The institute of science of bologna and the royal society in the eighteenth century

Notes and Records of the Royal Society

Volumn 56, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 3-25

  Cavazza, Marta ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

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EID: 0042232597     PISSN: 00359149     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2002.0164     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. On Marsili (or Marsigli), see J. Stoye, Marsigli's Europe (1680-1730): the life and times of Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli, soldier and virtuoso (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1994).
2. For a general account of the relationships between The Royal Society and Italy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, see M. Boas Hall, 'The Royal Society and Italy (1667-1795)', Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond. 37, 63-81 (1982); for a more detailed investigation of the relations between the Society and Bologna in the seventeenth century, see M. Cavazza, 'Bologna and The Royal Society in the seventeenth century', Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond. 35, 105-123 (1980).
3. For a general account of the relationships between The Royal Society and Italy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, see M. Boas Hall, 'The Royal Society and Italy (1667-1795)', Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond. 37, 63-81 (1982); for a more detailed investigation of the relations between the Society and Bologna in the seventeenth century, see M. Cavazza, 'Bologna and The Royal Society in the seventeenth century', Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond. 35, 105-123 (1980).
4. Oldenburg to Malpighi, 28 December 1667, in A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, Correspondence of Henry Oldenburg, vol. 4, p. 90-93; Malpighi to Oldenburg, 22 Mar. 1667/68. A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 4, pp. 269-273.
5. Oldenburg to Malpighi, 28 December 1667, in A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, Correspondence of Henry Oldenburg, vol. 4, p. 90-93; Malpighi to Oldenburg, 22 Mar. 1667/68. A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 4, pp. 269-273.
6. For Malpighi's election to The Royal Society, see Malpighi to Oldenburg, 5 July 1669, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 6, pp. 101-102; Malpighi to Oldenburg, 5 Nov. 1669, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 6, pp. 319-321. For the publication of Malpighi's Dissertatio epistolica de bombyce, the first work of Malpighi published with the imprint of The Royal Society (John Martyn and James Allardyce, London, 1669), see Oldenburg to Malpichi, 22 December 1668, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 5, pp. 276-281; Malpighi to Oldenburg, 5 Jan. 1668/69, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 5, pp. 323-324.
7. For Malpighi's election to The Royal Society, see Malpighi to Oldenburg, 5 July 1669, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 6, pp. 101-102; Malpighi to Oldenburg, 5 Nov. 1669, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 6, pp. 319-321. For the publication of Malpighi's Dissertatio epistolica de bombyce, the first work of Malpighi published with the imprint of The Royal Society (John Martyn and James Allardyce, London, 1669), see Oldenburg to Malpichi, 22 December 1668, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 5, pp. 276-281; Malpighi to Oldenburg, 5 Jan. 1668/69, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 5, pp. 323-324.
8. For Malpighi's election to The Royal Society, see Malpighi to Oldenburg, 5 July 1669, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 6, pp. 101-102; Malpighi to Oldenburg, 5 Nov. 1669, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 6, pp. 319-321. For the publication of Malpighi's Dissertatio epistolica de bombyce, the first work of Malpighi published with the imprint of The Royal Society (John Martyn and James Allardyce, London, 1669), see Oldenburg to Malpichi, 22 December 1668, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 5, pp. 276-281; Malpighi to Oldenburg, 5 Jan. 1668/69, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 5, pp. 323-324.
9. For Malpighi's election to The Royal Society, see Malpighi to Oldenburg, 5 July 1669, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 6, pp. 101-102; Malpighi to Oldenburg, 5 Nov. 1669, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 6, pp. 319-321. For the publication of Malpighi's Dissertatio epistolica de bombyce, the first work of Malpighi published with the imprint of The Royal Society (John Martyn and James Allardyce, London, 1669), see Oldenburg to Malpichi, 22 December 1668, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 5, pp. 276-281; Malpighi to Oldenburg, 5 Jan. 1668/69, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 5, pp. 323-324.
