The politics of sacred lineages in 19th-century Central Asia: Descent groups linked to Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi in shrine documents and genealogical charters

International Journal of Middle East Studies

Volumn 31, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 507-530

  DeWeese, Devin ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0042230937     PISSN: 00207438     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S002074380005707X     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. ⊂Alīyābād and his Lamahāt min nafahāt al-quds," Persianate Sufism in the Safavid and Mughal Period (London); a more complete study of the Yasavi tradition is in preparation.
2. ⊂Alīyābād and his Lamahāt min nafahāt al-quds," Persianate Sufism in the Safavid and Mughal Period (London); a more complete study of the Yasavi tradition is in preparation.
3. See the survey of B. E. Kumekov, B. N. Nastich, and V. K. Shukhovtsov, "Pis'mennye dokumenty iz iuzhnogo Kazakhstana," Vestnik AN KazSSR, no. 8 (1977): 70-73, and the study of several documents directly linked to the shrine by V. K. Shukhovtsov, "Pis'mennye dokumenty iz goroda Turkestana," Kazakhstan v èpokhu feodalizma (Problemy ètnopoliticheskoi istorii) (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1981), 164-91. Most of these documents were taken from the shrine to Alma-Ata in 1978, but evidently, in the wake of the Soviet Union's demise, they have been (or are to be) returned to the shrine.
4. See the survey of B. E. Kumekov, B. N. Nastich, and V. K. Shukhovtsov, "Pis'mennye dokumenty iz iuzhnogo Kazakhstana," Vestnik AN KazSSR, no. 8 (1977): 70-73, and the study of several documents directly linked to the shrine by V. K. Shukhovtsov, "Pis'mennye dokumenty iz goroda Turkestana," Kazakhstan v èpokhu feodalizma (Problemy ètnopoliticheskoi istorii) (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1981), 164-91. Most of these documents were taken from the shrine to Alma-Ata in 1978, but evidently, in the wake of the Soviet Union's demise, they have been (or are to be) returned to the shrine.
5. ⊃an-reciters, and, if sufficient, for repair of the building. Special attention is given to the requirement to provide, each Monday and Friday, sufficient wheat, meat, and salt (as well as firewood) for the preparation of the halīm, a meal described in the document as intended for "the hāfizes, the dhikr-reciters, the faqīrs, travelers, the poor, and the orphans of that locality," and better known from 20th-century descriptions of Yasavi's shrine and its activities as a weekly charitable meal.
6. A summary of the document's contents was published in Protokoly zasedanii i soobshcheniia chlenov Turkestanskago kruzhka liubitelei arkheologii (Tashkent) (hereafter PTKLA), vol. 2 (1897), in the report on the session of 29 August 1897, 1-4; a description of the original document, and a brief history of its acquisition, were published in PTKLA, vol. 2 (1897), in the report on the session of 16 October 1897, 9-11; the Persian text of the document was published in A. A. Divaev's "Podlinnyi tekst zhalovannoi gramoty, dannoi Timurom Turkestanskoi mecheti Khazriata Iassavi," PTKLA, vol. 3 (1897-98), 75-80; and a full Russian translation, prepared by Divaev, appeared in Turkestanskie vedomosti, no. 39 and 41 (1901), and was reprinted in A. I. Dobrosmyslov, Goroda Syr-Dar'inskoi oblasti. Kazalinsk, Perovsk, Turkestan, Aulie-ata i Chimkent (Tashkent: Tipo-litografiia O. A. Portseva, 1912), 141-47.
7. A summary of the document's contents was published in Protokoly zasedanii i soobshcheniia chlenov Turkestanskago kruzhka liubitelei arkheologii (Tashkent) (hereafter PTKLA), vol. 2 (1897), in the report on the session of 29 August 1897, 1-4; a description of the original document, and a brief history of its acquisition, were published in PTKLA, vol. 2 (1897), in the report on the session of 16 October 1897, 9-11; the Persian text of the document was published in A. A. Divaev's "Podlinnyi tekst zhalovannoi gramoty, dannoi Timurom Turkestanskoi mecheti Khazriata Iassavi," PTKLA, vol. 3 (1897-98), 75-80; and a full Russian translation, prepared by Divaev, appeared in Turkestanskie vedomosti, no. 39 and 41 (1901), and was reprinted in A. I. Dobrosmyslov, Goroda Syr-Dar'inskoi oblasti. Kazalinsk, Perovsk, Turkestan, Aulie-ata i Chimkent (Tashkent: Tipo-litografiia O. A. Portseva, 1912), 141-47.
8. A summary of the document's contents was published in Protokoly zasedanii i soobshcheniia chlenov Turkestanskago kruzhka liubitelei arkheologii (Tashkent) (hereafter PTKLA), vol. 2 (1897), in the report on the session of 29 August 1897, 1-4; a description of the original document, and a brief history of its acquisition, were published in PTKLA, vol. 2 (1897), in the report on the session of 16 October 1897, 9-11; the Persian text of the document was published in A. A. Divaev's "Podlinnyi tekst zhalovannoi gramoty, dannoi Timurom Turkestanskoi mecheti Khazriata Iassavi," PTKLA, vol. 3 (1897-98), 75-80; and a full Russian translation, prepared by Divaev, appeared in Turkestanskie vedomosti, no. 39 and 41 (1901), and was reprinted in A. I. Dobrosmyslov, Goroda Syr-Dar'inskoi oblasti. Kazalinsk, Perovsk, Turkestan, Aulie-ata i Chimkent (Tashkent: Tipo-litografiia O. A. Portseva, 1912), 141-47.
9. A summary of the document's contents was published in Protokoly zasedanii i soobshcheniia chlenov Turkestanskago kruzhka liubitelei arkheologii (Tashkent) (hereafter PTKLA), vol. 2 (1897), in the report on the session of 29 August 1897, 1-4; a description of the original document, and a brief history of its acquisition, were published in PTKLA, vol. 2 (1897), in the report on the session of 16 October 1897, 9-11; the Persian text of the document was published in A. A. Divaev's "Podlinnyi tekst zhalovannoi gramoty, dannoi Timurom Turkestanskoi mecheti Khazriata Iassavi," PTKLA, vol. 3 (1897-98), 75-80; and a full Russian translation, prepared by Divaev, appeared in Turkestanskie vedomosti, no. 39 and 41 (1901), and was reprinted in A. I. Dobrosmyslov, Goroda Syr-Dar'inskoi oblasti. Kazalinsk, Perovsk, Turkestan, Aulie-ata i Chimkent (Tashkent: Tipo-litografiia O. A. Portseva, 1912), 141-47.
10. A summary of the document's contents was published in Protokoly zasedanii i soobshcheniia chlenov Turkestanskago kruzhka liubitelei arkheologii (Tashkent) (hereafter PTKLA), vol. 2 (1897), in the report on the session of 29 August 1897, 1-4; a description of the original document, and a brief history of its acquisition, were published in PTKLA, vol. 2 (1897), in the report on the session of 16 October 1897, 9-11; the Persian text of the document was published in A. A. Divaev's "Podlinnyi tekst zhalovannoi gramoty, dannoi Timurom Turkestanskoi mecheti Khazriata Iassavi," PTKLA, vol. 3 (1897-98), 75-80; and a full Russian translation, prepared by Divaev, appeared in Turkestanskie vedomosti, no. 39 and 41 (1901), and was reprinted in A. I. Dobrosmyslov, Goroda Syr-Dar'inskoi oblasti. Kazalinsk, Perovsk, Turkestan, Aulie-ata i Chimkent (Tashkent: Tipo-litografiia O. A. Portseva, 1912), 141-47.
11. The comments of M. E. Masson, Mavzolei Khodzha Akhmeda Iasevi (Tashkent: Syr-Dar'inskoe otdelenie Obshchestva izucheniia Kazakstana, 1930) are discussed later; cf. Nagim-Bek Nurmukhammedov, Mavzolei Khodzhi Akhmeda Iasevi (Alma-Ata: Öner, 1980), 8, 18, 29, n. 3.
12. The comments of M. E. Masson, Mavzolei Khodzha Akhmeda Iasevi (Tashkent: Syr-Dar'inskoe otdelenie Obshchestva izucheniia Kazakstana, 1930) are discussed later; cf. Nagim-Bek Nurmukhammedov, Mavzolei Khodzhi Akhmeda Iasevi (Alma-Ata: Öner, 1980), 8, 18, 29, n. 3.
13. Cf. A. E. Erenov, Ocherki po istorii feodal'nykh zemel'nykh otnoshenii u kazakhov (Alma-Ata: Izdvo AN KazSSR, 1960), 48-51; K. A. Pishchulina, "Prisyrdar'inskie goroda i ikh znachenie v istorii kazakhskikh khanstv v XV-XVII vekakh," Kazakhstan v XV-XVIII vekakh (Voprosy sotsial'no-politicheskoi istorii) (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1969), 5-49, 9; R. Z. Burnasheva, "K voprosu ob èkonomicheskom polozhenii pozdnesrednevekovogo goroda Turkestana i oblasti (XV-XIX vv.)," in Srednevekovaia gorodskaia kul'tura Kazakhstana i Srednei Azii (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1983), 55, citing Pishchulina.
14. Cf. A. E. Erenov, Ocherki po istorii feodal'nykh zemel'nykh otnoshenii u kazakhov (Alma-Ata: Izdvo AN KazSSR, 1960), 48-51; K. A. Pishchulina, "Prisyrdar'inskie goroda i ikh znachenie v istorii kazakhskikh khanstv v XV-XVII vekakh," Kazakhstan v XV-XVIII vekakh (Voprosy sotsial'no-politicheskoi istorii) (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1969), 5-49, 9; R. Z. Burnasheva, "K voprosu ob èkonomicheskom polozhenii pozdnesrednevekovogo goroda Turkestana i oblasti (XV-XIX vv.)," in Srednevekovaia gorodskaia kul'tura Kazakhstana i Srednei Azii (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1983), 55, citing Pishchulina.
15. Cf. A. E. Erenov, Ocherki po istorii feodal'nykh zemel'nykh otnoshenii u kazakhov (Alma-Ata: Izdvo AN KazSSR, 1960), 48-51; K. A. Pishchulina, "Prisyrdar'inskie goroda i ikh znachenie v istorii kazakhskikh khanstv v XV-XVII vekakh," Kazakhstan v XV-XVIII vekakh (Voprosy sotsial'no-politicheskoi istorii) (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1969), 5-49, 9; R. Z. Burnasheva, "K voprosu ob èkonomicheskom polozhenii pozdnesrednevekovogo goroda Turkestana i oblasti (XV-XIX vv.)," in Srednevekovaia gorodskaia kul'tura Kazakhstana i Srednei Azii (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1983), 55, citing Pishchulina.
16. See his "K istorii orosheniia Turkestana" (1914), reprinted in his collected Sochineniia, III (Moscow: Nauka, 1965), 225.
17. See his "K istorii orosheniia Turkestana" (1914), reprinted in his collected Sochineniia, III (Moscow: Nauka, 1965), 225.
18. A. A. Semenov, "Mechet' Khodzhi Akhmeda Eseviiskogo v g. Turkestane. Rezul'taty osmotra v noiabre 1922 g.," Izvestiia Sredazkomstarisa, vol. 1 (Tashkent, 1926), 129-30, n. 3.
19. V. A. Gordlevskii, "Choǧa Ahmed Jasevi" (in German), in Festschrift Georg Jacob, ed. Theodor Menzel (Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz, 1932), 60 (in Russian, with some additional material, in V. A. Gordlevskii, Izbrannye sochineniia, vol. 3 [Moscow, 1962], 363).
20. V. A. Gordlevskii, "Choǧa Ahmed Jasevi" (in German), in Festschrift Georg Jacob, ed. Theodor Menzel (Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz, 1932), 60 (in Russian, with some additional material, in V. A. Gordlevskii, Izbrannye sochineniia, vol. 3 [Moscow, 1962], 363).
21. O. D. Chekhovich, "Sobranie vostochnykh aktov Akademii nauk Uzbekistana," Istoricheskie zapiski, 26 (1948), 309. Chekhovich writes that the document's authenticity had evidently never been called into question during its study at the turn of the century, and was evidently unaware of Semenov's doubts and Gordlevskii's categorical rejection.
