or influenced unions and its exit from the WFTU remain highly charged issues among labor historians and other scholars to this day.) It should be emphasized, however, that both before and after the 1955 merger of the AFL and the CIO, the latter's Cold War foreign policy views differed from those of the former, especially in that the CIO placed less emphasis on military force and more on social development and reform as the means to prevent Soviet or communist advances.
224. Zieger, The CIO, ch. 9, 328-32, 374-76; MacShane, International Labour and the Origins of the Cold War, chs. 6-8; John Barnard, Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers (Boston, 1983), ch. 7; David Plotke, Building a Democratic Political Order: Reshaping American Liberalism in the 1930s and 1940s (Cambridge, U.K., 1996), ch. 10; Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor"; Sturmthal, Left of Center, chs. 1-4, 16. More critical analyses of American labor's Cold War commitments include Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy, Henry Berger, "Organized Labor and American Foreign Policy," in The American Working Class: Prospects for the 1080s, ed. I. L. Horowitz, J.C. Leggett, and M. Oppenheimer (New Brunswick, NJ, 1979), ch. 7; and Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision. The CIO contained roughly a dozen unions whose leaders were in or close to the American Communist Party, and in 1945 it joined the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) alongside Soviet and European communist unions as well as European and other noncommunist unions. This collaboration of the "mainstream" CIO with communist unions in both domestic and international politics was premised on the special conditions of the Depression and World War II and did not last beyond 1947. Divisions over the Marshall Plan and the 1948 Progressive Party presidential campaign of Henry Wallace led the CIO to expel its communist-led unions and to abandon the WFTU, but long-standing ideological and trade union differences between the noncommunist CIO unions and communist unions at home and abroad underlay these divisions and made continued cooperation after World War II unlikely. (The CIO's expulsion of communist-led or influenced unions and its exit from the WFTU remain highly charged issues among labor historians and other scholars to this day.) It should be emphasized, however, that both before and after the 1955 merger of the AFL and the CIO, the latter's Cold War foreign policy views differed from those of the former, especially in that the CIO placed less emphasis on military force and more on social development and reform as the means to prevent Soviet or communist advances.
225. Zieger, The CIO, ch. 9, 328-32, 374-76; MacShane, International Labour and the Origins of the Cold War, chs. 6-8; John Barnard, Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers (Boston, 1983), ch. 7; David Plotke, Building a Democratic Political Order: Reshaping American Liberalism in the 1930s and 1940s (Cambridge, U.K., 1996), ch. 10; Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor"; Sturmthal, Left of Center, chs. 1-4, 16. More critical analyses of American labor's Cold War commitments include Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy, Henry Berger, "Organized Labor and American Foreign Policy," in The American Working Class: Prospects for the 1080s, ed. I. L. Horowitz, J.C. Leggett, and M. Oppenheimer (New Brunswick, NJ, 1979), ch. 7; and Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision. The CIO contained roughly a dozen unions whose leaders were in or close to the American Communist Party, and in 1945 it joined the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) alongside Soviet and European communist unions as well as European and other noncommunist unions. This collaboration of the "mainstream" CIO with communist unions in both domestic and international politics was premised on the special conditions of the Depression and World War II and did not last beyond 1947. Divisions over the Marshall Plan and the 1948 Progressive Party presidential campaign of Henry Wallace led the CIO to expel its communist-led unions and to abandon the WFTU, but long-standing ideological and trade union differences between the noncommunist CIO unions and communist unions at home and abroad underlay these divisions and made continued cooperation after World War II unlikely. (The CIO's expulsion of communist-led or influenced unions and its exit from the WFTU remain highly charged issues among labor historians and other scholars to this day.) It should be emphasized, however, that both before and after the 1955 merger of the AFL and the CIO, the latter's Cold War foreign policy views differed from those of the former, especially in that the CIO placed less emphasis on military force and more on social development and reform as the means to prevent Soviet or communist advances.