10. For Malpighi's election to The Royal Society, see Malpighi to Oldenburg, 5 July 1669, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 6, pp. 101-102; Malpighi to Oldenburg, 5 Nov. 1669, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 6, pp. 319-321. For the publication of Malpighi's Dissertatio epistolica de bombyce, the first work of Malpighi published with the imprint of The Royal Society (John Martyn and James Allardyce, London, 1669), see Oldenburg to Malpichi, 22 December 1668, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 5, pp. 276-281; Malpighi to Oldenburg, 5 Jan. 1668/69, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 5, pp. 323-324.
11. On the relations between the Bolognese anatomist and the English academy, besides the works quoted in note 2, see M. Cavazza, 'Malpighi e la Royal Society', Studi e memorie per la storia dell' Università di Bologna, n.s., vol. IX, pp. 47-56 (1995). For his conflict with the supporters of traditional medicine, see M. Cavazza, 'The uselessness of anatomy: Mini and Sbaraglia versus Malpighi', in Marcello Malpighi anatomist and physician (ed. D. Bertoloni Meli), pp. 129-145 (Leo S. Olschki, Firenze, 1997).
12. On the relations between the Bolognese anatomist and the English academy, besides the works quoted in note 2, see M. Cavazza, 'Malpighi e la Royal Society', Studi e memorie per la storia dell' Università di Bologna, n.s., vol. IX, pp. 47-56 (1995). For his conflict with the supporters of traditional medicine, see M. Cavazza, 'The uselessness of anatomy: Mini and Sbaraglia versus Malpighi', in Marcello Malpighi anatomist and physician (ed. D. Bertoloni Meli), pp. 129-145 (Leo S. Olschki, Firenze, 1997).
13. Oldenburg to Cassini, 4 May 1669, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 5, pp. 510-521; Cassini to Oldenburg, 31 May 1669, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 5, pp. 576-578.
14. Oldenburg to Cassini, 4 May 1669, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 5, pp. 510-521; Cassini to Oldenburg, 31 May 1669, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 5, pp. 576-578.
15. Cassini to The Royal Society, Paris, 11 August 1696, Royal Society Letter Book Copy, II (2), 163.
16. Malpighi to Oldenburg, 15 Apr. 1670, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 6, pp. 627-631.
17. Montanari's letter was dated Bononiae Pridie Kal. Maij (30 April) Anno Sal. 1670: Royal Society Early Letters, M1, no. 60 (or Letter Book Original, vol. 4, pp. 13-16); see also the letter of thanks written to him by Oldenburg, LBC, 4, 163 (A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 7, pp. 267-271). Phil. Trans R. Soc. Lond. 6, 2202 (1671).
18. Montanari's letter was dated Bononiae Pridie Kal. Maij (30 April) Anno Sal. 1670: Royal Society Early Letters, M1, no. 60 (or Letter Book Original, vol. 4, pp. 13-16); see also the letter of thanks written to him by Oldenburg, LBC, 4, 163 (A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 7, pp. 267-271). Phil. Trans R. Soc. Lond. 6, 2202 (1671).
19. Montanari's letter was dated Bononiae Pridie Kal. Maij (30 April) Anno Sal. 1670: Royal Society Early Letters, M1, no. 60 (or Letter Book Original, vol. 4, pp. 13-16); see also the letter of thanks written to him by Oldenburg, LBC, 4, 163 (A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 7, pp. 267-271). Phil. Trans R. Soc. Lond. 6, 2202 (1671).
20. Montanari's letter was dated Bononiae Pridie Kal. Maij (30 April) Anno Sal. 1670: Royal Society Early Letters, M1, no. 60 (or Letter Book Original, vol. 4, pp. 13-16); see also the letter of thanks written to him by Oldenburg, LBC, 4, 163 (A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 7, pp. 267-271). Phil. Trans R. Soc. Lond. 6, 2202 (1671).
21. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 7, 5125-5128 (1672). The work of Montanari reviewed in the journal was 'Sopra la sparizione d'alcune stelle e altre novità celesti', Prose de' Signori Accademici Gelati di Bologna, pp. 299-318 (Manolessi, Bologna, 1671) and was about observations on the instabilities of the firmament and changes in the brightness of the star Algol.
22. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 7, 5125-5128 (1672). The work of Montanari reviewed in the journal was 'Sopra la sparizione d'alcune stelle e altre novità celesti', Prose de' Signori Accademici Gelati di Bologna, pp. 299-318 (Manolessi, Bologna, 1671) and was about observations on the instabilities of the firmament and changes in the brightness of the star Algol.
23. Oldenburg to Malpighi, 15 March 1671, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 7, pp. 516-518. For a more complete account of this episode, see Cavazza, op. cit. (note 2), pp. 112-113.
24. Oldenburg to Malpighi, 15 March 1671, A.J. Hall and M.B. Hall, loc. cit., vol. 7, pp. 516-518. For a more complete account of this episode, see Cavazza, op. cit. (note 2), pp. 112-113.
25. See, for example the Memorandum in which Hooke, probably in 1663, set out as a programme for The Royal Society the task of examining all systems, theories, principles, elements, hypotheses, histories and ancient and modern experiments, with the aim of compiling a complete system of sound philosophy (cited among others by C.R. Weld, A historv of The Royal Society of London, pp. 145-147 (John W. Parker, London, 1848)).
26. L.F. Marsili, Danubialis operis prodromus ad Regiam Societatem Anglicanam (Endter, Nurenberg, 1700), sent to the Society together with an author's letter in Latin dated Viennae, 11 June 1701; A.M. Valsalva, De aure humuna (C. Pisarri, Bononiae, 1704), sent to The Royal Society together with a letter in Latin dated Bologna, 3 September 1704 (Royal Society, Letter Book Copy 14, 67-68), in which he declared that he would have accepted any iudicium or censura the celeberrima societas would have pronounced on his work.
27. L.F. Marsili, Danubialis operis prodromus ad Regiam Societatem Anglicanam (Endter, Nurenberg, 1700), sent to the Society together with an author's letter in Latin dated Viennae, 11 June 1701; A.M. Valsalva, De aure humuna (C. Pisarri, Bononiae, 1704), sent to The Royal Society together with a letter in Latin dated Bologna, 3 September 1704 (Royal Society, Letter Book Copy 14, 67-68), in which he declared that he would have accepted any iudicium or censura the celeberrima societas would have pronounced on his work.
28. L.F. Marsili, Danubialis operis prodromus ad Regiam Societatem Anglicanam (Endter, Nurenberg, 1700), sent to the Society together with an author's letter in Latin dated Viennae, 11 June 1701; A.M. Valsalva, De aure humuna (C. Pisarri, Bononiae, 1704), sent to The Royal Society together with a letter in Latin dated Bologna, 3 September 1704 (Royal Society, Letter Book Copy 14, 67-68), in which he declared that he would have accepted any iudicium or censura the celeberrima societas would have pronounced on his work.
29. Cavazza, op. cit. (note 2), pp. 115-118.
30. M. Cavazza, Settecento inquieto. Alle origini dell'Istituto delle Scienze di Bologna, pp. 154-178 (Il Mulino, Bologna, 1990).
31. Ibid., p. 274. Morgagni was elected a Fellow in 1722. He continued to inform The Royal Society about his studies and to send his books: see his letter in Latin to the Secretary, William Rutty, dated Patavii Idibus Aprilis (13 April) 1728 (Royal Society, Early Letters M2, 81).
32. Ibid., p. 274. Morgagni was elected a Fellow in 1722. He continued to inform The Royal Society about his studies and to send his books: see his letter in Latin to the Secretary, William Rutty, dated Patavii Idibus Aprilis (13 April) 1728 (Royal Society, Early Letters M2, 81).