22. Divaev, ed., "Podlinnyi tekst," 77; Dobrosmyslov, Goroda, 143.
23. Divaev, ed., "Podlinnyi tekst," 77; Dobrosmyslov, Goroda, 143.
24. These groups bear the generic designation "khoja" (as transcribed in Russian scholarship; it appears as "khojä" in modern Uzbek and as "qoja" in modern Kazak), derived from the Persian honorific "khwāja" that was applied historically to many Central Asian Sufi shaykhs. The contemporary khoja groups are discussed toward the end of this paper.
25. Safi ad-Din Orïn Qoylaqï (sic), "Nasab-nāma," ed. Äshirbek Qǔrbanǔlï Muminov and Zikiriyä Zamankhanǔlï Jandarbekov (Turkestan: Mǔra, 1992). The manuscript, reproduced in transcription and facsimile, was discovered in 1988. See also the discussions of the nasab-nāma in Äshurbek Mominov, "Yässäviyä: ildiz vä mänbälär," Fän vä turmush, no. 9-10 (1993), 18-19, 21. For an expanded and better-annotated version of this article in Russian, see A. K. Muminov, "O proiskhozhdenii bratstva iasaviia," Islam i problemy mezhtsivilizatsionnykh vzaimodeistvii (Moscow: Obshchestvo "Nur," 1994), 219-31; "Novye napravleniia v izuchenii istorii bratstva iasaviia," Obshchestvennye nauki v Uzbekistane, no. 11-12 (1993), 34-38; Ä. Q. Mominov and Z. Z. Jandarbekov, "Yässäviyä tä'limati vujudgä kelgän muhit haqidä yängi muhim mänbä," Shärqshunaslik (Tashkent), vol. 5 (1994), 82-88; Z. Jandarbekov's "Qoja Akhmet Yasaui," Jǐbek jolï, no. 1-2 (1993), 17-19; and two articles of Zikiriyä Jandarbek published in the collective volume Yäsaui Taghïlïmï (Turkistan: "Mǔra" baspagerlǐk shaghïn käsǐpornï/Qoja Akhmet Yäsaui atïndaghï Khalïqaralïq Kazak-Türǐk Universiteti, 1996): "Ongtüstǐk Kazakstandaghï VIII-XII ghasïrlardaghï islam tarikhï jaylï bǐr jazba derek" (pp. 39-44) and "'Nasab-nama' nǔsqalarïnïng jazïlghan uaqïtï men jerǐ, redaktsiyälarï" (pp. 60-75). The same nasab-nāma, and others, are more briefly discussed in Aširbek K. Muminov, "Veneration of Holy Sites of the Mid-Sïrdar'ya Valley: Continuity and Transformation," Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, ed. Michael Kemper, Anke von Kügelgen, and Dmitriy Yermakov (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1996; Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 200), 355-67; and now, with a preliminary discussion of the khoja phenomenon, in Muminov's "Die Qožas (sic): Arabische Genealogien in Kasachstan," Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, vol. 2: Inter-Regional and Inter-Ethnic Relations, ed. Anke von Kügelgen, Michael Kemper, and Allen J. Frank (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1998; Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 216), 193-209.
26. Safi ad-Din Orïn Qoylaqï (sic), "Nasab-nāma," ed. Äshirbek Qǔrbanǔlï Muminov and Zikiriyä Zamankhanǔlï Jandarbekov (Turkestan: Mǔra, 1992). The manuscript, reproduced in transcription and facsimile, was discovered in 1988. See also the discussions of the nasab-nāma in Äshurbek Mominov, "Yässäviyä: ildiz vä mänbälär," Fän vä turmush, no. 9-10 (1993), 18-19, 21. For an expanded and better-annotated version of this article in Russian, see A. K. Muminov, "O proiskhozhdenii bratstva iasaviia," Islam i problemy mezhtsivilizatsionnykh vzaimodeistvii (Moscow: Obshchestvo "Nur," 1994), 219-31; "Novye napravleniia v izuchenii istorii bratstva iasaviia," Obshchestvennye nauki v Uzbekistane, no. 11-12 (1993), 34-38; Ä. Q. Mominov and Z. Z. Jandarbekov, "Yässäviyä tä'limati vujudgä kelgän muhit haqidä yängi muhim mänbä," Shärqshunaslik (Tashkent), vol. 5 (1994), 82-88; Z. Jandarbekov's "Qoja Akhmet Yasaui," Jǐbek jolï, no. 1-2 (1993), 17-19; and two articles of Zikiriyä Jandarbek published in the collective volume Yäsaui Taghïlïmï (Turkistan: "Mǔra" baspagerlǐk shaghïn käsǐpornï/Qoja Akhmet Yäsaui atïndaghï Khalïqaralïq Kazak-Türǐk Universiteti, 1996): "Ongtüstǐk Kazakstandaghï VIII-XII ghasïrlardaghï islam tarikhï jaylï bǐr jazba derek" (pp. 39-44) and "'Nasab-nama' nǔsqalarïnïng jazïlghan uaqïtï men jerǐ, redaktsiyälarï" (pp. 60-75). The same nasab-nāma, and others, are more briefly discussed in Aširbek K. Muminov, "Veneration of Holy Sites of the Mid-Sïrdar'ya Valley: Continuity and Transformation," Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, ed. Michael Kemper, Anke von Kügelgen, and Dmitriy Yermakov (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1996; Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 200), 355-67; and now, with a preliminary discussion of the khoja phenomenon, in Muminov's "Die Qožas (sic): Arabische Genealogien in Kasachstan," Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, vol. 2: Inter-Regional and Inter-Ethnic Relations, ed. Anke von Kügelgen, Michael Kemper, and Allen J. Frank (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1998; Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 216), 193-209.
27. Safi ad-Din Orïn Qoylaqï (sic), "Nasab-nāma," ed. Äshirbek Qǔrbanǔlï Muminov and Zikiriyä Zamankhanǔlï Jandarbekov (Turkestan: Mǔra, 1992). The manuscript, reproduced in transcription and facsimile, was discovered in 1988. See also the discussions of the nasab-nāma in Äshurbek Mominov, "Yässäviyä: ildiz vä mänbälär," Fän vä turmush, no. 9-10 (1993), 18-19, 21. For an expanded and better-annotated version of this article in Russian, see A. K. Muminov, "O proiskhozhdenii bratstva iasaviia," Islam i problemy mezhtsivilizatsionnykh vzaimodeistvii (Moscow: Obshchestvo "Nur," 1994), 219-31; "Novye napravleniia v izuchenii istorii bratstva iasaviia," Obshchestvennye nauki v Uzbekistane, no. 11-12 (1993), 34-38; Ä. Q. Mominov and Z. Z. Jandarbekov, "Yässäviyä tä'limati vujudgä kelgän muhit haqidä yängi muhim mänbä," Shärqshunaslik (Tashkent), vol. 5 (1994), 82-88; Z. Jandarbekov's "Qoja Akhmet Yasaui," Jǐbek jolï, no. 1-2 (1993), 17-19; and two articles of Zikiriyä Jandarbek published in the collective volume Yäsaui Taghïlïmï (Turkistan: "Mǔra" baspagerlǐk shaghïn käsǐpornï/Qoja Akhmet Yäsaui atïndaghï Khalïqaralïq Kazak-Türǐk Universiteti, 1996): "Ongtüstǐk Kazakstandaghï VIII-XII ghasïrlardaghï islam tarikhï jaylï bǐr jazba derek" (pp. 39-44) and "'Nasab-nama' nǔsqalarïnïng jazïlghan uaqïtï men jerǐ, redaktsiyälarï" (pp. 60-75). The same nasab-nāma, and others, are more briefly discussed in Aširbek K. Muminov, "Veneration of Holy Sites of the Mid-Sïrdar'ya Valley: Continuity and Transformation," Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, ed. Michael Kemper, Anke von Kügelgen, and Dmitriy Yermakov (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1996; Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 200), 355-67; and now, with a preliminary discussion of the khoja phenomenon, in Muminov's "Die Qožas (sic): Arabische Genealogien in Kasachstan," Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, vol. 2: Inter-Regional and Inter-Ethnic Relations, ed. Anke von Kügelgen, Michael Kemper, and Allen J. Frank (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1998; Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 216), 193-209.
28. Safi ad-Din Orïn Qoylaqï (sic), "Nasab-nāma," ed. Äshirbek Qǔrbanǔlï Muminov and Zikiriyä Zamankhanǔlï Jandarbekov (Turkestan: Mǔra, 1992). The manuscript, reproduced in transcription and facsimile, was discovered in 1988. See also the discussions of the nasab-nāma in Äshurbek Mominov, "Yässäviyä: ildiz vä mänbälär," Fän vä turmush, no. 9-10 (1993), 18-19, 21. For an expanded and better-annotated version of this article in Russian, see A. K. Muminov, "O proiskhozhdenii bratstva iasaviia," Islam i problemy mezhtsivilizatsionnykh vzaimodeistvii (Moscow: Obshchestvo "Nur," 1994), 219-31; "Novye napravleniia v izuchenii istorii bratstva iasaviia," Obshchestvennye nauki v Uzbekistane, no. 11-12 (1993), 34-38; Ä. Q. Mominov and Z. Z. Jandarbekov, "Yässäviyä tä'limati vujudgä kelgän muhit haqidä yängi muhim mänbä," Shärqshunaslik (Tashkent), vol. 5 (1994), 82-88; Z. Jandarbekov's "Qoja Akhmet Yasaui," Jǐbek jolï, no. 1-2 (1993), 17-19; and two articles of Zikiriyä Jandarbek published in the collective volume Yäsaui Taghïlïmï (Turkistan: "Mǔra" baspagerlǐk shaghïn käsǐpornï/Qoja Akhmet Yäsaui atïndaghï Khalïqaralïq Kazak-Türǐk Universiteti, 1996): "Ongtüstǐk Kazakstandaghï VIII-XII ghasïrlardaghï islam tarikhï jaylï bǐr jazba derek" (pp. 39-44) and "'Nasab-nama' nǔsqalarïnïng jazïlghan uaqïtï men jerǐ, redaktsiyälarï" (pp. 60-75). The same nasab-nāma, and others, are more briefly discussed in Aširbek K. Muminov, "Veneration of Holy Sites of the Mid-Sïrdar'ya Valley: Continuity and Transformation," Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, ed. Michael Kemper, Anke von Kügelgen, and Dmitriy Yermakov (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1996; Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 200), 355-67; and now, with a preliminary discussion of the khoja phenomenon, in Muminov's "Die Qožas (sic): Arabische Genealogien in Kasachstan," Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, vol. 2: Inter-Regional and Inter-Ethnic Relations, ed. Anke von Kügelgen, Michael Kemper, and Allen J. Frank (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1998; Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 216), 193-209.
29. Safi ad-Din Orïn Qoylaqï (sic), "Nasab-nāma," ed. Äshirbek Qǔrbanǔlï Muminov and Zikiriyä Zamankhanǔlï Jandarbekov (Turkestan: Mǔra, 1992). The manuscript, reproduced in transcription and facsimile, was discovered in 1988. See also the discussions of the nasab-nāma in Äshurbek Mominov, "Yässäviyä: ildiz vä mänbälär," Fän vä turmush, no. 9-10 (1993), 18-19, 21. For an expanded and better-annotated version of this article in Russian, see A. K. Muminov, "O proiskhozhdenii bratstva iasaviia," Islam i problemy mezhtsivilizatsionnykh vzaimodeistvii (Moscow: Obshchestvo "Nur," 1994), 219-31; "Novye napravleniia v izuchenii istorii bratstva iasaviia," Obshchestvennye nauki v Uzbekistane, no. 11-12 (1993), 34-38; Ä. Q. Mominov and Z. Z. Jandarbekov, "Yässäviyä tä'limati vujudgä kelgän muhit haqidä yängi muhim mänbä," Shärqshunaslik (Tashkent), vol. 5 (1994), 82-88; Z. Jandarbekov's "Qoja Akhmet Yasaui," Jǐbek jolï, no. 1-2 (1993), 17-19; and two articles of Zikiriyä Jandarbek published in the collective volume Yäsaui Taghïlïmï (Turkistan: "Mǔra" baspagerlǐk shaghïn käsǐpornï/Qoja Akhmet Yäsaui atïndaghï Khalïqaralïq Kazak-Türǐk Universiteti, 1996): "Ongtüstǐk Kazakstandaghï VIII-XII ghasïrlardaghï islam tarikhï jaylï bǐr jazba derek" (pp. 39-44) and "'Nasab-nama' nǔsqalarïnïng jazïlghan uaqïtï men jerǐ, redaktsiyälarï" (pp. 60-75). The same nasab-nāma, and others, are more briefly discussed in Aširbek K. Muminov, "Veneration of Holy Sites of the Mid-Sïrdar'ya Valley: Continuity and Transformation," Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, ed. Michael Kemper, Anke von Kügelgen, and Dmitriy Yermakov (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1996; Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 200), 355-67; and now, with a preliminary discussion of the khoja phenomenon, in Muminov's "Die Qožas (sic): Arabische Genealogien in Kasachstan," Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, vol. 2: Inter-Regional and Inter-Ethnic Relations, ed. Anke von Kügelgen, Michael Kemper, and Allen J. Frank (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1998; Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 216), 193-209.