226. Zieger, The CIO, ch. 9, 328-32, 374-76; MacShane, International Labour and the Origins of the Cold War, chs. 6-8; John Barnard, Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers (Boston, 1983), ch. 7; David Plotke, Building a Democratic Political Order: Reshaping American Liberalism in the 1930s and 1940s (Cambridge, U.K., 1996), ch. 10; Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor"; Sturmthal, Left of Center, chs. 1-4, 16. More critical analyses of American labor's Cold War commitments include Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy, Henry Berger, "Organized Labor and American Foreign Policy," in The American Working Class: Prospects for the 1080s, ed. I. L. Horowitz, J.C. Leggett, and M. Oppenheimer (New Brunswick, NJ, 1979), ch. 7; and Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision. The CIO contained roughly a dozen unions whose leaders were in or close to the American Communist Party, and in 1945 it joined the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) alongside Soviet and European communist unions as well as European and other noncommunist unions. This collaboration of the "mainstream" CIO with communist unions in both domestic and international politics was premised on the special conditions of the Depression and World War II and did not last beyond 1947. Divisions over the Marshall Plan and the 1948 Progressive Party presidential campaign of Henry Wallace led the CIO to expel its communist-led unions and to abandon the WFTU, but long-standing ideological and trade union differences between the noncommunist CIO unions and communist unions at home and abroad underlay these divisions and made continued cooperation after World War II unlikely. (The CIO's expulsion of communist-led or influenced unions and its exit from the WFTU remain highly charged issues among labor historians and other scholars to this day.) It should be emphasized, however, that both before and after the 1955 merger of the AFL and the CIO, the latter's Cold War foreign policy views differed from those of the former, especially in that the CIO placed less emphasis on military force and more on social development and reform as the means to prevent Soviet or communist advances.
227. Zieger, The CIO, ch. 9, 328-32, 374-76; MacShane, International Labour and the Origins of the Cold War, chs. 6-8; John Barnard, Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers (Boston, 1983), ch. 7; David Plotke, Building a Democratic Political Order: Reshaping American Liberalism in the 1930s and 1940s (Cambridge, U.K., 1996), ch. 10; Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor"; Sturmthal, Left of Center, chs. 1-4, 16. More critical analyses of American labor's Cold War commitments include Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy, Henry Berger, "Organized Labor and American Foreign Policy," in The American Working Class: Prospects for the 1080s, ed. I. L. Horowitz, J.C. Leggett, and M. Oppenheimer (New Brunswick, NJ, 1979), ch. 7; and Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision. The CIO contained roughly a dozen unions whose leaders were in or close to the American Communist Party, and in 1945 it joined the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) alongside Soviet and European communist unions as well as European and other noncommunist unions. This collaboration of the "mainstream" CIO with communist unions in both domestic and international politics was premised on the special conditions of the Depression and World War II and did not last beyond 1947. Divisions over the Marshall Plan and the 1948 Progressive Party presidential campaign of Henry Wallace led the CIO to expel its communist-led unions and to abandon the WFTU, but long-standing ideological and trade union differences between the noncommunist CIO unions and communist unions at home and abroad underlay these divisions and made continued cooperation after World War II unlikely. (The CIO's expulsion of communist-led or influenced unions and its exit from the WFTU remain highly charged issues among labor historians and other scholars to this day.) It should be emphasized, however, that both before and after the 1955 merger of the AFL and the CIO, the latter's Cold War foreign policy views differed from those of the former, especially in that the CIO placed less emphasis on military force and more on social development and reform as the means to prevent Soviet or communist advances.
228. Allen J. Matusow, The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York, 1984), ch. 13; Jerel A. Rosati, The Politics of United States Foreign Policy (Fort Worth, 1999), 2d ed., 398-405, 460-66; Sturmthal, Left of Center, ch. 16; Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor."
229. Allen J. Matusow, The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York, 1984), ch. 13; Jerel A. Rosati, The Politics of United States Foreign Policy (Fort Worth, 1999), 2d ed., 398-405, 460-66; Sturmthal, Left of Center, ch. 16; Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor."
230. Allen J. Matusow, The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York, 1984), ch. 13; Jerel A. Rosati, The Politics of United States Foreign Policy (Fort Worth, 1999), 2d ed., 398-405, 460-66; Sturmthal, Left of Center, ch. 16; Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor."
231. Allen J. Matusow, The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York, 1984), ch. 13; Jerel A. Rosati, The Politics of United States Foreign Policy (Fort Worth, 1999), 2d ed., 398-405, 460-66; Sturmthal, Left of Center, ch. 16; Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor."
232. Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor"; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision, 34-48; Kim Moody, An Injury to All: The Decline of American Unionism (London, 1988), 288-96; Sturmthal, Left of Center, ch. 16.
233. Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor"; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision, 34-48; Kim Moody, An Injury to All: The Decline of American Unionism (London, 1988), 288-96; Sturmthal, Left of Center, ch. 16.
234. Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor"; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision, 34-48; Kim Moody, An Injury to All: The Decline of American Unionism (London, 1988), 288-96; Sturmthal, Left of Center, ch. 16.
235. Windmuller, "The Foreign Policy Conflict in American Labor"; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision, 34-48; Kim Moody, An Injury to All: The Decline of American Unionism (London, 1988), 288-96; Sturmthal, Left of Center, ch. 16.