33. Newton to 'sGravesande. [October 1717], Turnbull, The correspondence of Isaac Newton, vol. 6, pp. 420-421 (Cambridge University Press). The book examined was presumably Ragioni del Signor Giovanni Ceva [...] e del Signor Dorciglio Moscatelli Battaglia [...] contro l'introduzione del Reno nel Po Grande. Con la risposta alle medesime del Signor Eustachio Manfredi [...] (Benacci, Bologna, 1716).
34. Newton to 'sGravesande. [October 1717], Turnbull, The correspondence of Isaac Newton, vol. 6, pp. 420-421 (Cambridge University Press). The book examined was presumably Ragioni del Signor Giovanni Ceva [...] e del Signor Dorciglio Moscatelli Battaglia [...] contro l'introduzione del Reno nel Po Grande. Con la risposta alle medesime del Signor Eustachio Manfredi [...] (Benacci, Bologna, 1716).
35. Royal Society, Journal Book, meeting on 24 October 1717, cited in Turnbull, op. cit. (note 17), vol. 6, p. 421.
36. Valsalva, op. cit. (note 13); An abstract of Valsalva's treatise of the ear, 16 May 1705, Royal Society, C1. P., XXII (1), 67; Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 24, 1978-1988 (1705).
37. Valsalva, op. cit. (note 13); An abstract of Valsalva's treatise of the ear, 16 May 1705, Royal Society, C1. P., XXII (1), 67; Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 24, 1978-1988 (1705).
38. Valsalva, op. cit. (note 13); An abstract of Valsalva's treatise of the ear, 16 May 1705, Royal Society, C1. P., XXII (1), 67; Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 24, 1978-1988 (1705).
39. Royal Society, C1. P., XII (2), 16.
40. Marsili to W. Sherard, Amsterdam, 20-23 Nov. 1722, in Italian, Royal Society, Sherard, 709. For Marsili's journey to London, see A. McConnell, 'L.F. Marsigli's voyage to London, 1721-1722', Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond. 41, 39-76 (1986), in which an English translation of a long manuscript letter of Marsili to Boerhaave on his voyage to London and Holland is included (pp. 46-76).
41. Royal Society Journal Book 12 (1720-26). For the Prodromus, see note 13 above.
42. L.F. Marsili, Danubius Pannonico-mysicus observationibus geographicis, astronomicis, hydrographicis, historicis, physicis perlustratus, 6 vols in folio atlantico (Amsterdam, 1726).
43. Marsili to Newton, 29 Feb. 1724, (n.s.), Turnbull, Correspondence of Isaac Newton, vol. 7, pp. 264-266, in Latin; L.F. Marsili, Dissertatio de generatione fungorum (Rome, 1714).
44. Marsili to Newton, 29 Feb. 1724, (n.s.), Turnbull, Correspondence of Isaac Newton, vol. 7, pp. 264-266, in Latin; L.F. Marsili, Dissertatio de generatione fungorum (Rome, 1714).
45. Marsili to Newton, May 1724, (n.s.), Turnbull, loc. cit., vol. 7, pp. 283-286, in Latin.
46. Marsili to Sherard, beginning of November [1722], in Italian, Royal Society, Sherard 653; Marsili to Sherard, Amsterdam, 20-23 Nov. 1722, in Italian, Royal Society, Sherard 709; Marsili to Sherard, Amsterdam 17 Mar. 1722, in French, Royal Society, Sherard 157; Marsili to Sherard, Leiden, 1 Jan. 1723, in Italian, Royal Society, Sherard 654.
47. Marsili to Sherard, Amsterdam, 17 Mar. 1722, op. cit. (note 26).
48. See the letter cited in note 25.
49. For the early reception of Newton's ideas in Bologna cultural circles, see P. Casini, Newton e la coscienza europea (Il Mulino, Bologna, 1983), pp. 202-207 and 216-219; and Cavazza, op. cit. (note 15), pp. 237-256. The Royal Society committed to Desaguliers's charge the experimental confirmation of Newton's optical theories and the confutation of Rizzetti's criticisms: see Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 32, 206-208 (Nov.-Dec. 1722).