30. Safi ad-Din Orïn Qoylaqï (sic), "Nasab-nāma," ed. Äshirbek Qǔrbanǔlï Muminov and Zikiriyä Zamankhanǔlï Jandarbekov (Turkestan: Mǔra, 1992). The manuscript, reproduced in transcription and facsimile, was discovered in 1988. See also the discussions of the nasab-nāma in Äshurbek Mominov, "Yässäviyä: ildiz vä mänbälär," Fän vä turmush, no. 9-10 (1993), 18-19, 21. For an expanded and better-annotated version of this article in Russian, see A. K. Muminov, "O proiskhozhdenii bratstva iasaviia," Islam i problemy mezhtsivilizatsionnykh vzaimodeistvii (Moscow: Obshchestvo "Nur," 1994), 219-31; "Novye napravleniia v izuchenii istorii bratstva iasaviia," Obshchestvennye nauki v Uzbekistane, no. 11-12 (1993), 34-38; Ä. Q. Mominov and Z. Z. Jandarbekov, "Yässäviyä tä'limati vujudgä kelgän muhit haqidä yängi muhim mänbä," Shärqshunaslik (Tashkent), vol. 5 (1994), 82-88; Z. Jandarbekov's "Qoja Akhmet Yasaui," Jǐbek jolï, no. 1-2 (1993), 17-19; and two articles of Zikiriyä Jandarbek published in the collective volume Yäsaui Taghïlïmï (Turkistan: "Mǔra" baspagerlǐk shaghïn käsǐpornï/Qoja Akhmet Yäsaui atïndaghï Khalïqaralïq Kazak-Türǐk Universiteti, 1996): "Ongtüstǐk Kazakstandaghï VIII-XII ghasïrlardaghï islam tarikhï jaylï bǐr jazba derek" (pp. 39-44) and "'Nasab-nama' nǔsqalarïnïng jazïlghan uaqïtï men jerǐ, redaktsiyälarï" (pp. 60-75). The same nasab-nāma, and others, are more briefly discussed in Aširbek K. Muminov, "Veneration of Holy Sites of the Mid-Sïrdar'ya Valley: Continuity and Transformation," Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, ed. Michael Kemper, Anke von Kügelgen, and Dmitriy Yermakov (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1996; Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 200), 355-67; and now, with a preliminary discussion of the khoja phenomenon, in Muminov's "Die Qožas (sic): Arabische Genealogien in Kasachstan," Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, vol. 2: Inter-Regional and Inter-Ethnic Relations, ed. Anke von Kügelgen, Michael Kemper, and Allen J. Frank (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1998; Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 216), 193-209.
31. Safi ad-Din Orïn Qoylaqï (sic), "Nasab-nāma," ed. Äshirbek Qǔrbanǔlï Muminov and Zikiriyä Zamankhanǔlï Jandarbekov (Turkestan: Mǔra, 1992). The manuscript, reproduced in transcription and facsimile, was discovered in 1988. See also the discussions of the nasab-nāma in Äshurbek Mominov, "Yässäviyä: ildiz vä mänbälär," Fän vä turmush, no. 9-10 (1993), 18-19, 21. For an expanded and better-annotated version of this article in Russian, see A. K. Muminov, "O proiskhozhdenii bratstva iasaviia," Islam i problemy mezhtsivilizatsionnykh vzaimodeistvii (Moscow: Obshchestvo "Nur," 1994), 219-31; "Novye napravleniia v izuchenii istorii bratstva iasaviia," Obshchestvennye nauki v Uzbekistane, no. 11-12 (1993), 34-38; Ä. Q. Mominov and Z. Z. Jandarbekov, "Yässäviyä tä'limati vujudgä kelgän muhit haqidä yängi muhim mänbä," Shärqshunaslik (Tashkent), vol. 5 (1994), 82-88; Z. Jandarbekov's "Qoja Akhmet Yasaui," Jǐbek jolï, no. 1-2 (1993), 17-19; and two articles of Zikiriyä Jandarbek published in the collective volume Yäsaui Taghïlïmï (Turkistan: "Mǔra" baspagerlǐk shaghïn käsǐpornï/Qoja Akhmet Yäsaui atïndaghï Khalïqaralïq Kazak-Türǐk Universiteti, 1996): "Ongtüstǐk Kazakstandaghï VIII-XII ghasïrlardaghï islam tarikhï jaylï bǐr jazba derek" (pp. 39-44) and "'Nasab-nama' nǔsqalarïnïng jazïlghan uaqïtï men jerǐ, redaktsiyälarï" (pp. 60-75). The same nasab-nāma, and others, are more briefly discussed in Aširbek K. Muminov, "Veneration of Holy Sites of the Mid-Sïrdar'ya Valley: Continuity and Transformation," Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, ed. Michael Kemper, Anke von Kügelgen, and Dmitriy Yermakov (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1996; Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 200), 355-67; and now, with a preliminary discussion of the khoja phenomenon, in Muminov's "Die Qožas (sic): Arabische Genealogien in Kasachstan," Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, vol. 2: Inter-Regional and Inter-Ethnic Relations, ed. Anke von Kügelgen, Michael Kemper, and Allen J. Frank (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1998; Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 216), 193-209.
32. Safi ad-Din Orïn Qoylaqï (sic), "Nasab-nāma," ed. Äshirbek Qǔrbanǔlï Muminov and Zikiriyä Zamankhanǔlï Jandarbekov (Turkestan: Mǔra, 1992). The manuscript, reproduced in transcription and facsimile, was discovered in 1988. See also the discussions of the nasab-nāma in Äshurbek Mominov, "Yässäviyä: ildiz vä mänbälär," Fän vä turmush, no. 9-10 (1993), 18-19, 21. For an expanded and better-annotated version of this article in Russian, see A. K. Muminov, "O proiskhozhdenii bratstva iasaviia," Islam i problemy mezhtsivilizatsionnykh vzaimodeistvii (Moscow: Obshchestvo "Nur," 1994), 219-31; "Novye napravleniia v izuchenii istorii bratstva iasaviia," Obshchestvennye nauki v Uzbekistane, no. 11-12 (1993), 34-38; Ä. Q. Mominov and Z. Z. Jandarbekov, "Yässäviyä tä'limati vujudgä kelgän muhit haqidä yängi muhim mänbä," Shärqshunaslik (Tashkent), vol. 5 (1994), 82-88; Z. Jandarbekov's "Qoja Akhmet Yasaui," Jǐbek jolï, no. 1-2 (1993), 17-19; and two articles of Zikiriyä Jandarbek published in the collective volume Yäsaui Taghïlïmï (Turkistan: "Mǔra" baspagerlǐk shaghïn käsǐpornï/Qoja Akhmet Yäsaui atïndaghï Khalïqaralïq Kazak-Türǐk Universiteti, 1996): "Ongtüstǐk Kazakstandaghï VIII-XII ghasïrlardaghï islam tarikhï jaylï bǐr jazba derek" (pp. 39-44) and "'Nasab-nama' nǔsqalarïnïng jazïlghan uaqïtï men jerǐ, redaktsiyälarï" (pp. 60-75). The same nasab-nāma, and others, are more briefly discussed in Aširbek K. Muminov, "Veneration of Holy Sites of the Mid-Sïrdar'ya Valley: Continuity and Transformation," Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, ed. Michael Kemper, Anke von Kügelgen, and Dmitriy Yermakov (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1996; Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 200), 355-67; and now, with a preliminary discussion of the khoja phenomenon, in Muminov's "Die Qožas (sic): Arabische Genealogien in Kasachstan," Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, vol. 2: Inter-Regional and Inter-Ethnic Relations, ed. Anke von Kügelgen, Michael Kemper, and Allen J. Frank (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1998; Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 216), 193-209.
33. Safi ad-Din Orïn Qoylaqï (sic), "Nasab-nāma," ed. Äshirbek Qǔrbanǔlï Muminov and Zikiriyä Zamankhanǔlï Jandarbekov (Turkestan: Mǔra, 1992). The manuscript, reproduced in transcription and facsimile, was discovered in 1988. See also the discussions of the nasab-nāma in Äshurbek Mominov, "Yässäviyä: ildiz vä mänbälär," Fän vä turmush, no. 9-10 (1993), 18-19, 21. For an expanded and better-annotated version of this article in Russian, see A. K. Muminov, "O proiskhozhdenii bratstva iasaviia," Islam i problemy mezhtsivilizatsionnykh vzaimodeistvii (Moscow: Obshchestvo "Nur," 1994), 219-31; "Novye napravleniia v izuchenii istorii bratstva iasaviia," Obshchestvennye nauki v Uzbekistane, no. 11-12 (1993), 34-38; Ä. Q. Mominov and Z. Z. Jandarbekov, "Yässäviyä tä'limati vujudgä kelgän muhit haqidä yängi muhim mänbä," Shärqshunaslik (Tashkent), vol. 5 (1994), 82-88; Z. Jandarbekov's "Qoja Akhmet Yasaui," Jǐbek jolï, no. 1-2 (1993), 17-19; and two articles of Zikiriyä Jandarbek published in the collective volume Yäsaui Taghïlïmï (Turkistan: "Mǔra" baspagerlǐk shaghïn käsǐpornï/Qoja Akhmet Yäsaui atïndaghï Khalïqaralïq Kazak-Türǐk Universiteti, 1996): "Ongtüstǐk Kazakstandaghï VIII-XII ghasïrlardaghï islam tarikhï jaylï bǐr jazba derek" (pp. 39-44) and "'Nasab-nama' nǔsqalarïnïng jazïlghan uaqïtï men jerǐ, redaktsiyälarï" (pp. 60-75). The same nasab-nāma, and others, are more briefly discussed in Aširbek K. Muminov, "Veneration of Holy Sites of the Mid-Sïrdar'ya Valley: Continuity and Transformation," Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, ed. Michael Kemper, Anke von Kügelgen, and Dmitriy Yermakov (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1996; Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 200), 355-67; and now, with a preliminary discussion of the khoja phenomenon, in Muminov's "Die Qožas (sic): Arabische Genealogien in Kasachstan," Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, vol. 2: Inter-Regional and Inter-Ethnic Relations, ed. Anke von Kügelgen, Michael Kemper, and Allen J. Frank (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1998; Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 216), 193-209.
34. Safi ad-Din Orïn Qoylaqï (sic), "Nasab-nāma," ed. Äshirbek Qǔrbanǔlï Muminov and Zikiriyä Zamankhanǔlï Jandarbekov (Turkestan: Mǔra, 1992). The manuscript, reproduced in transcription and facsimile, was discovered in 1988. See also the discussions of the nasab-nāma in Äshurbek Mominov, "Yässäviyä: ildiz vä mänbälär," Fän vä turmush, no. 9-10 (1993), 18-19, 21. For an expanded and better-annotated version of this article in Russian, see A. K. Muminov, "O proiskhozhdenii bratstva iasaviia," Islam i problemy mezhtsivilizatsionnykh vzaimodeistvii (Moscow: Obshchestvo "Nur," 1994), 219-31; "Novye napravleniia v izuchenii istorii bratstva iasaviia," Obshchestvennye nauki v Uzbekistane, no. 11-12 (1993), 34-38; Ä. Q. Mominov and Z. Z. Jandarbekov, "Yässäviyä tä'limati vujudgä kelgän muhit haqidä yängi muhim mänbä," Shärqshunaslik (Tashkent), vol. 5 (1994), 82-88; Z. Jandarbekov's "Qoja Akhmet Yasaui," Jǐbek jolï, no. 1-2 (1993), 17-19; and two articles of Zikiriyä Jandarbek published in the collective volume Yäsaui Taghïlïmï (Turkistan: "Mǔra" baspagerlǐk shaghïn käsǐpornï/Qoja Akhmet Yäsaui atïndaghï Khalïqaralïq Kazak-Türǐk Universiteti, 1996): "Ongtüstǐk Kazakstandaghï VIII-XII ghasïrlardaghï islam tarikhï jaylï bǐr jazba derek" (pp. 39-44) and "'Nasab-nama' nǔsqalarïnïng jazïlghan uaqïtï men jerǐ, redaktsiyälarï" (pp. 60-75). The same nasab-nāma, and others, are more briefly discussed in Aširbek K. Muminov, "Veneration of Holy Sites of the Mid-Sïrdar'ya Valley: Continuity and Transformation," Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, ed. Michael Kemper, Anke von Kügelgen, and Dmitriy Yermakov (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1996; Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 200), 355-67; and now, with a preliminary discussion of the khoja phenomenon, in Muminov's "Die Qožas (sic): Arabische Genealogien in Kasachstan," Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, vol. 2: Inter-Regional and Inter-Ethnic Relations, ed. Anke von Kügelgen, Michael Kemper, and Allen J. Frank (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1998; Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 216), 193-209.
