General reflections on informal politics in East Asia

Asian Survey

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 320-337

  Cheng, Tun Jen ^a   Womack, Brantly ^b  

^a Dept of Economics and Thomas Jefferson Program in Public Policy at the College of William and Mary   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0042223659     PISSN: 00044687     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2645695     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Gerald L. Curtis, The Japanese Way of Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), pp. 86-87.
2. Lowell Dittmer, "Chinese Informal Politics," China Journal, July 1995, pp. 23-24.
3. Harold R. Kerbo and John A. McKinstry, Who Rules Japan (New York: Praeger, 1995), p. 31.
4. Robert Delfs, "Feeding on the System: Gangsters Play Increasing Role in Business and Politics," Far Eastern Economic Review, November 21, 1991, pp. 28-35; Chalmers Johnson, "Structural Corruption and the Advent of Machine Politics in Japan," Journal of Japanese Studies, 12:1 (1986), pp. 1-28.
5. Robert Delfs, "Feeding on the System: Gangsters Play Increasing Role in Business and Politics," Far Eastern Economic Review, November 21, 1991, pp. 28-35; Chalmers Johnson, "Structural Corruption and the Advent of Machine Politics in Japan," Journal of Japanese Studies, 12:1 (1986), pp. 1-28.
6. Fei-lung Lei, Han-Tang-Sung-Ming peng-dang hsing-cheng de yuan-yin [Formation of factionalism in Han-Tang-Sung-Ming China], Taipei, 1973, n.p.
7. Joseph Fewsmith, p. 233.
8. David M. Lampton, Paths to Power: Elite Mobility in Contemporary China (Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, Center for Chinese Studies, 1986).
9. Frederick C. Teiwes, "The Paradoxical Post-Mao Transition: From Obeying the Leader to 'Normal Polities'," China Quarterly, no. 34 (July 1995), p. 91; see also Brantly Womack, "Modernization and Democratic Reform in China," Journal of Asian Studies. May 1984, pp. 417-39.
10. Frederick C. Teiwes, "The Paradoxical Post-Mao Transition: From Obeying the Leader to 'Normal Polities'," China Quarterly, no. 34 (July 1995), p. 91; see also Brantly Womack, "Modernization and Democratic Reform in China," Journal of Asian Studies. May 1984, pp. 417-39.
11. Cited in Fewsmith, this issue, p. 232.
12. Tang Tsou, "Chinese Politics at the Top: Factionalism or Informal Politics? Balance-of-Power Politics or a Game to Win All?" China Quarterly, no. 34 (July 1995), pp. 143-50.
13. Cf. John A. Ferejohn, "Information and the Electoral Process," in Ferejohn and James H. Kuklinski, eds., Information and Democratic Processes (Urbana, III.: University of Illinois Press, 1990).
14. Curtis, Japanese Way of Politics, and Fukui and Fukai, this issue.
15. Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1982), and his Japan, Who Governs? (New York: Norton, 1995) vs. J. Mark Ramseyer and Frances M. Rosenbluth, Japan's Political Marketplace (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993) and Mathew D. McCubbins and Gregory W. Noble, "Perceptions and Realities of Japanese Budgeting," in Peter Cowhey and McCubbins, eds., Structure and Policy in Japan and the United States (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
16. Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1982), and his Japan, Who Governs? (New York: Norton, 1995) vs. J. Mark Ramseyer and Frances M. Rosenbluth, Japan's Political Marketplace (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993) and Mathew D. McCubbins and Gregory W. Noble, "Perceptions and Realities of Japanese Budgeting," in Peter Cowhey and McCubbins, eds., Structure and Policy in Japan and the United States (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
17. Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1982), and his Japan, Who Governs? (New York: Norton, 1995) vs. J. Mark Ramseyer and Frances M. Rosenbluth, Japan's Political Marketplace (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993) and Mathew D. McCubbins and Gregory W. Noble, "Perceptions and Realities of Japanese Budgeting," in Peter Cowhey and McCubbins, eds., Structure and Policy in Japan and the United States (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
18. Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1982), and his Japan, Who Governs? (New York: Norton, 1995) vs. J. Mark Ramseyer and Frances M. Rosenbluth, Japan's Political Marketplace (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993) and Mathew D. McCubbins and Gregory W. Noble, "Perceptions and Realities of Japanese Budgeting," in Peter Cowhey and McCubbins, eds., Structure and Policy in Japan and the United States (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