50. For the early reception of Newton's ideas in Bologna cultural circles, see P. Casini, Newton e la coscienza europea (Il Mulino, Bologna, 1983), pp. 202-207 and 216-219; and Cavazza, op. cit. (note 15), pp. 237-256. The Royal Society committed to Desaguliers's charge the experimental confirmation of Newton's optical theories and the confutation of Rizzetti's criticisms: see Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 32, 206-208 (Nov.-Dec. 1722).
51. For the early reception of Newton's ideas in Bologna cultural circles, see P. Casini, Newton e la coscienza europea (Il Mulino, Bologna, 1983), pp. 202-207 and 216-219; and Cavazza, op. cit. (note 15), pp. 237-256. The Royal Society committed to Desaguliers's charge the experimental confirmation of Newton's optical theories and the confutation of Rizzetti's criticisms: see Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 32, 206-208 (Nov.-Dec. 1722).
52. Manfredi to Dereham, Bologna, 26 Oct. 1728, in Italian, Royal Society, Early Letters B3, 2. The letter includes a letter of Beccari to Dereham about the 'ignes fatui'. In The Royal Society's archives there are also an 'extract' and a 'copy' of this letter, both in English: Early Letters M2, 72 and 75. On the role of Dereham as official link between The Royal Society and Italian men of science, see V. Ferrone, Scienza natura religione. Mondo Newtoniano e cultura italiana nel primo settecento, pp. 207-212, 214-219 (Jovene, Napoli, 1982). There is an English translation of this work: V. Ferrone, The intellectual roots of the Italian Enlightenment: Newtonian science, religion, and politics in the early eighteenth century (translated by Sue Brotherton) (Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey, 1995).
53. Manfredi to Dereham, Bologna, 26 Oct. 1728, in Italian, Royal Society, Early Letters B3, 2. The letter includes a letter of Beccari to Dereham about the 'ignes fatui'. In The Royal Society's archives there are also an 'extract' and a 'copy' of this letter, both in English: Early Letters M2, 72 and 75. On the role of Dereham as official link between The Royal Society and Italian men of science, see V. Ferrone, Scienza natura religione. Mondo Newtoniano e cultura italiana nel primo settecento, pp. 207-212, 214-219 (Jovene, Napoli, 1982). There is an English translation of this work: V. Ferrone, The intellectual roots of the Italian Enlightenment: Newtonian science, religion, and politics in the early eighteenth century (translated by Sue Brotherton) (Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey, 1995).
54. Saggio delle Transazioni filosofiche della Società Regia compendiate da Giovanni Lowthorp, 5 vols (Mosca, Napoli, 1729-1734).
55. Manfredi to Rutty, Bologna, 16 October 1728, in Latin, Royal Society, Early Letters, M2, 74. See also ibid., the letter n.76 (dated Bononiae Die 30 Aprilis 1729) in which Manfredi warmly thanks Rutty and the other Socii for the admission to the Society.
56. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 36, 204-214 (1729).
57. Manfredi to Dereham, Bologna, 26 Oct. 1728, op. cit. (note 30).
58. On Algarotti and the Institute, see M. De Zan, 'La messa all'indice del "Newtonianismo per le dame'", in Scienza e letteratura nella cultura italiana del Settecento (ed. R. Cremante & W. Tega), pp. 133-148 (Il Mulino, Bologna, 1984). On Mme du Châtelet, see J. Zinsser, 'Translating Newton's Principia: the Marquise du Châtelet's revisions and additions for a French audience', Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond. 55, 227-245 (2001).