35. Safi ad-Din Orïn Qoylaqï (sic), "Nasab-nāma," ed. Äshirbek Qǔrbanǔlï Muminov and Zikiriyä Zamankhanǔlï Jandarbekov (Turkestan: Mǔra, 1992). The manuscript, reproduced in transcription and facsimile, was discovered in 1988. See also the discussions of the nasab-nāma in Äshurbek Mominov, "Yässäviyä: ildiz vä mänbälär," Fän vä turmush, no. 9-10 (1993), 18-19, 21. For an expanded and better-annotated version of this article in Russian, see A. K. Muminov, "O proiskhozhdenii bratstva iasaviia," Islam i problemy mezhtsivilizatsionnykh vzaimodeistvii (Moscow: Obshchestvo "Nur," 1994), 219-31; "Novye napravleniia v izuchenii istorii bratstva iasaviia," Obshchestvennye nauki v Uzbekistane, no. 11-12 (1993), 34-38; Ä. Q. Mominov and Z. Z. Jandarbekov, "Yässäviyä tä'limati vujudgä kelgän muhit haqidä yängi muhim mänbä," Shärqshunaslik (Tashkent), vol. 5 (1994), 82-88; Z. Jandarbekov's "Qoja Akhmet Yasaui," Jǐbek jolï, no. 1-2 (1993), 17-19; and two articles of Zikiriyä Jandarbek published in the collective volume Yäsaui Taghïlïmï (Turkistan: "Mǔra" baspagerlǐk shaghïn käsǐpornï/Qoja Akhmet Yäsaui atïndaghï Khalïqaralïq Kazak-Türǐk Universiteti, 1996): "Ongtüstǐk Kazakstandaghï VIII-XII ghasïrlardaghï islam tarikhï jaylï bǐr jazba derek" (pp. 39-44) and "'Nasab-nama' nǔsqalarïnïng jazïlghan uaqïtï men jerǐ, redaktsiyälarï" (pp. 60-75). The same nasab-nāma, and others, are more briefly discussed in Aširbek K. Muminov, "Veneration of Holy Sites of the Mid-Sïrdar'ya Valley: Continuity and Transformation," Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, ed. Michael Kemper, Anke von Kügelgen, and Dmitriy Yermakov (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1996; Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 200), 355-67; and now, with a preliminary discussion of the khoja phenomenon, in Muminov's "Die Qožas (sic): Arabische Genealogien in Kasachstan," Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, vol. 2: Inter-Regional and Inter-Ethnic Relations, ed. Anke von Kügelgen, Michael Kemper, and Allen J. Frank (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1998; Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 216), 193-209.
36. Safi ad-Din Orïn Qoylaqï (sic), "Nasab-nāma," ed. Äshirbek Qǔrbanǔlï Muminov and Zikiriyä Zamankhanǔlï Jandarbekov (Turkestan: Mǔra, 1992). The manuscript, reproduced in transcription and facsimile, was discovered in 1988. See also the discussions of the nasab-nāma in Äshurbek Mominov, "Yässäviyä: ildiz vä mänbälär," Fän vä turmush, no. 9-10 (1993), 18-19, 21. For an expanded and better-annotated version of this article in Russian, see A. K. Muminov, "O proiskhozhdenii bratstva iasaviia," Islam i problemy mezhtsivilizatsionnykh vzaimodeistvii (Moscow: Obshchestvo "Nur," 1994), 219-31; "Novye napravleniia v izuchenii istorii bratstva iasaviia," Obshchestvennye nauki v Uzbekistane, no. 11-12 (1993), 34-38; Ä. Q. Mominov and Z. Z. Jandarbekov, "Yässäviyä tä'limati vujudgä kelgän muhit haqidä yängi muhim mänbä," Shärqshunaslik (Tashkent), vol. 5 (1994), 82-88; Z. Jandarbekov's "Qoja Akhmet Yasaui," Jǐbek jolï, no. 1-2 (1993), 17-19; and two articles of Zikiriyä Jandarbek published in the collective volume Yäsaui Taghïlïmï (Turkistan: "Mǔra" baspagerlǐk shaghïn käsǐpornï/Qoja Akhmet Yäsaui atïndaghï Khalïqaralïq Kazak-Türǐk Universiteti, 1996): "Ongtüstǐk Kazakstandaghï VIII-XII ghasïrlardaghï islam tarikhï jaylï bǐr jazba derek" (pp. 39-44) and "'Nasab-nama' nǔsqalarïnïng jazïlghan uaqïtï men jerǐ, redaktsiyälarï" (pp. 60-75). The same nasab-nāma, and others, are more briefly discussed in Aširbek K. Muminov, "Veneration of Holy Sites of the Mid-Sïrdar'ya Valley: Continuity and Transformation," Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, ed. Michael Kemper, Anke von Kügelgen, and Dmitriy Yermakov (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1996; Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 200), 355-67; and now, with a preliminary discussion of the khoja phenomenon, in Muminov's "Die Qožas (sic): Arabische Genealogien in Kasachstan," Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, vol. 2: Inter-Regional and Inter-Ethnic Relations, ed. Anke von Kügelgen, Michael Kemper, and Allen J. Frank (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1998; Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, vol. 216), 193-209.
37. ⊂il Ata, noted later). Excerpts from two additional copies of the nasab-nāma were published, in Uzbek transcription, in Ähmäd Yässäviy äjdadläri shäjäräsi/Ähmäd Yässäviy vä Ämir Temur, ed. Räsulmuhämmäd haji Äbdushukurov Äshurbay oghli (Tashkent: Häzinä, 1996).
38. ⊂il Ata, noted later). Excerpts from two additional copies of the nasab-nāma were published, in Uzbek transcription, in Ähmäd Yässäviy äjdadläri shäjäräsi/Ähmäd Yässäviy vä Ämir Temur, ed. Räsulmuhämmäd haji Äbdushukurov Äshurbay oghli (Tashkent: Häzinä, 1996).
39. The most complete descriptions are unfortunately not altogether clear on which manuscripts reflect which versions of these genealogies. Muminov discussed the provenance of nine copies of the nasab-nāma ascribed to Safi ad-Din Ürüng-quylaqi in his "Yässäviyä" (p. 19, n. 1) and "O proiskhozhdenii" (p. 219). One copy mentioned in these discussions was published by M. Mirkhaldarov (Khojä Ähmäd Yässäviy, Shäjäräi säadät [Chimkent, 1992]), but this text has not been available to me. (It was used, however, by Eraslan in Neseb-nâme Tercümesi.) In the joint article by Muminov and Jandarbekov ("Yässäviyä tä'limati," 83-85), twelve manuscripts are briefly described. Seven are classified as genealogies of the "Aq-qorghan khojas" (the authors assume that "Orung-Qoylaq," as they transcribe it, is a site identifiable with the locale known today as "Aq-qorghan"; it is not clear whether this is based upon some explicit source or tradition supporting such an identification, or upon the presence in the vicinity of Aq-qorghan of families claiming descent from Safi ad-Din Ürüng-quylaqi), but of these, numbers 5, 6, and 7 do not appear to correspond with texts mentioned in Muminov's articles cited earlier; two are called genealogies of the "Devanä khojas" and are not mentioned in the earlier article; two (no. 10 and 11) described as genealogies of the "Qaräkhan khojas" and one (no. 12) classified as an account of the "Khurasan khojas" correspond to three texts mentioned in the earlier article; and two copies mentioned in the earlier article do not appear to correspond to copies mentioned in the joint article. Another classification scheme appears (on the basis of ten copies) in Jandarbek, "'Nasab-nama' nǔsqalarïnïng jazïlghan uaqïtï men jerǐ," while yet another is implied in Muminov, "Die Qožas," in a classification of khoja groups only partially based on the textual materials. In personal communication during the spring of 1995, the authors mentioned that the total number of such texts had reached twenty-two. In the fall of 1995, Muminov and Jandarbekov were kind enough to supply me with copies of eleven separate texts, of which five represent the Ürüng-quylaqi tradition, with the rest falling into distinct groups reflecting quite separate lineages. (By the fall of 1996, Muminov had mentioned in a letter that a total of twenty-nine such nasab-nāmas had been collected, but it is again not clear how many different lineages are represented.)
40. The most complete descriptions are unfortunately not altogether clear on which manuscripts reflect which versions of these genealogies. Muminov discussed the provenance of nine copies of the nasab-nāma ascribed to Safi ad-Din Ürüng-quylaqi in his "Yässäviyä" (p. 19, n. 1) and "O proiskhozhdenii" (p. 219). One copy mentioned in these discussions was published by M. Mirkhaldarov (Khojä Ähmäd Yässäviy, Shäjäräi säadät [Chimkent, 1992]), but this text has not been available to me. (It was used, however, by Eraslan in Neseb-nâme Tercümesi.) In the joint article by Muminov and Jandarbekov ("Yässäviyä tä'limati," 83-85), twelve manuscripts are briefly described. Seven are classified as genealogies of the "Aq-qorghan khojas" (the authors assume that "Orung-Qoylaq," as they transcribe it, is a site identifiable with the locale known today as "Aq-qorghan"; it is not clear whether this is based upon some explicit source or tradition supporting such an identification, or upon the presence in the vicinity of Aq-qorghan of families claiming descent from Safi ad-Din Ürüng-quylaqi), but of these, numbers 5, 6, and 7 do not appear to correspond with texts mentioned in Muminov's articles cited earlier; two are called genealogies of the "Devanä khojas" and are not mentioned in the earlier article; two (no. 10 and 11) described as genealogies of the "Qaräkhan khojas" and one (no. 12) classified as an account of the "Khurasan khojas" correspond to three texts mentioned in the earlier article; and two copies mentioned in the earlier article do not appear to correspond to copies mentioned in the joint article. Another classification scheme appears (on the basis of ten copies) in Jandarbek, "'Nasab-nama' nǔsqalarïnïng jazïlghan uaqïtï men jerǐ," while yet another is implied in Muminov, "Die Qožas," in a classification of khoja groups only partially based on the textual materials. In personal communication during the spring of 1995, the authors mentioned that the total number of such texts had reached twenty-two. In the fall of 1995, Muminov and Jandarbekov were kind enough to supply me with copies of eleven separate texts, of which five represent the Ürüng-quylaqi tradition, with the rest falling into distinct groups reflecting quite separate lineages. (By the fall of 1996, Muminov had mentioned in a letter that a total of twenty-nine such nasab-nāmas had been collected, but it is again not clear how many different lineages are represented.)