236. Robert H. Zieger, "George Meany: Labor's Organization Man," in Labor Leaders in America, ed. Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine (Urbana, IL, 1987), ch. 14; Walter Galenson, The American Labor Movement, 1955-1995 (Westport, CT, 1996), ch. 14; Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy, ch. 14; Taylor Dark, The Unions and the Democrats: An Enduring Alliance (Ithaca, NY, 1999), 66, 102; Michael Massing, "From Bolshevism to Reaganism: Trotsky's Orphans," New Republic (June 1987): 18-22; Jack Clark, "The 'Ex' Syndrome," NACLA: Report on the Amencas (May/June 1988): 26; Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?"
237. Robert H. Zieger, "George Meany: Labor's Organization Man," in Labor Leaders in America, ed. Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine (Urbana, IL, 1987), ch. 14; Walter Galenson, The American Labor Movement, 1955-1995 (Westport, CT, 1996), ch. 14; Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy, ch. 14; Taylor Dark, The Unions and the Democrats: An Enduring Alliance (Ithaca, NY, 1999), 66, 102; Michael Massing, "From Bolshevism to Reaganism: Trotsky's Orphans," New Republic (June 1987): 18-22; Jack Clark, "The 'Ex' Syndrome," NACLA: Report on the Amencas (May/June 1988): 26; Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?"
238. Robert H. Zieger, "George Meany: Labor's Organization Man," in Labor Leaders in America, ed. Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine (Urbana, IL, 1987), ch. 14; Walter Galenson, The American Labor Movement, 1955-1995 (Westport, CT, 1996), ch. 14; Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy, ch. 14; Taylor Dark, The Unions and the Democrats: An Enduring Alliance (Ithaca, NY, 1999), 66, 102; Michael Massing, "From Bolshevism to Reaganism: Trotsky's Orphans," New Republic (June 1987): 18-22; Jack Clark, "The 'Ex' Syndrome," NACLA: Report on the Amencas (May/June 1988): 26; Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?"
239. Robert H. Zieger, "George Meany: Labor's Organization Man," in Labor Leaders in America, ed. Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine (Urbana, IL, 1987), ch. 14; Walter Galenson, The American Labor Movement, 1955-1995 (Westport, CT, 1996), ch. 14; Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy, ch. 14; Taylor Dark, The Unions and the Democrats: An Enduring Alliance (Ithaca, NY, 1999), 66, 102; Michael Massing, "From Bolshevism to Reaganism: Trotsky's Orphans," New Republic (June 1987): 18-22; Jack Clark, "The 'Ex' Syndrome," NACLA: Report on the Amencas (May/June 1988): 26; Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?"
240. Robert H. Zieger, "George Meany: Labor's Organization Man," in Labor Leaders in America, ed. Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine (Urbana, IL, 1987), ch. 14; Walter Galenson, The American Labor Movement, 1955-1995 (Westport, CT, 1996), ch. 14; Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy, ch. 14; Taylor Dark, The Unions and the Democrats: An Enduring Alliance (Ithaca, NY, 1999), 66, 102; Michael Massing, "From Bolshevism to Reaganism: Trotsky's Orphans," New Republic (June 1987): 18-22; Jack Clark, "The 'Ex' Syndrome," NACLA: Report on the Amencas (May/June 1988): 26; Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?"
241. Robert H. Zieger, "George Meany: Labor's Organization Man," in Labor Leaders in America, ed. Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine (Urbana, IL, 1987), ch. 14; Walter Galenson, The American Labor Movement, 1955-1995 (Westport, CT, 1996), ch. 14; Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy, ch. 14; Taylor Dark, The Unions and the Democrats: An Enduring Alliance (Ithaca, NY, 1999), 66, 102; Michael Massing, "From Bolshevism to Reaganism: Trotsky's Orphans," New Republic (June 1987): 18-22; Jack Clark, "The 'Ex' Syndrome," NACLA: Report on the Amencas (May/June 1988): 26; Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?"
242. Robert H. Zieger, "George Meany: Labor's Organization Man," in Labor Leaders in America, ed. Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine (Urbana, IL, 1987), ch. 14; Walter Galenson, The American Labor Movement, 1955-1995 (Westport, CT, 1996), ch. 14; Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy, ch. 14; Taylor Dark, The Unions and the Democrats: An Enduring Alliance (Ithaca, NY, 1999), 66, 102; Michael Massing, "From Bolshevism to Reaganism: Trotsky's Orphans," New Republic (June 1987): 18-22; Jack Clark, "The 'Ex' Syndrome," NACLA: Report on the Amencas (May/June 1988): 26; Bernstein, "Is Big Labor Playing Global Vigilante?"
243. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Fred Solowey, interview, Washington, DC, 16 June 1993; National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision, 3-5, 12-18; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 29; Hobart Spalding, "The Two Latin American Foreign Policies of the U.S. Labor Movement," Science and Society (Winter 1992-93): 421-39.
244. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Fred Solowey, interview, Washington, DC, 16 June 1993; National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision, 3-5, 12-18; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 29; Hobart Spalding, "The Two Latin American Foreign Policies of the U.S. Labor Movement," Science and Society (Winter 1992-93): 421-39.
245. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Fred Solowey, interview, Washington, DC, 16 June 1993; National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision, 3-5, 12-18; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 29; Hobart Spalding, "The Two Latin American Foreign Policies of the U.S. Labor Movement," Science and Society (Winter 1992-93): 421-39.
246. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Fred Solowey, interview, Washington, DC, 16 June 1993; National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision, 3-5, 12-18; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 29; Hobart Spalding, "The Two Latin American Foreign Policies of the U.S. Labor Movement," Science and Society (Winter 1992-93): 421-39.
247. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Fred Solowey, interview, Washington, DC, 16 June 1993; National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision, 3-5, 12-18; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 29; Hobart Spalding, "The Two Latin American Foreign Policies of the U.S. Labor Movement," Science and Society (Winter 1992-93): 421-39.
248. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Fred Solowey, interview, Washington, DC, 16 June 1993; National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision, 3-5, 12-18; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 29; Hobart Spalding, "The Two Latin American Foreign Policies of the U.S. Labor Movement," Science and Society (Winter 1992-93): 421-39.
249. Andrew Battista, "Political Divisions in Organized Labor, 1968-1988," Polity (Winter 1991): 173-197; Steve Early and Suzanne Gordon, "The Union Label: Today's Hardhats are Peaceniks," Boston Globe, 19 April 1987; Sean Sweeney, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993; Andrew Battista, "The Economic and Social Bases of Liberal Unionism," prepared for the 1990 Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.
250. Andrew Battista, "Political Divisions in Organized Labor, 1968-1988," Polity (Winter 1991): 173-197; Steve Early and Suzanne Gordon, "The Union Label: Today's Hardhats are Peaceniks," Boston Globe, 19 April 1987; Sean Sweeney, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993; Andrew Battista, "The Economic and Social Bases of Liberal Unionism," prepared for the 1990 Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.
251. Andrew Battista, "Political Divisions in Organized Labor, 1968-1988," Polity (Winter 1991): 173-197; Steve Early and Suzanne Gordon, "The Union Label: Today's Hardhats are Peaceniks," Boston Globe, 19 April 1987; Sean Sweeney, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993; Andrew Battista, "The Economic and Social Bases of Liberal Unionism," prepared for the 1990 Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.
252. Andrew Battista, "Political Divisions in Organized Labor, 1968-1988," Polity (Winter 1991): 173-197; Steve Early and Suzanne Gordon, "The Union Label: Today's Hardhats are Peaceniks," Boston Globe, 19 April 1987; Sean Sweeney, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993; Andrew Battista, "The Economic and Social Bases of Liberal Unionism," prepared for the 1990 Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.
253. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Fred Solowey, interview, Washington, DC, 16 June 1993; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 29; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision, 12-13; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Graham K. Wilson, Unions in American National Politics (London, 1979), ch. 3; AFL-CIO, "Floor Debate on Resolution No. 34, AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985" (transcript); Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 35-38, 636-45.
254. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Fred Solowey, interview, Washington, DC, 16 June 1993; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 29; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision, 12-13; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Graham K. Wilson, Unions in American National Politics (London, 1979), ch. 3; AFL-CIO, "Floor Debate on Resolution No. 34, AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985" (transcript); Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 35-38, 636-45.
255. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Fred Solowey, interview, Washington, DC, 16 June 1993; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 29; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision, 12-13; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Graham K. Wilson, Unions in American National Politics (London, 1979), ch. 3; AFL-CIO, "Floor Debate on Resolution No. 34, AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985" (transcript); Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 35-38, 636-45.
256. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Fred Solowey, interview, Washington, DC, 16 June 1993; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 29; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision, 12-13; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Graham K. Wilson, Unions in American National Politics (London, 1979), ch. 3; AFL-CIO, "Floor Debate on Resolution No. 34, AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985" (transcript); Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 35-38, 636-45.
257. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Fred Solowey, interview, Washington, DC, 16 June 1993; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 29; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision, 12-13; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Graham K. Wilson, Unions in American National Politics (London, 1979), ch. 3; AFL-CIO, "Floor Debate on Resolution No. 34, AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985" (transcript); Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 35-38, 636-45.
258. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Fred Solowey, interview, Washington, DC, 16 June 1993; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 29; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision, 12-13; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Graham K. Wilson, Unions in American National Politics (London, 1979), ch. 3; AFL-CIO, "Floor Debate on Resolution No. 34, AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985" (transcript); Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 35-38, 636-45.
259. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Fred Solowey, interview, Washington, DC, 16 June 1993; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 29; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision, 12-13; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Graham K. Wilson, Unions in American National Politics (London, 1979), ch. 3; AFL-CIO, "Floor Debate on Resolution No. 34, AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985" (transcript); Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 35-38, 636-45.
260. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Fred Solowey, interview, Washington, DC, 16 June 1993; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 29; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision, 12-13; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Graham K. Wilson, Unions in American National Politics (London, 1979), ch. 3; AFL-CIO, "Floor Debate on Resolution No. 34, AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985" (transcript); Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 35-38, 636-45.
261. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Fred Solowey, interview, Washington, DC, 16 June 1993; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 29; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision, 12-13; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Graham K. Wilson, Unions in American National Politics (London, 1979), ch. 3; AFL-CIO, "Floor Debate on Resolution No. 34, AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985" (transcript); Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 35-38, 636-45.
262. National Labor Committee and New York City Labor Committee, "And Now We Too Must Speak Out"; Jack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Fred Solowey, interview, Washington, DC, 16 June 1993; Slaney, "Solidarity and Self-Interest," 29; Cantor and Schor, Tunnel Vision, 12-13; David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Daniel Cantor, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Graham K. Wilson, Unions in American National Politics (London, 1979), ch. 3; AFL-CIO, "Floor Debate on Resolution No. 34, AFL-CIO Convention, October 1985" (transcript); Sweeney, "Labour Imperialism or Democratic Internationalism?," 35-38, 636-45.
263. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993; lack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Ron Blackwell, interview, New York City, 14 May 1993; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 71; Smith, Resisting Reagan, 348-354; National Labor Committee, Paying to Lose Our Jobs, September 1992, 1-2; Jack Sheinkman preface to National Labor Committee, Worker Rights and the New World Order: El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, June 1991, 1.
264. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993; lack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Ron Blackwell, interview, New York City, 14 May 1993; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 71; Smith, Resisting Reagan, 348-354; National Labor Committee, Paying to Lose Our Jobs, September 1992, 1-2; Jack Sheinkman preface to National Labor Committee, Worker Rights and the New World Order: El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, June 1991, 1.
265. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993; lack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Ron Blackwell, interview, New York City, 14 May 1993; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 71; Smith, Resisting Reagan, 348-354; National Labor Committee, Paying to Lose Our Jobs, September 1992, 1-2; Jack Sheinkman preface to National Labor Committee, Worker Rights and the New World Order: El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, June 1991, 1.
266. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993; lack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Ron Blackwell, interview, New York City, 14 May 1993; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 71; Smith, Resisting Reagan, 348-354; National Labor Committee, Paying to Lose Our Jobs, September 1992, 1-2; Jack Sheinkman preface to National Labor Committee, Worker Rights and the New World Order: El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, June 1991, 1.
267. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993; lack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Ron Blackwell, interview, New York City, 14 May 1993; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 71; Smith, Resisting Reagan, 348-354; National Labor Committee, Paying to Lose Our Jobs, September 1992, 1-2; Jack Sheinkman preface to National Labor Committee, Worker Rights and the New World Order: El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, June 1991, 1.
268. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993; lack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Ron Blackwell, interview, New York City, 14 May 1993; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 71; Smith, Resisting Reagan, 348-354; National Labor Committee, Paying to Lose Our Jobs, September 1992, 1-2; Jack Sheinkman preface to National Labor Committee, Worker Rights and the New World Order: El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, June 1991, 1.
269. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993; lack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Ron Blackwell, interview, New York City, 14 May 1993; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 71; Smith, Resisting Reagan, 348-354; National Labor Committee, Paying to Lose Our Jobs, September 1992, 1-2; Jack Sheinkman preface to National Labor Committee, Worker Rights and the New World Order: El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, June 1991, 1.
270. David Dyson, interview, New York City, 10 May 1993; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993; lack Sheinkman, interview, New York City, 11 May 1993; Ron Blackwell, interview, New York City, 14 May 1993; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 71; Smith, Resisting Reagan, 348-354; National Labor Committee, Paying to Lose Our Jobs, September 1992, 1-2; Jack Sheinkman preface to National Labor Committee, Worker Rights and the New World Order: El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, June 1991, 1.
271. NLC, Paying to Lose Our Jobs, September 1992; National Labor Committee, "Partial News Coverage as of December 11, 1992"; National Labor Committee, "Summary of 1994 Accomplishments," nd; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993; Barbara Briggs, "Aiding and Abetting Corporate Flight: U.S. AID in the Caribbean Basin," Multinational Monitor (January/February 1993): 37-41; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 71-73; Bureau of National Affairs, Daily Labor Report, 1 October 1992; Erin Day, "Foreign Aid's Role in Private Sector Promotion in Developing Countries: The Controversy over the U.S. Agency for International Development," Congressional Research Service, CRS Report 92-931 F, 11 December 1992.