59. On Algarotti and the Institute, see M. De Zan, 'La messa all'indice del "Newtonianismo per le dame'", in Scienza e letteratura nella cultura italiana del Settecento (ed. R. Cremante & W. Tega), pp. 133-148 (Il Mulino, Bologna, 1984). On Mme du Châtelet, see J. Zinsser, 'Translating Newton's Principia: the Marquise du Châtelet's revisions and additions for a French audience', Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond. 55, 227-245 (2001).
60. Ferrone,. op. cit. (note 30), passim. For the relations between Manfredi and Celsius , see M. Cavazza, 'Swedish science in Bologna during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries', in Sidereus nuncius und stella polaris. The scientific relations between Italy and Sweden in early modern history (ed. M. Beretta & T. Frängsmyr), pp. 79-98 (Science History Publication, Canton, Massachusetts, 1997).
61. Ferrone,. op. cit. (note 30), passim. For the relations between Manfredi and Celsius , see M. Cavazza, 'Swedish science in Bologna during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries', in Sidereus nuncius und stella polaris. The scientific relations between Italy and Sweden in early modern history (ed. M. Beretta & T. Frängsmyr), pp. 79-98 (Science History Publication, Canton, Massachusetts, 1997).
62. C. Pisarri, Bologna, 1729.
63. Manfredi to Deheram, Bologna, 12 Oct. 1729, in Italian, Royal Society, Early Letters M2, 77.
64. Royal Society, C1. P., IV (I), 80 (English translation of Manfredi's observations on 'the astronomical passage of a lumen boreale' in the spring of 1728); C1. P. VIII (2), 20, 21 (Osservazione dell' eclisse totale della luna fatta nel Pubblico Osservatorio di Bologna la notte dopo li 8 Agosto 1729, with a Latin version).
65. See, for example, 'Observations of the eclipses of Jupiter's satellites by Manfredi', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 38, 117-118 (1735); 'Observations of a Solar eclipse, 1 Mar. 1737, by Manfredi', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 40, 199-200 (1738); 'Observations of an Aurora Borealis from the Observatory of the Institute of Bononia the night of the 5/16 of Dec. 1737, by Dr Eustachio Zanotti', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 41, 593-601 (1741); 'Observation of the parabolic orbit of the comet of 1739 by Zanotti', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 41, 809 (1741).
66. See, for example, 'Observations of the eclipses of Jupiter's satellites by Manfredi', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 38, 117-118 (1735); 'Observations of a Solar eclipse, 1 Mar. 1737, by Manfredi', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 40, 199-200 (1738); 'Observations of an Aurora Borealis from the Observatory of the Institute of Bononia the night of the 5/16 of Dec. 1737, by Dr Eustachio Zanotti', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 41, 593-601 (1741); 'Observation of the parabolic orbit of the comet of 1739 by Zanotti', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 41, 809 (1741).
67. See, for example, 'Observations of the eclipses of Jupiter's satellites by Manfredi', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 38, 117-118 (1735); 'Observations of a Solar eclipse, 1 Mar. 1737, by Manfredi', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 40, 199-200 (1738); 'Observations of an Aurora Borealis from the Observatory of the Institute of Bononia the night of the 5/16 of Dec. 1737, by Dr Eustachio Zanotti', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 41, 593-601 (1741); 'Observation of the parabolic orbit of the comet of 1739 by Zanotti', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 41, 809 (1741).
68. See, for example, 'Observations of the eclipses of Jupiter's satellites by Manfredi', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 38, 117-118 (1735); 'Observations of a Solar eclipse, 1 Mar. 1737, by Manfredi', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 40, 199-200 (1738); 'Observations of an Aurora Borealis from the Observatory of the Institute of Bononia the night of the 5/16 of Dec. 1737, by Dr Eustachio Zanotti', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 41, 593-601 (1741); 'Observation of the parabolic orbit of the comet of 1739 by Zanotti', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 41, 809 (1741).