41. The most complete descriptions are unfortunately not altogether clear on which manuscripts reflect which versions of these genealogies. Muminov discussed the provenance of nine copies of the nasab-nāma ascribed to Safi ad-Din Ürüng-quylaqi in his "Yässäviyä" (p. 19, n. 1) and "O proiskhozhdenii" (p. 219). One copy mentioned in these discussions was published by M. Mirkhaldarov (Khojä Ähmäd Yässäviy, Shäjäräi säadät [Chimkent, 1992]), but this text has not been available to me. (It was used, however, by Eraslan in Neseb-nâme Tercümesi.) In the joint article by Muminov and Jandarbekov ("Yässäviyä tä'limati," 83-85), twelve manuscripts are briefly described. Seven are classified as genealogies of the "Aq-qorghan khojas" (the authors assume that "Orung-Qoylaq," as they transcribe it, is a site identifiable with the locale known today as "Aq-qorghan"; it is not clear whether this is based upon some explicit source or tradition supporting such an identification, or upon the presence in the vicinity of Aq-qorghan of families claiming descent from Safi ad-Din Ürüng-quylaqi), but of these, numbers 5, 6, and 7 do not appear to correspond with texts mentioned in Muminov's articles cited earlier; two are called genealogies of the "Devanä khojas" and are not mentioned in the earlier article; two (no. 10 and 11) described as genealogies of the "Qaräkhan khojas" and one (no. 12) classified as an account of the "Khurasan khojas" correspond to three texts mentioned in the earlier article; and two copies mentioned in the earlier article do not appear to correspond to copies mentioned in the joint article. Another classification scheme appears (on the basis of ten copies) in Jandarbek, "'Nasab-nama' nǔsqalarïnïng jazïlghan uaqïtï men jerǐ," while yet another is implied in Muminov, "Die Qožas," in a classification of khoja groups only partially based on the textual materials. In personal communication during the spring of 1995, the authors mentioned that the total number of such texts had reached twenty-two. In the fall of 1995, Muminov and Jandarbekov were kind enough to supply me with copies of eleven separate texts, of which five represent the Ürüng-quylaqi tradition, with the rest falling into distinct groups reflecting quite separate lineages. (By the fall of 1996, Muminov had mentioned in a letter that a total of twenty-nine such nasab-nāmas had been collected, but it is again not clear how many different lineages are represented.)
42. The most complete descriptions are unfortunately not altogether clear on which manuscripts reflect which versions of these genealogies. Muminov discussed the provenance of nine copies of the nasab-nāma ascribed to Safi ad-Din Ürüng-quylaqi in his "Yässäviyä" (p. 19, n. 1) and "O proiskhozhdenii" (p. 219). One copy mentioned in these discussions was published by M. Mirkhaldarov (Khojä Ähmäd Yässäviy, Shäjäräi säadät [Chimkent, 1992]), but this text has not been available to me. (It was used, however, by Eraslan in Neseb-nâme Tercümesi.) In the joint article by Muminov and Jandarbekov ("Yässäviyä tä'limati," 83-85), twelve manuscripts are briefly described. Seven are classified as genealogies of the "Aq-qorghan khojas" (the authors assume that "Orung-Qoylaq," as they transcribe it, is a site identifiable with the locale known today as "Aq-qorghan"; it is not clear whether this is based upon some explicit source or tradition supporting such an identification, or upon the presence in the vicinity of Aq-qorghan of families claiming descent from Safi ad-Din Ürüng-quylaqi), but of these, numbers 5, 6, and 7 do not appear to correspond with texts mentioned in Muminov's articles cited earlier; two are called genealogies of the "Devanä khojas" and are not mentioned in the earlier article; two (no. 10 and 11) described as genealogies of the "Qaräkhan khojas" and one (no. 12) classified as an account of the "Khurasan khojas" correspond to three texts mentioned in the earlier article; and two copies mentioned in the earlier article do not appear to correspond to copies mentioned in the joint article. Another classification scheme appears (on the basis of ten copies) in Jandarbek, "'Nasab-nama' nǔsqalarïnïng jazïlghan uaqïtï men jerǐ," while yet another is implied in Muminov, "Die Qožas," in a classification of khoja groups only partially based on the textual materials. In personal communication during the spring of 1995, the authors mentioned that the total number of such texts had reached twenty-two. In the fall of 1995, Muminov and Jandarbekov were kind enough to supply me with copies of eleven separate texts, of which five represent the Ürüng-quylaqi tradition, with the rest falling into distinct groups reflecting quite separate lineages. (By the fall of 1996, Muminov had mentioned in a letter that a total of twenty-nine such nasab-nāmas had been collected, but it is again not clear how many different lineages are represented.)
43. The most complete descriptions are unfortunately not altogether clear on which manuscripts reflect which versions of these genealogies. Muminov discussed the provenance of nine copies of the nasab-nāma ascribed to Safi ad-Din Ürüng-quylaqi in his "Yässäviyä" (p. 19, n. 1) and "O proiskhozhdenii" (p. 219). One copy mentioned in these discussions was published by M. Mirkhaldarov (Khojä Ähmäd Yässäviy, Shäjäräi säadät [Chimkent, 1992]), but this text has not been available to me. (It was used, however, by Eraslan in Neseb-nâme Tercümesi.) In the joint article by Muminov and Jandarbekov ("Yässäviyä tä'limati," 83-85), twelve manuscripts are briefly described. Seven are classified as genealogies of the "Aq-qorghan khojas" (the authors assume that "Orung-Qoylaq," as they transcribe it, is a site identifiable with the locale known today as "Aq-qorghan"; it is not clear whether this is based upon some explicit source or tradition supporting such an identification, or upon the presence in the vicinity of Aq-qorghan of families claiming descent from Safi ad-Din Ürüng-quylaqi), but of these, numbers 5, 6, and 7 do not appear to correspond with texts mentioned in Muminov's articles cited earlier; two are called genealogies of the "Devanä khojas" and are not mentioned in the earlier article; two (no. 10 and 11) described as genealogies of the "Qaräkhan khojas" and one (no. 12) classified as an account of the "Khurasan khojas" correspond to three texts mentioned in the earlier article; and two copies mentioned in the earlier article do not appear to correspond to copies mentioned in the joint article. Another classification
44. This work is preserved in at least two redactions reflected in several (virtually all uncatalogued) manuscript copies. Here I cite two copies from the Institute of Manuscripts in Tashkent: MS 252, f. 87a; MS 3004, ff. 194a-b (this institute was recently closed and its manuscript collection transferred to the Institute of Oriental Studies). A more complete study of this work is in preparation.
45. A preliminary study of these legends appeared in my "Yasavian Legends on the Islamization of Turkistan," in Aspects of Altaic Civilization III, Proceedings of the Thirtieth Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Indiana University, Bloomington, 19-25 June 1987 (Bloomington: Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, 1990), 1-19. I am currently preparing a more complete examination of the many more variants identified to date.
46. ⊂il Ata. Still, the facsimile's publication provides a helpful service (the text was evidently used independently by Eraslan, Neseb-nâme Tercümesi). The discovery of the text, described as a genealogy of Yasavi, was noted in a brief article by O. Petrushel', "Raskryta taina drevnei rukopisi," Kazakhstanskaia pravda, 24 May 1991, 3.
47. Jarmǔkhamedǔlï himself had earlier referred to the text, with a brief description of its contents, in his introduction to a publication of the Divān-i hikmat in Kazak translation (Qoja Akhmet Iasaui, Diuani khikmet (Aqïl kǐtabï [Almatï: Mǔrattas, 1993], 7-9).
48. He also discussed it in Muhammedrahim Carmuhammed-uli, "Hoca Ahmed Yesevî'nin hayati hakkinda yeni deliller ve o'nun bilinmeyen 'Risale' adli eserinin ilmî degeri," Milletlerarasi Ahmed Yesevî Sempozyumu Bildirileri 26-27 Eylül 1991, trans. Talat Tekin (Ankara: Feryal Matbaasi, 1992), 13-20.
49. Muhammad Sālih Khwāja, Tārīkh-i jadīdah-i Tāshkand, MS Tashkent, Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan (hereafter IVANUz), no. 7791, ff. 937a-938a. The manuscript is described in A. A. Semenov et al., ed., Sobranie vostochnykh rukopisei Akademii nauk Uzbekskoi SSK (hereafter SVR), vol. VI, 34-36, no. 4183. On the work, see Ch. A. Stori, Persidskaia literatura; biobibliograficheskii obzor, trans. Iu. È. Bregel' (Moscow: Nauka, 1972), vol. II, 1199-1200. The account mentions Yasavi's brother "Sadr Khwaja Ata," but says nothing more about him.
50. Muhammad Sālih Khwāja, Tārīkh-i jadīdah-i Tāshkand, MS Tashkent, Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan (hereafter IVANUz), no. 7791, ff. 937a-938a. The manuscript is described in A. A. Semenov et al., ed., Sobranie vostochnykh rukopisei Akademii nauk Uzbekskoi SSK (hereafter SVR), vol. VI, 34-36, no. 4183. On the work, see Ch. A. Stori, Persidskaia literatura; biobibliograficheskii obzor, trans. Iu. È. Bregel' (Moscow: Nauka, 1972), vol. II, 1199-1200. The account mentions Yasavi's brother "Sadr Khwaja Ata," but says nothing more about him.
51. Muhammad Sālih Khwāja, Tārīkh-i jadīdah-i Tāshkand, MS Tashkent, Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan (hereafter IVANUz), no. 7791, ff. 937a-938a. The manuscript is described in A. A. Semenov et al., ed., Sobranie vostochnykh rukopisei Akademii nauk Uzbekskoi SSK (hereafter SVR), vol. VI, 34-36, no. 4183. On the work, see Ch. A. Stori, Persidskaia literatura; biobibliograficheskii obzor, trans. Iu. È. Bregel' (Moscow: Nauka, 1972), vol. II, 1199-1200. The account mentions Yasavi's brother "Sadr Khwaja Ata," but says nothing more about him.
52. ⊂Ubaydullah Khan to one of Mulla Musa's ancestors in 945/1538, according him the post of shaykh al-islām for Sayram (this text at least gives an impression of greater authenticity than that ascribed to Timur, with specific dates that appear credible, and formulas expected in a khan's yarlïq, for example). See the text published by N. N. Pantusov, Taarikh-i èmènie, Istoriia vladetelei Kashgarii: Sochinenie Mully Musy, ben Mulla Aisa, Sairamtsa (Kazan, 1905), 288-91;
53. the discussion in Bartol'd's review of Pantusov's publication (Sochineniia, vol. VIII, 213];
54. and the Russian translation of the entire passage in Materialy po istorii kazakhskikh khanstv XV-XVIII vekov (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1969), 488-90.
55. ⊂alavī, MS IVANUz no. 1459 (SVR, vol. III, 340-41, no. 2638), f. 273a.
56. The unique copy of the manuscript containing the Javāhir al-abrār has now been published by Cihan Okuyucu: Hazini, Cevâhiru'l-ebrâr min emvâc-i bihâr (Yesevî Menâkibnamesi) (Kayseri: Erciyes Üniversitesi, 1995), 41, 45, on Yasavi's family (see my discussion of this publication in "The Yasavī Order and Persian Hagiography," n. 3); cf. Mehmed Fuad Köprülü, Türk edebiyatinda ilk mutasavviflar (5th Latin script printing) (Ankara: Arisan Matbaacilik, 1984), 29-31. The name supplied in this work for Yasavi's mother, incidentally, is found in no other source. Other traditions assign her quite different names and different origins or ignore her altogether.
57. The unique copy of the manuscript containing the Javāhir al-abrār has now been published by Cihan Okuyucu: Hazini, Cevâhiru'l-ebrâr min emvâc-i bihâr (Yesevî Menâkibnamesi) (Kayseri: Erciyes Üniversitesi, 1995), 41, 45, on Yasavi's family (see my discussion of this publication in "The Yasavī Order and Persian Hagiography," n. 3); cf. Mehmed Fuad Köprülü, Türk edebiyatinda ilk mutasavviflar (5th Latin script printing) (Ankara: Arisan Matbaacilik, 1984), 29-31. The name supplied in this work for Yasavi's mother, incidentally, is found in no other source. Other traditions assign her quite different names and different origins or ignore her altogether.
58. ⊂Alīyābādī, Lamahāt min nafahāt al-quds, MS Leningrad, St. Petersburg Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (hereafter SPFIVRAN), C1602, ff. 43b-44a; see the manuscript description in N. D. Miklukho-Maklai, Opisanie tadzhikskikh i persidskikh rukopisei Instituta narodov Azii, vyp. 2, Biograficheskie sochineniia (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Vostochnoi Literatury, 1961), 133-35, no. 187.
59. ⊂Alīyābādī, Lamahāt min nafahāt al-quds, MS Leningrad, St. Petersburg Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (hereafter SPFIVRAN), C1602, ff. 43b-44a; see the manuscript description in N. D. Miklukho-Maklai, Opisanie tadzhikskikh i persidskikh rukopisei Instituta narodov Azii, vyp. 2, Biograficheskie sochineniia (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Vostochnoi Literatury, 1961), 133-35, no. 187.
60. Cevâhir, ed. Okuyan, 61; Köprülü, İlk mutasavviflar, 40.
61. Cevâhir, ed. Okuyan, 61; Köprülü, İlk mutasavviflar, 40.
62. ⊂alavī, MS IVANUz 1459, f. 277a.