272. NLC, Paying to Lose Our Jobs, September 1992; National Labor Committee, "Partial News Coverage as of December 11, 1992"; National Labor Committee, "Summary of 1994 Accomplishments," nd; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993; Barbara Briggs, "Aiding and Abetting Corporate Flight: U.S. AID in the Caribbean Basin," Multinational Monitor (January/February 1993): 37-41; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 71-73; Bureau of National Affairs, Daily Labor Report, 1 October 1992; Erin Day, "Foreign Aid's Role in Private Sector Promotion in Developing Countries: The Controversy over the U.S. Agency for International Development," Congressional Research Service, CRS Report 92-931 F, 11 December 1992.
273. NLC, Paying to Lose Our Jobs, September 1992; National Labor Committee, "Partial News Coverage as of December 11, 1992"; National Labor Committee, "Summary of 1994 Accomplishments," nd; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993; Barbara Briggs, "Aiding and Abetting Corporate Flight: U.S. AID in the Caribbean Basin," Multinational Monitor (January/February 1993): 37-41; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 71-73; Bureau of National Affairs, Daily Labor Report, 1 October 1992; Erin Day, "Foreign Aid's Role in Private Sector Promotion in Developing Countries: The Controversy over the U.S. Agency for International Development," Congressional Research Service, CRS Report 92-931 F, 11 December 1992.
274. NLC, Paying to Lose Our Jobs, September 1992; National Labor Committee, "Partial News Coverage as of December 11, 1992"; National Labor Committee, "Summary of 1994 Accomplishments," nd; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993; Barbara Briggs, "Aiding and Abetting Corporate Flight: U.S. AID in the Caribbean Basin," Multinational Monitor (January/February 1993): 37-41; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 71-73; Bureau of National Affairs, Daily Labor Report, 1 October 1992; Erin Day, "Foreign Aid's Role in Private Sector Promotion in Developing Countries: The Controversy over the U.S. Agency for International Development," Congressional Research Service, CRS Report 92-931 F, 11 December 1992.
275. NLC, Paying to Lose Our Jobs, September 1992; National Labor Committee, "Partial News Coverage as of December 11, 1992"; National Labor Committee, "Summary of 1994 Accomplishments," nd; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993; Barbara Briggs, "Aiding and Abetting Corporate Flight: U.S. AID in the Caribbean Basin," Multinational Monitor (January/February 1993): 37-41; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 71-73; Bureau of National Affairs, Daily Labor Report, 1 October 1992; Erin Day, "Foreign Aid's Role in Private Sector Promotion in Developing Countries: The Controversy over the U.S. Agency for International Development," Congressional Research Service, CRS Report 92-931 F, 11 December 1992.
276. NLC, Paying to Lose Our Jobs, September 1992; National Labor Committee, "Partial News Coverage as of December 11, 1992"; National Labor Committee, "Summary of 1994 Accomplishments," nd; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993; Barbara Briggs, "Aiding and Abetting Corporate Flight: U.S. AID in the Caribbean Basin," Multinational Monitor (January/February 1993): 37-41; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 71-73; Bureau of National Affairs, Daily Labor Report, 1 October 1992; Erin Day, "Foreign Aid's Role in Private Sector Promotion in Developing Countries: The Controversy over the U.S. Agency for International Development," Congressional Research Service, CRS Report 92-931 F, 11 December 1992.
277. NLC, Paying to Lose Our Jobs, September 1992; National Labor Committee, "Partial News Coverage as of December 11, 1992"; National Labor Committee, "Summary of 1994 Accomplishments," nd; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993; Barbara Briggs, "Aiding and Abetting Corporate Flight: U.S. AID in the Caribbean Basin," Multinational Monitor (January/February 1993): 37-41; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 71-73; Bureau of National Affairs, Daily Labor Report, 1 October 1992; Erin Day, "Foreign Aid's Role in Private Sector Promotion in Developing Countries: The Controversy over the U.S. Agency for International Development," Congressional Research Service, CRS Report 92-931 F, 11 December 1992.
278. NLC, Paying to Lose Our Jobs, September 1992; National Labor Committee, "Partial News Coverage as of December 11, 1992"; National Labor Committee, "Summary of 1994 Accomplishments," nd; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993; Barbara Briggs, "Aiding and Abetting Corporate Flight: U.S. AID in the Caribbean Basin," Multinational Monitor (January/February 1993): 37-41; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 71-73; Bureau of National Affairs, Daily Labor Report, 1 October 1992; Erin Day, "Foreign Aid's Role in Private Sector Promotion in Developing Countries: The Controversy over the U.S. Agency for International Development," Congressional Research Service, CRS Report 92-931 F, 11 December 1992.