69. E. Manfredi, De novissimis circa fixorum siderum errores observationibus in De Bononiensi Scientiarum et Artium Instituti atque Academia Commentarii (L. a Vulpe, Bononiae, 1731). For the circumstances of the publication of this volume, see M. De Zan, 'L'Accademia delle scienze di Bologna: l'edizione del primo tomo dei "Commentarii'", in Scienza, filosofia e religione tra '600 e '700 in Italia (ed. M.V. Predaval Magrini), pp. 203-261 (Franco Angeli, Milano, 1990).
70. E. Manfredi, De novissimis circa fixorum siderum errores observationibus in De Bononiensi Scientiarum et Artium Instituti atque Academia Commentarii (L. a Vulpe, Bononiae, 1731). For the circumstances of the publication of this volume, see M. De Zan, 'L'Accademia delle scienze di Bologna: l'edizione del primo tomo dei "Commentarii'", in Scienza, filosofia e religione tra '600 e '700 in Italia (ed. M.V. Predaval Magrini), pp. 203-261 (Franco Angeli, Milano, 1990).
71. br 1732, kept in the Archivio dell'Accademia delle Scienze di Bologna, Lettere ricevute, 1.
72. 'Mr Zollman's account of a book entitled "De bononiensi scientiarum et artium instituto atque Academia" printed at Bonomia and transmitted to The Royal Society by the Editor Sigr Zanotti', Royal Society, Register Book XVIII, pp. 145-164. The text was read at the meeting of 15 Feb. 1732.
73. F.M. Zanotti to Mortimer, Bologna, 5 Dec. 1737, in Latin, Royal Society, Letter Book Copy, vol. 24, pp. 145-146.
74. See the lists published by M. Boas Hall, op. cit. (note 2), pp. 74 and 79: these lists are taken from the Record of The Royal Society, 4th edn (The Royal Society, London, 1940). supplemented by the Journal Book and the Council Minutes.
75. See the lists published by M. Boas Hall, op. cit. (note 2), pp. 74 and 79: these lists are taken from the Record of The Royal Society, 4th edn (The Royal Society, London, 1940). supplemented by the Journal Book and the Council Minutes.
76. Congressus Mercurij cum Sole in Astronomica Specula Bononiensis Scientiarum Instituti observatus Die XI Novembris MDCCXXXVI mane referente Eustachio Manfredio ejusdem Istituti Astronomo, Bononiae, Typis Laelii a Vulpe [1736 or 1737]; a copy of the opuscule and the English version of it are kept in Royal Society Classified Paper VIII (2), 68; Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 40, 103-109 (1737).
77. Congressus Mercurij cum Sole in Astronomica Specula Bononiensis Scientiarum Instituti observatus Die XI Novembris MDCCXXXVI mane referente Eustachio Manfredio ejusdem Istituti Astronomo, Bononiae, Typis Laelii a Vulpe [1736 or 1737]; a copy of the opuscule and the English version of it are kept in Royal Society Classified Paper VIII (2), 68; Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 40, 103-109 (1737).
78. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 44, 81-89 (1746); 52, 339-414 (1762).
79. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 44, 81-89 (1746); 52, 339-414 (1762).
80. A. Angelini (ed.), Anatomie accademiche. III. L'Istituto delle scienze e l'accademia, p. 431 (Il Mulino, Bologna, 1999).
81. B. Wilson, A series of experiments on the subject of phosphori and their prismatic colours in which are discovered some new properties of light. A translation of two memoirs of the late J. B. Beccaria [sic] Professor of Philosophy at Bologna, taken from the Bologna Acts, new edition with additions (2nd edition with additions, J. Nourse, London, 1776). The first edition (1775) was published by D. Dodsley.
82. Wilson's letters, with the translation of some of them and a copy of Zanotti's answer, are kept in Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, MSS. 4173, n. 4; 4165, n. 10. After Zanotti's death (1777) the correspondence continued with the Secretary, Giambattista Canterzani: MS 4186, I, 7, 23, letter dated 20 Jul. 1779. In November 1781 the academicians heard an account of Wilson's book, A short view on Electricity (C. Nourse, London, 1780)
83. presented by Giovanni Aldini: see Angelini, op. cit. (note 48), p. 431.