63. Gordlevsky, "Choǧa Ahmed Jasevi," 63; Russian trans., 365.
64. Ibid., 60-61/363-64.
65. ⊃an recitations, the shaykh al-islām took charge, still in the assembly hall, with the azler sitting below him and the naqīb near the huge cauldron provided for the shrine by Timur. During the congregational khïlvets, the azler sat to the right of the assembly hall, with the shaykh al-islām to his right and the naqīb to his left, while the left side of the hall was occupied by the beks and judges, the civil authorities of Turkistan.
66. Gordlevsky, "Chǒga Ahmed Jasevi," 60; Russian trans., 363.
67. Masson, Mavzolei, 9.
68. Dobrosmyslov, Goroda, 147-50.
69. ⊂Umar Khan of Qoqand appointed "Oskar-Khodzhe Abd-ar-Rakhimov" as mutavalldī.
70. Predictably, such instances of competition among claimed descendants of Yasavi's family were highlighted in Soviet anti-religious literature focused on Yasavi's shrine; see the discussion in Iu. G. Petrash, Ten' srednevekov'ia (Alma-Ata: Kazakhstan, 1981), 129-30, 138-41. Petrash cites court documents from 1901 to 1903 reflecting disputes between the caretakers of the shrine and putative descendants of Ahmad Yasavi. Unfortunately, he offers no further details on the contents of the documents or the specific identity of the claimants.
71. Dobrosmyslov nevertheless prints photographs of the shaykh al-islām, "Izatulla-Khodzha Nasrulla-Khodzhinov," and the shaykh-naqīb, "Dzhunaidilla-Khodzha Rakhmatulla-Khodzhinov" (Goroda, 149). The former is evidently the grandson of the man confirmed as shaykh al-islām immediately after the Russian capture of Turkistan in 1864, whom Dobrosmyslov identifies (p. 122) as "Nasrulla-Khodzha-Iskhakov."
72. Documents reflecting primarily the era of Qoqandian rule, ranging in date from 1258/1842 to 1300/ 1883, continue to refer to the mutavallī's role even after the three "new" posts cited by Masson begin to be mentioned, suggesting that the post of mutavallī survived. Alternatively, we may understand from this that the functions of the mutavallī were simply performed, perhaps jointly, by the holders of the new posts, and that what was abolished was not the post but one descent group's monopoly on the function: see Shukhovtsov, "Pis'mennye dokumenty"; Shukhovtsov, however, makes no mention of any administrative change, and does not explore the issue of the ancestry claimed by the individuals identified as holding the relevant posts.
73. Dobrosmyslov, Goroda, 121-23.
74. Mir-Salikh Bekchurin, "Opisanie mecheti Azreta, nakhodiashcheisia v Turkestane," Voennyi sbornik, vol. 9/8 (August 1866), 209-19.
75. ⊂azīzlar, naqīb, khatīb, two chiraqchïs, the farrāsh, and the muezzin or azanchï.
76. The original Polish account by Adolf Januszkiewicz appeared in 1875. I have used the Russian translation: A. Ianushkevich, Dnevniki i pis'ma iz puteshestviia po kazakhskim stepiam, trans. F. Steklova (Alma-Ata: Kazakhstan, 1966), 191-92.
77. ⊂Ali Khwaja Shaykh, the son of Yasavi's brother, and on the importance of the post of mutavallī (on the latter, see Divaev, "Podlinnyi tekst," 80; Dobrosmyslov, Goroda, 147) suggests that the text was drawn up, or at least adjusted, in response to the elimination of the post and the removal of Sadr Shaykh's descendants from the shrine's administration.
78. ⊂Ali Khwaja Shaykh, the son of Yasavi's brother, and on the importance of the post of mutavallī (on the latter, see Divaev, "Podlinnyi tekst," 80; Dobrosmyslov, Goroda, 147) suggests that the text was drawn up, or at least adjusted, in response to the elimination of the post and the removal of Sadr Shaykh's descendants from the shrine's administration.
79. PTKLA, vol. 2 (1897), session of 16 October 1897, 10. Curiously, among the native officials Smirnov mentions "the mutavallī, naib, azizliar, and others." A similar charge became part of the Soviet anti-religious literature attacking the "clergy" at Yasavi's shrine for enriching itself while neglecting the "monument"; see Petrash, Ten', 137-39.
80. PTKLA, vol. 2 (1897), session of 16 October 1897, 10. Curiously, among the native officials Smirnov mentions "the mutavallī, naib, azizliar, and others." A similar charge became part of the Soviet anti-religious literature attacking the "clergy" at Yasavi's shrine for enriching itself while neglecting the "monument"; see Petrash, Ten', 137-39.
81. On shrine traditions linked with Sayram, see my "Sacred History for a Central Asian Town: Saints, Shrines, and Legends of Origin in Histories of Sayram, 18th-19th Centuries," in Mythes historiques du monde musulman (special issue of Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée), ed. Denise Aigle (Paris, forthcoming).
82. This hypothesis, moreover, would explain the "reductionist" tendency in much of the local genealogical lore preserved today in southern Kazakhstan, in which what were most likely separate traditions focusing on distinct holy ancestors of various origins have increasingly been overshadowed by the most prominent saint of the region, leaving the vast majority of descent groups today linked in some way with the figure of Ahmad Yasavi.
83. In Central Asia, the khoja communities served as mediators between nomadic tribes, between nomads and settled communities, and between both nomads and villagers and centralizing rulers, providing an important means of arbitrating disputes and forestalling or ameliorating social conflict. These roles were facilitated not only by their religious prestige, but also by their status as social groups outside traditional tribal structures. In addition, the khojas often controlled rich properties linked with their ancestral shrines (and contested such control with rival descent groups), and they served their communities as officiants at major ritual celebrations, such as circumcisions, marriages, and funerals.
84. For an overview of ethnographic treatments of khoja groups in Central Asia, with special attention to groups among the Kazaks (including communities found within tribal groups - e.g., within the Kereyt tribe), Uzbeks (among the Ming, Yüz, and Nayman tribes), Qaraqalpaqs, Türkmens, and Tajiks, see R. Ia. Rassudova, "Termin khodzha v toponimike Srednei Azii," Onomastika Srednei Azii (Moscow: Nauka, 1978), 115-28. See also idem, "Semeinye gruppy: Odna iz form organizatsii truda v oroshaemykh raionakh Srednei Azii (XIX-pervaia polovina XX v.)," Strany i narody Vostoka, 25 (1987), 68-88. Khoja groups among the Uzbeks and Tajiks are discussed in B. Kh. Karmysheva, Ocherki ètnograficheskoi istorii iuzhnykh raionov Tadzhikī stana i Uzbekistana (Po ètnograficheskim dannym) (Moscow: Nauka, 1976), esp. 148-53.
85. For an overview of ethnographic treatments of khoja groups in Central Asia, with special attention to groups among the Kazaks (including communities found within tribal groups - e.g., within the Kereyt tribe), Uzbeks (among the Ming, Yüz, and Nayman tribes), Qaraqalpaqs, Türkmens, and Tajiks, see R. Ia. Rassudova, "Termin khodzha v toponimike Srednei Azii," Onomastika Srednei Azii (Moscow: Nauka, 1978), 115-28. See also idem, "Semeinye gruppy: Odna iz form organizatsii truda v oroshaemykh raionakh Srednei Azii (XIX-pervaia polovina XX v.)," Strany i narody Vostoka, 25 (1987), 68-88. Khoja groups among the Uzbeks and Tajiks are discussed in B. Kh. Karmysheva, Ocherki ètnograficheskoi istorii iuzhnykh raionov Tadzhikī stana i Uzbekistana (Po ètnograficheskim dannym) (Moscow: Nauka, 1976), esp. 148-53.
86. For an overview of ethnographic treatments of khoja groups in Central Asia, with special attention to groups among the Kazaks (including communities found within tribal groups - e.g., within the Kereyt tribe), Uzbeks (among the Ming, Yüz, and Nayman tribes), Qaraqalpaqs, Türkmens, and Tajiks, see R. Ia. Rassudova, "Termin khodzha v toponimike Srednei Azii," Onomastika Srednei Azii (Moscow: Nauka, 1978), 115-28. See also idem, "Semeinye gruppy: Odna iz form organizatsii truda v oroshaemykh raionakh Srednei Azii (XIX-pervaia polovina XX v.)," Strany i narody Vostoka, 25 (1987), 68-88. Khoja groups among the Uzbeks and Tajiks are discussed in B. Kh. Karmysheva, Ocherki ètnograficheskoi istorii iuzhnykh raionov Tadzhikī stana i Uzbekistana (Po ètnograficheskim dannym) (Moscow: Nauka, 1976), esp. 148-53.
87. ⊂Ali, and "khoja" is used for descendants of the other three caliphs. Claims of such descent, in any case, tended to dissolve into a general notion of the "Arab" origin of khoja groups (an understanding attested already in the 18th century). In her review of explanations of the term "khoja" Rassudova concludes that the most common understanding of the term involves a claim of Arab origin ("Termin khodzha," 115, 120). In this article and elsewhere (see Rassudova's "Semeinye gruppy" and her "K istorii odezhdy sredneaziatskogo dukhovenstva," Pamiatniki traditsionnobytovoi kul'tury narodov Srednei Azii, Kazakhstana i Kavkaza [Leningrad: Nauka, 1989;
88. ⊂zam" came to be known also as "makhdūm-zādas" or simply "makhdūms"). The further genealogical connections of those saints, with caliphs or Islamizers, no doubt offered a supplemental source of charisma, but that source came to dominate contemporary self-conceptions of khoja status as a result both of the proliferation of communities attached to specific shrine traditions and holy lineages, and of the decline in communal knowledge about the intermediate generations in their lineages, a process accelerated by the pressures of the Soviet era.
89. The parallel is strengthened in the case of the groups defined in terms of descent from Sayyid Ata, who claimed hereditary rights to specific administrative posts in Central Asia from the 16th to 18th centuries: see my "The Descendants of Sayyid Ata and the Rank of Naqīb in Central Asia," Journal of the American Oriental Society 115 (1995): 612-34.
90. See especially S. M. Demidov, Turkmenskie ovliady (Ashkhabad: Ylym, 1976), as well as V. N. Basilov, "O proiskhozhdenii Turkmen-Ata (prostonarodnye formy sredneaziatskogo sufizma)," in Domusul'manskie verovaniia i obriady v Srednei Azii (Moscow: Nauka, 1975), 138-68 (in which the origins of one of the "holy tribes" is connected with a "degenerated" form of Sufism), and Basilov's "Honour Groups in Traditional Turkmenian Society," Islam in Tribal Societies: From the Atlas to the Indus, ed. Akbar S. Ahmed and David M. Hart (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984), 220-43.
91. See especially S. M. Demidov, Turkmenskie ovliady (Ashkhabad: Ylym, 1976), as well as V. N. Basilov, "O proiskhozhdenii Turkmen-Ata (prostonarodnye formy sredneaziatskogo sufizma)," in Domusul'manskie verovaniia i obriady v Srednei Azii (Moscow: Nauka, 1975), 138-68 (in which the origins of one of the "holy tribes" is connected with a "degenerated" form of Sufism), and Basilov's "Honour Groups in Traditional Turkmenian Society," Islam in Tribal Societies: From the Atlas to the Indus, ed. Akbar S. Ahmed and David M. Hart (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984), 220-43.
92. See especially S. M. Demidov, Turkmenskie ovliady (Ashkhabad: Ylym, 1976), as well as V. N. Basilov, "O proiskhozhdenii Turkmen-Ata (prostonarodnye formy sredneaziatskogo sufizma)," in Domusul'manskie verovaniia i obriady v Srednei Azii (Moscow: Nauka, 1975), 138-68 (in which the origins of one of the "holy tribes" is connected with a "degenerated" form of Sufism), and Basilov's "Honour Groups in Traditional Turkmenian Society," Islam in Tribal Societies: From the Atlas to the Indus, ed. Akbar S. Ahmed and David M. Hart (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984), 220-43.