279. NLC, Paying to Lose Our Jobs, September 1992; National Labor Committee, "Partial News Coverage as of December 11, 1992"; National Labor Committee, "Summary of 1994 Accomplishments," nd; Charles Kernaghan, interview, New York City, 12 May 1993; Barbara Briggs, "Aiding and Abetting Corporate Flight: U.S. AID in the Caribbean Basin," Multinational Monitor (January/February 1993): 37-41; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 71-73; Bureau of National Affairs, Daily Labor Report, 1 October 1992; Erin Day, "Foreign Aid's Role in Private Sector Promotion in Developing Countries: The Controversy over the U.S. Agency for International Development," Congressional Research Service, CRS Report 92-931 F, 11 December 1992.
280. National Labor Committee, "Summary of 1995 Accomplishments," nd; National Labor Committee, "The 'Authentic Gap': How Would You Like Your Daughter to Work for the Gap?", November/December 1995; Charles Kernaghan, memo to NLC Contacts, 16 December 1995; NLC, "Disney Alert," 25 July 1996; NLC, "An Open Letter to Walt Disney Co.," 29 May 1996; National Labor Committee, The U.S. in Haiti: How to Get Rich on Eleven Cents an Hour, January/February 1996; Barry Bearak, "Kathie Lee and the Sweatshop Crusade," Los Angeles Times, 14 June 1996; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 51-63; Don Stillman, "Charles Kernaghan: The Labor Activist Who Made Kathie Lee Cry," WorkingUSA (July/August 1998): 30-41, 75-79.
281. National Labor Committee, "Summary of 1995 Accomplishments," nd; National Labor Committee, "The 'Authentic Gap': How Would You Like Your Daughter to Work for the Gap?", November/December 1995; Charles Kernaghan, memo to NLC Contacts, 16 December 1995; NLC, "Disney Alert," 25 July 1996; NLC, "An Open Letter to Walt Disney Co.," 29 May 1996; National Labor Committee, The U.S. in Haiti: How to Get Rich on Eleven Cents an Hour, January/February 1996; Barry Bearak, "Kathie Lee and the Sweatshop Crusade," Los Angeles Times, 14 June 1996; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 51-63; Don Stillman, "Charles Kernaghan: The Labor Activist Who Made Kathie Lee Cry," WorkingUSA (July/August 1998): 30-41, 75-79.
282. National Labor Committee, "Summary of 1995 Accomplishments," nd; National Labor Committee, "The 'Authentic Gap': How Would You Like Your Daughter to Work for the Gap?", November/December 1995; Charles Kernaghan, memo to NLC Contacts, 16 December 1995; NLC, "Disney Alert," 25 July 1996; NLC, "An Open Letter to Walt Disney Co.," 29 May 1996; National Labor Committee, The U.S. in Haiti: How to Get Rich on Eleven Cents an Hour, January/February 1996; Barry Bearak, "Kathie Lee and the Sweatshop Crusade," Los Angeles Times, 14 June 1996; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 51-63; Don Stillman, "Charles Kernaghan: The Labor Activist Who Made Kathie Lee Cry," WorkingUSA (July/August 1998): 30-41, 75-79.
283. National Labor Committee, "Summary of 1995 Accomplishments," nd; National Labor Committee, "The 'Authentic Gap': How Would You Like Your Daughter to Work for the Gap?", November/December 1995; Charles Kernaghan, memo to NLC Contacts, 16 December 1995; NLC, "Disney Alert," 25 July 1996; NLC, "An Open Letter to Walt Disney Co.," 29 May 1996; National Labor Committee, The U.S. in Haiti: How to Get Rich on Eleven Cents an Hour, January/February 1996; Barry Bearak, "Kathie Lee and the Sweatshop Crusade," Los Angeles Times, 14 June 1996; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 51-63; Don Stillman, "Charles Kernaghan: The Labor Activist Who Made Kathie Lee Cry," WorkingUSA (July/August 1998): 30-41, 75-79.
284. National Labor Committee, "Summary of 1995 Accomplishments," nd; National Labor Committee, "The 'Authentic Gap': How Would You Like Your Daughter to Work for the Gap?", November/December 1995; Charles Kernaghan, memo to NLC Contacts, 16 December 1995; NLC, "Disney Alert," 25 July 1996; NLC, "An Open Letter to Walt Disney Co.," 29 May 1996; National Labor Committee, The U.S. in Haiti: How to Get Rich on Eleven Cents an Hour, January/February 1996; Barry Bearak, "Kathie Lee and the Sweatshop Crusade," Los Angeles Times, 14 June 1996; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 51-63; Don Stillman, "Charles Kernaghan: The Labor Activist Who Made Kathie Lee Cry," WorkingUSA (July/August 1998): 30-41, 75-79.