84. Mortimer to Zanotti, Londini Dec. 29, 1734, Accademia delle Scienze di Bologna, Lettere ricevute, 1.
85. Zanotti to Mortimer, Bononiae Kal. Jun. 1740: see the copy in Accademia delle scienze di Bologna, Missive, MZ, 151.
86. Archivio dell'Accademia delle Scienze di Bologna, D. Piani, 'Catalogo dei lavori dell'antica accademia' (manuscript), ff. 43-44.
87. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 44, 211-212 (1746).
88. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 45, 270-275 (1748). For a recent, stimulating account of the question, see Simon Schaffer, 'Self evidence', Crit. Inquiry 18, pp. 327-362 (1992); reprinted in J. Chandler, A.I. Davidson and H. Harootunian (eds), Questions of evidence. Proof, practice, and persuasion across the disciplines, pp. 56-91 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1994).
89. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 45, 270-275 (1748). For a recent, stimulating account of the question, see Simon Schaffer, 'Self evidence', Crit. Inquiry 18, pp. 327-362 (1992); reprinted in J. Chandler, A.I. Davidson and H. Harootunian (eds), Questions of evidence. Proof, practice, and persuasion across the disciplines, pp. 56-91 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1994).
90. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 45, 270-275 (1748). For a recent, stimulating account of the question, see Simon Schaffer, 'Self evidence', Crit. Inquiry 18, pp. 327-362 (1992); reprinted in J. Chandler, A.I. Davidson and H. Harootunian (eds), Questions of evidence. Proof, practice, and persuasion across the disciplines, pp. 56-91 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1994).
91. M. Boas Hall, op. cit. (note 2), p. 72.
92. Joseph Priestley, History and present state of electricity with original experiments, vol. 2, I, pp. 179-188 (London, 1769); I. Bernard Cohen, Franklin and Newton, p. 477 (American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1956).
93. Joseph Priestley, History and present state of electricity with original experiments, vol. 2, I, pp. 179-188 (London, 1769); I. Bernard Cohen, Franklin and Newton, p. 477 (American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1956).
94. M. Boas Hall, op. cit. (note 2), p. 71; A. Nollet, 'An examination of certain phaenomena in electricity published in Italy', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 46, 370-397 (1750).
95. M. Boas Hall, op. cit. (note 2), p. 71; A. Nollet, 'An examination of certain phaenomena in electricity published in Italy', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 46, 370-397 (1750).
96. Cavallo to Lindt, 16 June 1792, British Library, ADD. MSS 22898, f. 11. I am indebted to Dr Paola Bertucci for this information.
97. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 83, 10-44 (1793). In his first letter, dated 13 Sept. 1792, Volta asked Cavallo to present it to the President, Banks. During 1793 Volta sent two other long letters to Cavallo on the same matter. For the correspondence of Volta with Cavallo and Banks, see Epistolario di Alessandro Volta, Edizione Nazionale, vol. III, pp. 176 240 (Zanichelli, Bologna, 1952).
98. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 83, 10-44 (1793). In his first letter, dated 13 Sept. 1792, Volta asked Cavallo to present it to the President, Banks. During 1793 Volta sent two other long letters to Cavallo on the same matter. For the correspondence of Volta with Cavallo and Banks, see Epistolario di Alessandro Volta, Edizione Nazionale, vol. III, pp. 176 240 (Zanichelli, Bologna, 1952).
99. Royal Society, Journal Book, vol. XXXV (1793-1796), pp. 284-287; 284. I thank Professor Giuliano Pancaldi, who allowed me to peruse a copy of this interesting document.
100. Ibid., pp. 285-286.
101. M. Boas Hall, op. cit. (note 2), p. 72.