93. The khojas among the Kazaks were mentioned already by P. S. Pallas, Puteshestvie po raznym provintsiiam Rossiiskoi imperii, chap. 1 (St. Petersburg, 1773), 579, who calls them "honored persons of ancient lineage." See also, from the same period, the work of I. G. Georgi, Opisanie vsekh v Rossiiskom gosudarstve obitaiuschchikh narodov, chap. 2 (St. Petersburg, 1776), 121, where it is noted that the khojas were not necessarily regarded among the Kazaks as descendants of the Prophet. Kazak customary law codified under Russian rule in 1824 provided that the fine for murdering a khoja was equal to the fine for seven ordinary persons: see Valentin A. Riasanovsky, Customary Law of the Nomadic Tribes of Siberia (Tientsin, 1938; repr. Bloomington: Indiana University, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 48, 1965), 16. Some khoja groups were at least briefly described, in Russian studies from the late 19th century, as distinct communities within Kazak society. In Soviet-era scholarship, however, the khojas among the Kazaks were treated almost exclusively from the perspective of historical ethnography, as communities that were formerly prominent, but not as ongoing, living social groups. In V. V. Vostrov and M. S. Mukanov, Rodoplemennoi sostav i rasselenie kazakhov (konets XIX-nachalo XX v.) (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1968), one finds mention of the "spiritual class" called "kozha" (sic), described as comprising "descendants of Muslim conquistadors" (!), but only on the basis of 19th-century material. More detailed treatments, with further references to 19th-century accounts of the khojas (who are typically grouped together with mullas as the "religious aristocracy" among the pre-revolutionary Kazaks), are found in M. Bizhanov, "Sotsial'nye kategorii kazakhskogo obshchestva XVIII veka v trudakh russkikh uchenykh," Kazakhstan v XV-XVIII vekakh (Voprosy sotsial'no-politicheskoi istorii (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1969), 160-70, and S. Z. Zimanov, Obshchestvennyi stroi kazakhov pervoi poloviny XIX veka (Alma-Ata: Izd-vo AN KazSSR, 1958), 221-23. Bizhanov stresses the endogamy of the Kazak khojas, who he affirms would neither give their daughters to, or marry the daughters of, ordinary Kazaks, and insists that their primary social functions lay "in regulating religious rituals and in the propaganda of Islam." These functions included not only advising the sultans and biys and "popularizing" their decisions, he claims, but also officiating at common rituals such as circumcision, marriage, burials, and memorial feasts, which were conducted only with the participation of the khojas. Zimanov stresses the khojas' position outside Kazak clan and tribal structure as evidence that they "did not enter into Kazak society" and avoided interaction with neighboring nomads or territorial units. All such evaluations, of course, were shaped by the analytical categories of Soviet scholarship and must be viewed with skepticism.
94. The khojas among the Kazaks were mentioned already by P. S. Pallas, Puteshestvie po raznym provintsiiam Rossiiskoi imperii, chap. 1 (St. Petersburg, 1773), 579, who calls them "honored persons of ancient lineage." See also, from the same period, the work of I. G. Georgi, Opisanie vsekh v Rossiiskom gosudarstve obitaiuschchikh narodov, chap. 2 (St. Petersburg, 1776), 121, where it is noted that the khojas were not necessarily regarded among the Kazaks as descendants of the Prophet. Kazak customary law codified under Russian rule in 1824 provided that the fine for murdering a khoja was equal to the fine for seven ordinary persons: see Valentin A. Riasanovsky, Customary Law of the Nomadic Tribes of Siberia (Tientsin, 1938; repr. Bloomington: Indiana University, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 48, 1965), 16. Some khoja groups were at least briefly described, in Russian studies from the late 19th century, as distinct communities within Kazak society. In Soviet-era scholarship, however, the khojas among the Kazaks were treated almost exclusively from the perspective of historical ethnography, as communities that were formerly prominent, but not as ongoing, living social groups. In V. V. Vostrov and M. S. Mukanov, Rodoplemennoi sostav i rasselenie kazakhov (konets XIX-nachalo XX v.) (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1968), one finds mention of the "spiritual class" called "kozha" (sic), described as comprising "descendants of Muslim conquistadors" (!), but only on the basis of 19th-century material. More detailed treatments, with further references to 19th-century accounts of the khojas (who are typically grouped together with mullas as the "religious aristocracy" among the pre-revolutionary Kazaks), are found in M. Bizhanov, "Sotsial'nye kategorii kazakhskogo obshchestva XVIII veka v trudakh russkikh uchenykh," Kazakhstan v XV-XVIII vekakh (Voprosy sotsial'no-politicheskoi istorii (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1969), 160-70, and S. Z. Zimanov, Obshchestvennyi stroi kazakhov pervoi poloviny XIX veka (Alma-Ata: Izd-vo AN KazSSR, 1958), 221-23. Bizhanov stresses the endogamy of the Kazak khojas, who he affirms would neither give their daughters to, or marry the daughters of, ordinary Kazaks, and insists that their primary social functions lay "in regulating religious rituals and in the propaganda of Islam." These functions included not only advising the sultans and biys and "popularizing" their decisions, he claims, but also officiating at common rituals such as circumcision, marriage, burials, and memorial feasts, which were conducted only with the participation of the khojas. Zimanov stresses the khojas' position outside Kazak clan and tribal structure as evidence that they "did not enter into Kazak society" and avoided interaction with neighboring nomads or territorial units. All such evaluations, of course, were shaped by the analytical categories of Soviet scholarship and must be viewed with skepticism.
95. The khojas among the Kazaks were mentioned already by P. S. Pallas, Puteshestvie po raznym provintsiiam Rossiiskoi imperii, chap. 1 (St. Petersburg, 1773), 579, who calls them "honored persons of ancient lineage." See also, from the same period, the work of I. G. Georgi, Opisanie vsekh v Rossiiskom gosudarstve obitaiuschchikh narodov, chap. 2 (St. Petersburg, 1776), 121, where it is noted that the khojas were not necessarily regarded among the Kazaks as descendants of the Prophet. Kazak customary law codified under Russian rule in 1824 provided that the fine for murdering a khoja was equal to the fine for seven ordinary persons: see Valentin A. Riasanovsky, Customary Law of the Nomadic Tribes of Siberia (Tientsin, 1938; repr. Bloomington: Indiana University, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 48, 1965), 16. Some khoja groups were at least briefly described, in Russian studies from the late 19th century, as distinct communities within Kazak society. In Soviet-era scholarship, however, the khojas among the Kazaks were treated almost exclusively from the perspective of historical ethnography, as communities that were formerly prominent, but not as ongoing, living social groups. In V. V. Vostrov and M. S. Mukanov, Rodoplemennoi sostav i rasselenie kazakhov (konets XIX-nachalo XX v.) (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1968), one finds mention of the "spiritual class" called "kozha" (sic), described as comprising "descendants of Muslim conquistadors" (!), but only on the basis of 19th-century material. More detailed treatments, with further references to 19th-century accounts of the khojas (who are typically grouped together with mullas as the "religious aristocracy" among the pre-revolutionary Kazaks), are found in M. Bizhanov, "Sotsial'nye kategorii kazakhskogo obshchestva XVIII veka v trudakh russkikh uchenykh," Kazakhstan v XV-XVIII vekakh (Voprosy sotsial'no-politicheskoi istorii (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1969), 160-70, and S. Z. Zimanov, Obshchestvennyi stroi kazakhov pervoi poloviny XIX veka (Alma-Ata: Izd-vo AN KazSSR, 1958), 221-23. Bizhanov stresses the endogamy of the Kazak khojas, who he affirms would neither give their daughters to, or marry the daughters of, ordinary Kazaks, and insists that their primary social functions lay "in regulating religious rituals and in the propaganda of Islam." These functions included not only advising the sultans and biys and "popularizing" their decisions, he claims, but also officiating at common rituals such as circumcision, marriage, burials, and memorial feasts, which were conducted only with the participation of the khojas. Zimanov stresses the khojas' position outside Kazak clan and tribal structure as evidence that they "did not enter into Kazak society" and avoided interaction with neighboring nomads or territorial units. All such evaluations, of course, were shaped by the analytical categories of Soviet scholarship and must be viewed with skepticism.
96. The khojas among the Kazaks were mentioned already by P. S. Pallas, Puteshestvie po raznym provintsiiam Rossiiskoi imperii, chap. 1 (St. Petersburg, 1773), 579, who calls them "honored persons of ancient lineage." See also, from the same period, the work of I. G. Georgi, Opisanie vsekh v Rossiiskom gosudarstve obitaiuschchikh narodov, chap. 2 (St. Petersburg, 1776), 121, where it is noted that the khojas were not necessarily regarded among the Kazaks as descendants of the Prophet. Kazak customary law codified under Russian rule in 1824 provided that the fine for murdering a khoja was equal to the fine for seven ordinary persons: see Valentin A. Riasanovsky, Customary Law of the Nomadic Tribes of Siberia (Tientsin, 1938; repr. Bloomington: Indiana University, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 48, 1965), 16. Some khoja groups were at least briefly described, in Russian studies from the late 19th century, as distinct communities within Kazak society. In Soviet-era scholarship, however, the khojas among the Kazaks were treated almost exclusively from the perspective of historical ethnography, as communities that were formerly prominent, but not as ongoing, living social groups. In V. V. Vostrov and M. S. Mukanov, Rodoplemennoi sostav i rasselenie kazakhov (konets XIX-nachalo XX v.) (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1968), one finds mention of the "spiritual class" called "kozha" (sic), described as comprising "descendants of Muslim conquistadors" (!), but only on the basis of 19th-century material. More detailed treatments, with further references to 19th-century accounts of the khojas (who are typically grouped together with mullas as the "religious aristocracy" among the pre-revolutionary Kazaks), are found in M. Bizhanov, "Sotsial'nye kategorii kazakhskogo obshchestva XVIII veka v trudakh russkikh uchenykh," Kazakhstan v XV-XVIII vekakh (Voprosy sotsial'no-politicheskoi istorii (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1969), 160-70, and S. Z. Zimanov, Obshchestvennyi stroi kazakhov pervoi poloviny XIX veka (Alma-Ata: Izd-vo AN KazSSR, 1958), 221-23. Bizhanov stresses the endogamy of the Kazak khojas, who he affirms would neither give their daughters to, or marry the daughters of, ordinary Kazaks, and insists that their primary social functions lay "in regulating religious rituals and in the propaganda of Islam." These functions included not only advising the sultans and biys and "popularizing" their decisions, he claims, but also officiating at common rituals such as circumcision, marriage, burials, and memorial feasts, which were conducted only with the participation of the khojas. Zimanov stresses the khojas' position outside Kazak clan and tribal structure as evidence that they "did not enter into Kazak society" and avoided interaction with neighboring nomads or territorial units. All such evaluations, of course, were shaped by the analytical categories of Soviet scholarship and must be viewed with skepticism.
97. The khojas among the Kazaks were mentioned already by P. S. Pallas, Puteshestvie po raznym provintsiiam Rossiiskoi imperii, chap. 1 (St. Petersburg, 1773), 579, who calls them "honored persons of ancient lineage." See also, from the same period, the work of I. G. Georgi, Opisanie vsekh v Rossiiskom gosudarstve obitaiuschchikh narodov, chap. 2 (St. Petersburg, 1776), 121, where it is noted that the khojas were not necessarily regarded among the Kazaks as descendants of the Prophet. Kazak customary law codified under Russian rule in 1824 provided that the fine for murdering a khoja was equal to the fine for seven ordinary persons: see Valentin A. Riasanovsky, Customary Law of the Nomadic Tribes of Siberia (Tientsin, 1938; repr. Bloomington: Indiana University, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 48, 1965), 16. Some khoja groups were at least briefly described, in Russian studies from the late 19th century, as distinct communities within Kazak society. In Soviet-era scholarship, however, the khojas among the Kazaks were treated almost exclusively from the perspective of historical ethnography, as communities that were formerly prominent, but not as ongoing, living social groups. In V. V. Vostrov and M. S. Mukanov, Rodoplemennoi sostav i rasselenie kazakhov (konets XIX-nachalo XX v.) (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1968), one finds mention of the "spiritual class" called "kozha" (sic), described as comprising "descendants of Muslim conquistadors" (!), but only on the basis of 19th-century material. More detailed treatments, with further references to 19th-century accounts of the khojas (who are typically grouped together with mullas as the "religious aristocracy" among the pre-revolutionary Kazaks), are found in M. Bizhanov, "Sotsial'nye kategorii kazakhskogo obshchestva XVIII veka v trudakh russkikh uchenykh," Kazakhstan v XV-XVIII vekakh (Voprosy sotsial'no-politicheskoi istorii (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1969), 160-70, and S. Z. Zimanov, Obshchestvennyi stroi kazakhov pervoi poloviny XIX veka (Alma-Ata: Izd-vo AN KazSSR, 1958), 221-23. Bizhanov stresses the endogamy of the Kazak khojas, who he affirms would neither give their daughters to, or marry the daughters of, ordinary Kazaks, and insists that their primary social functions lay "in regulating religious rituals and in the propaganda of Islam." These functions included not only advising the sultans and biys and "popularizing" their decisions, he claims, but also officiating at common rituals such as circumcision, marriage, burials, and memorial feasts, which were conducted only with the participation of the khojas. Zimanov stresses the khojas' position outside Kazak clan and tribal structure as evidence that they "did not enter into Kazak society" and avoided interaction with neighboring nomads or territorial units. All such evaluations, of course, were shaped by the analytical categories of Soviet scholarship and must be viewed with skepticism.