285. National Labor Committee, "Summary of 1995 Accomplishments," nd; National Labor Committee, "The 'Authentic Gap': How Would You Like Your Daughter to Work for the Gap?", November/December 1995; Charles Kernaghan, memo to NLC Contacts, 16 December 1995; NLC, "Disney Alert," 25 July 1996; NLC, "An Open Letter to Walt Disney Co.," 29 May 1996; National Labor Committee, The U.S. in Haiti: How to Get Rich on Eleven Cents an Hour, January/February 1996; Barry Bearak, "Kathie Lee and the Sweatshop Crusade," Los Angeles Times, 14 June 1996; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 51-63; Don Stillman, "Charles Kernaghan: The Labor Activist Who Made Kathie Lee Cry," WorkingUSA (July/August 1998): 30-41, 75-79.
286. National Labor Committee, "Summary of 1995 Accomplishments," nd; National Labor Committee, "The 'Authentic Gap': How Would You Like Your Daughter to Work for the Gap?", November/December 1995; Charles Kernaghan, memo to NLC Contacts, 16 December 1995; NLC, "Disney Alert," 25 July 1996; NLC, "An Open Letter to Walt Disney Co.," 29 May 1996; National Labor Committee, The U.S. in Haiti: How to Get Rich on Eleven Cents an Hour, January/February 1996; Barry Bearak, "Kathie Lee and the Sweatshop Crusade," Los Angeles Times, 14 June 1996; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 51-63; Don Stillman, "Charles Kernaghan: The Labor Activist Who Made Kathie Lee Cry," WorkingUSA (July/August 1998): 30-41, 75-79.
287. National Labor Committee, "Summary of 1995 Accomplishments," nd; National Labor Committee, "The 'Authentic Gap': How Would You Like Your Daughter to Work for the Gap?", November/December 1995; Charles Kernaghan, memo to NLC Contacts, 16 December 1995; NLC, "Disney Alert," 25 July 1996; NLC, "An Open Letter to Walt Disney Co.," 29 May 1996; National Labor Committee, The U.S. in Haiti: How to Get Rich on Eleven Cents an Hour, January/February 1996; Barry Bearak, "Kathie Lee and the Sweatshop Crusade," Los Angeles Times, 14 June 1996; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 51-63; Don Stillman, "Charles Kernaghan: The Labor Activist Who Made Kathie Lee Cry," WorkingUSA (July/August 1998): 30-41, 75-79.
288. National Labor Committee, "Summary of 1995 Accomplishments," nd; National Labor Committee, "The 'Authentic Gap': How Would You Like Your Daughter to Work for the Gap?", November/December 1995; Charles Kernaghan, memo to NLC Contacts, 16 December 1995; NLC, "Disney Alert," 25 July 1996; NLC, "An Open Letter to Walt Disney Co.," 29 May 1996; National Labor Committee, The U.S. in Haiti: How to Get Rich on Eleven Cents an Hour, January/February 1996; Barry Bearak, "Kathie Lee and the Sweatshop Crusade," Los Angeles Times, 14 June 1996; Krupat, "From War Zone to Free Trade Zone," 51-63; Don Stillman, "Charles Kernaghan: The Labor Activist Who Made Kathie Lee Cry," WorkingUSA (July/August 1998): 30-41, 75-79.
289. For varied assessments of the NLC's approach to the problem of sweatshops, see the contributions by Ross, Cavanagh, Krupat, Piore, and Howard in No Sweat, ed. Ross; Stillman, "Charles Kernaghan"; and David Moberg, "Lessons From the Victory at Phillips Van Heusen," WorkingUSA (May-June 1998): 39-49.
290. For varied assessments of the NLC's approach to the problem of sweatshops, see the contributions by Ross, Cavanagh, Krupat, Piore, and Howard in No Sweat, ed. Ross; Stillman, "Charles Kernaghan"; and David Moberg, "Lessons From the Victory at Phillips Van Heusen," WorkingUSA (May-June 1998): 39-49.
291. For varied assessments of the NLC's approach to the problem of sweatshops, see the contributions by Ross, Cavanagh, Krupat, Piore, and Howard in No Sweat, ed. Ross; Stillman, "Charles Kernaghan"; and David Moberg, "Lessons From the Victory at Phillips Van Heusen," WorkingUSA (May-June 1998): 39-49.
292. The major study of the U.S. Central America peace movement is Smith, Resisting Reagan; see also Arnson and Brenner, "The Limits of Lobbying."
293. The major study of the U.S. Central America peace movement is Smith, Resisting Reagan; see also Arnson and Brenner, "The Limits of Lobbying."