98. The khojas among the Kazaks were mentioned already by P. S. Pallas, Puteshestvie po raznym provintsiiam Rossiiskoi imperii, chap. 1 (St. Petersburg, 1773), 579, who calls them "honored persons of ancient lineage." See also, from the same period, the work of I. G. Georgi, Opisanie vsekh v Rossiiskom gosudarstve obitaiuschchikh narodov, chap. 2 (St. Petersburg, 1776), 121, where it is noted that the khojas were not necessarily regarded among the Kazaks as descendants of the Prophet. Kazak customary law codified under Russian rule in 1824 provided that the fine for murdering a khoja was equal to the fine for seven ordinary persons: see Valentin A. Riasanovsky, Customary Law of the Nomadic Tribes of Siberia (Tientsin, 1938; repr. Bloomington: Indiana University, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 48, 1965), 16. Some khoja groups were at least briefly described, in Russian studies from the late 19th century, as distinct communities within Kazak society. In Soviet-era scholarship, however, the khojas among the Kazaks were treated almost exclusively from the perspective of historical ethnography, as communities that were formerly prominent, but not as ongoing, living social groups. In V. V. Vostrov and M. S. Mukanov, Rodoplemennoi sostav i rasselenie kazakhov (konets XIX-nachalo XX v.) (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1968), one finds mention of the "spiritual class" called "kozha" (sic), described as comprising "descendants of Muslim conquistadors" (!), but only on the basis of 19th-century material. More detailed treatments, with further references to 19th-century accounts of the khojas (who are typically grouped together with mullas as the "religious aristocracy" among the pre-revolutionary Kazaks), are found in M. Bizhanov, "Sotsial'nye kategorii kazakhskogo obshchestva XVIII veka v trudakh russkikh uchenykh," Kazakhstan v XV-XVIII vekakh (Voprosy sotsial'no-politicheskoi istorii (Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1969), 160-70, and S. Z. Zimanov, Obshchestvennyi stroi kazakhov pervoi poloviny XIX veka (Alma-Ata: Izd-vo AN KazSSR, 1958), 221-23. Bizhanov stresses the endogamy of the Kazak khojas, who he affirms would neither give their daughters to, or marry the daughters of, ordinary Kazaks, and insists that their primary social functions lay "in regulating religious rituals and in the propaganda of Islam." These functions included not only advising the sultans and biys and "popularizing" their decisions, he claims, but also officiating at common rituals such as circumcision, marriage, burials, and memorial feasts, which were conducted only with the participation of the khojas. Zimanov stresses the khojas' position outside Kazak clan and tribal structure as evidence that they "did not enter into Kazak society" and avoided interaction with neighboring nomads or territorial units. All such evaluations, of course, were shaped by the analytical categories of Soviet scholarship and must be viewed with skepticism.
99. The stigma attached to khoja identity is evident in a brief article by an Uzbek scholar on the origin of the term: Yä. Ghulamov, "'Khoja' sozi qäyerdän kelib chiqqän?" Fän vä turmush, 1 (1970), 29. Explaining that the term khoja referred to a member of the slave-holding and land-owning class, and that the khojas typically flaunted their privileges among the common people, the author concludes by noting that "with the victory of the Great October Revolution, the country's internal and external policy no longer had any need of the khojas-schmojas," and that therefore "the khojas have almost completely lost their social and economic position," becoming "thoroughly assimilated into the mass of common people."
100. The confiscation of khojas' genealogical documents is briefly discussed, in the context of the persistence of khoja identity through the Soviet era, in John Schoeberlein-Engel, "The Prospects for Uzbek National Identity," Central Asia Monitor, 2 (1996): 17-18.
101. The recent works of Muminov and Jandarbekov stand at the forefront of the process whereby the khoja communities, and their genealogical traditions, may be re-evaluated. Their approach, as suggested, needs to be balanced by appreciating the nasab-nāmas as rich sources on the 19th century rather than on the 9th, but they and a few other Kazak scholars have taken the lead in uncovering the material vital to understanding the complex of religious and social processes represented in the khoja traditions. See also the earlier work of R. M. Mustafina, Predstavleniia kul'ty, obriady u kazakhov (V kontekste bytovogo islama v Iuzhnom Kazakhstane v konste XIX-XX vv.) (Alma-Ata: Kazak universiteti, 1992), 16, 31-33, 52-53, 158-59. Though still shaped in some respects by academic propensities of the Soviet era, Mustafina's study took the first steps toward re-evaluating the khojas' historical and social roles. In addition, the contemporary khojas and their religious and social roles occupy an important place in the new anthropological study of Bruce G. Privratsky, "Turkistan: Kazak Religion and Collective Memory" (Ph.D. diss., University of Tennessee, August 1998), which marks the first serious work on Islam among the Kazaks unhampered by Soviet-era conceptual frameworks and analytical strategies. Privratsky's material highlights the contemporary role of the khojas as "proxies," in effect, for Kazak religious performance.
102. The recent works of Muminov and Jandarbekov stand at the forefront of the process whereby the khoja communities, and their genealogical traditions, may be re-evaluated. Their approach, as suggested, needs to be balanced by appreciating the nasab-nāmas as rich sources on the 19th century rather than on the 9th, but they and a few other Kazak scholars have taken the lead in uncovering the material vital to understanding the complex of religious and social processes represented in the khoja traditions. See also the earlier work of R. M. Mustafina, Predstavleniia kul'ty, obriady u kazakhov (V kontekste bytovogo islama v Iuzhnom Kazakhstane v konste XIX-XX vv.) (Alma-Ata: Kazak universiteti, 1992), 16, 31-33, 52-53, 158-59. Though still shaped in some respects by academic propensities of the Soviet era, Mustafina's study took the first steps toward re-evaluating the khojas' historical and social roles. In addition, the contemporary khojas and their religious and social roles occupy an important place in the new anthropological study of Bruce G. Privratsky, "Turkistan: Kazak Religion and Collective Memory" (Ph.D. diss., University of Tennessee, August 1998), which marks the first serious work on Islam among the Kazaks unhampered by Soviet-era conceptual frameworks and analytical strategies. Privratsky's material highlights the contemporary role of the khojas as "proxies," in effect, for Kazak religious performance.
103. ⊂Arifani, and Zangi Ata [MS IVANUz 7791, f. 935b]). A balanced assessment of such groups will depend on material, oral and written, gathered throughout Central Asia.
104. ⊂Arifani, and Zangi Ata [MS IVANUz 7791, f. 935b]). A balanced assessment of such groups will depend on material, oral and written, gathered throughout Central Asia.
105. I have briefly discussed this phenomenon in "Yasavī Šayhs in the Timurid Era: Notes on the Social and Political Role of Communal Sufi Affiliations in the 14th and 15th Centuries," in La civiltà timuride come fenomeno internazionale, ed. Michele Bernardini [Oriente Moderno (Rome), N.S., 15 (76), no. 2 (1996)], 173-88.
106. See for example the classic studies of Ernest Gellner (Saints of the Atlas [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969]); Vincent Crapanzano (The Hamadsha: A Study in Moroccan Ethnopsychiatry [Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1973], with special relevance to the healing functions often assumed by khojas); and Dale F. Eickelman (Moroccan Islam: Tradition and Society in a Pilgrimage Center [Austin: University of Texas Press, 1976]). More recent contributions presenting conceptual models and comparative material that might well inform a closer study of Central Asian patterns include Edward B. Reeves, The Hidden Government: Ritual, Clientelism, and Legitimation in Northern Egypt (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1990), and the fascinating analysis of a saintly lineage and its sacralized history and genealogy in the context both of its role in an oasis-agricultural community and of its client relationships with nomadic neighbors, in Mondher Kilani, La construction de la mémoire: Le lignage et la sainteté dans l'oasis d'El Ksar, Religions en perspective (ed. Henry Pernet), no. 5 (Paris: Éditions Labor et Fides, 1992). Especially relevant for our purposes is the author's discussion of the interplay between "genealogical memory" and the documentary affirmation of the sacred lineage (pp. 219-44).
107. See for example the classic studies of Ernest Gellner (Saints of the Atlas [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969]); Vincent Crapanzano (The Hamadsha: A Study in Moroccan Ethnopsychiatry [Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1973], with special relevance to the healing functions often assumed by khojas); and Dale F. Eickelman (Moroccan Islam: Tradition and Society in a Pilgrimage Center [Austin: University of Texas Press, 1976]). More recent contributions presenting conceptual models and comparative material that might well inform a closer study of Central Asian patterns include Edward B. Reeves, The Hidden Government: Ritual, Clientelism, and Legitimation in Northern Egypt (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1990), and the fascinating analysis of a saintly lineage and its sacralized history and genealogy in the context both of its role in an oasis-agricultural community and of its client relationships with nomadic neighbors, in Mondher Kilani, La construction de la mémoire: Le lignage et la sainteté dans l'oasis d'El Ksar, Religions en perspective (ed. Henry Pernet), no. 5 (Paris: Éditions Labor et Fides, 1992). Especially relevant for our purposes is the author's discussion of the interplay between "genealogical memory" and the documentary affirmation of the sacred lineage (pp. 219-44).
108. See for example the classic studies of Ernest Gellner (Saints of the Atlas [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969]); Vincent Crapanzano (The Hamadsha: A Study in Moroccan Ethnopsychiatry [Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1973], with special relevance to the healing functions often assumed by khojas); and Dale F. Eickelman (Moroccan Islam: Tradition and Society in a Pilgrimage Center [Austin: University of Texas Press, 1976]). More recent contributions presenting conceptual models and comparative material that might well inform a closer study of Central Asian patterns include Edward B. Reeves, The Hidden Government: Ritual, Clientelism, and Legitimation in Northern Egypt (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1990), and the fascinating analysis of a saintly lineage and its sacralized history and genealogy in the context both of its role in an oasis-agricultural community and of its client relationships with nomadic neighbors, in Mondher Kilani, La construction de la mémoire: Le lignage et la sainteté dans l'oasis d'El Ksar, Religions en perspective (ed. Henry Pernet), no. 5 (Paris: Éditions Labor et Fides, 1992). Especially relevant for our purposes is the author's discussion of the interplay between "genealogical memory" and the documentary affirmation of the sacred lineage (pp. 219-44).
109. See for example the classic studies of Ernest Gellner (Saints of the Atlas [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969]); Vincent Crapanzano (The Hamadsha: A Study in Moroccan Ethnopsychiatry [Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1973], with special relevance to the healing functions often assumed by khojas); and Dale F. Eickelman (Moroccan Islam: Tradition and Society in a Pilgrimage Center [Austin: University of Texas Press, 1976]). More recent contributions presenting conceptual models and comparative material that might well inform a closer study of Central Asian patterns include Edward B. Reeves, The Hidden Government: Ritual, Clientelism, and Legitimation in Northern Egypt (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1990), and the fascinating analysis of a saintly lineage and its sacralized history and genealogy in the context both of its role in an oasis-agricultural community and of its client relationships with nomadic neighbors, in Mondher Kilani, La construction de la mémoire: Le lignage et la sainteté dans l'oasis d'El Ksar, Religions en perspective (ed. Henry Pernet), no. 5 (Paris: Éditions Labor et Fides, 1992). Especially relevant for our purposes is the author's discussion of the interplay between "genealogical memory" and the documentary affirmation of the sacred lineage (pp. 219-44).
110. See for example the classic studies of Ernest Gellner (Saints of the
111. Mustafina, Predstavleniia, 76.
112. Lamahāt, MS SPFIVRAN C1602, ff. 100b-101b.