19. Fewsmith, supra; Carol Lee Hamrin and Suisheng Zhao, eds., Decision-Making in Deng's China (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharp, 1995).
20. Byung-Sun Choi, "Financial Policy and Big Business in Korea," in Stephan Haggard, Chung H. Lee, and Sylvia Maxfield, eds., The Politics of Finance in Developing Countries (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1993); Peter B. Evans, Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995); Tun-jen Cheng, Stephan Haggard, and David Kang, "Institutions, Policy, and Economic Growth in Korea and Taiwan," report to UNCTAD, New York, December 1995.
21. Byung-Sun Choi, "Financial Policy and Big Business in Korea," in Stephan Haggard, Chung H. Lee, and Sylvia Maxfield, eds., The Politics of Finance in Developing Countries (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1993); Peter B. Evans, Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995); Tun-jen Cheng, Stephan Haggard, and David Kang, "Institutions, Policy, and Economic Growth in Korea and Taiwan," report to UNCTAD, New York, December 1995.
22. Byung-Sun Choi, "Financial Policy and Big Business in Korea," in Stephan Haggard, Chung H. Lee, and Sylvia Maxfield, eds., The Politics of Finance in Developing Countries (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1993); Peter B. Evans, Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995); Tun-jen Cheng, Stephan Haggard, and David Kang, "Institutions, Policy, and Economic Growth in Korea and Taiwan," report to UNCTAD, New York, December 1995.
23. Tun-jen Cheng, "Political Regimes and Development Strategies: Korea and Taiwan," in Gary Gereffi and Donald Wyman, eds., Manufacturing Miracles (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990).
24. Chi-hsueh Fu et al, Chung-hua-min-kuo jian-cha-yuan chi yen-chiu [The control Yuan in the Republic of China], Taipei, 1967, no publisher and Hung-mao Tien, The Great Transition (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1989).
25. Chi-hsueh Fu et al, Chung-hua-min-kuo jian-cha-yuan chi yen-chiu [The control Yuan in the Republic of China], Taipei, 1967, no publisher and Hung-mao Tien, The Great Transition (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1989).
26. Tun-jen Cheng and Tein-cheng Chou, "Soft Factions in Taiwan's Legislature," in Lowell Dittmer, Haruhiro Fukui, and Peter N. S. Lee, eds., Informal Politics in East Asia, forthcoming.
27. For a prominent exception, see Lowell Dittmer, "Conclusion," in ibid.
28. This is no different from other democracies, especially ones with federalism. What separates Japan from other democracies are three additional features that give Japanese pork barrel a special flavor and make it more dependent on personal ties and informality.
29. Gary Cox and Frances Rosenbluth, "The Electoral Fortune of Legislative Factions in Japan," American Political Science Review, 87:3 (1993), pp. 577-89.
30. Junko Kato, "Withering Factionalism? The Future of Japanese and Italian Partisan Politics," paper delivered at the annual meeting, Association for Asian Studies, April 1995.
31. For example, Toshio Nagahisa, "The Electoral Reform that Can Mobilize Japan for Security Cooperation," paper presented at the conference, "Politics and Economics of Regional Cooperation," Milwaukee, Wis., April 1995.
32. This is from an excellent posting by Gerald L. Curtis in the electronic University of Tokyo-based Social Science Japan Forum, June 13, 1995.
33. Second generation Diet members and inherited seats have been on the rise, see Michihiro Ishibashi and Steven R. Reed, "Second-Generation Diet Members and Democracy in Japan," Asian Survey, 1992, 32:4; pp. 366-79.
34. Curtis, Social Science Japan Forum.
35. See Tun-jen Cheng and Yungming Hsu, "Issue Dynamics, Opposition Factionalism, and Party Realignment," in Hung-mao Tien, ed., Election and Democracy in Taiwan (Armonk, N. Y.: M. E. Sharp, 1995), and Tun-jen Cheng and Eun Mee Kim, "Making Democracy: Generalizing from the Case of South Korea," in Edward Friedman, ed., Politics of Democratization: Generalizing East Asian Experiences (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1994).
36. See Tun-jen Cheng and Yungming Hsu, "Issue Dynamics, Opposition Factionalism, and Party Realignment," in Hung-mao Tien, ed., Election and Democracy in Taiwan (Armonk, N. Y.: M. E. Sharp, 1995), and Tun-jen Cheng and Eun Mee Kim, "Making Democracy: Generalizing from the Case of South Korea," in Edward Friedman, ed., Politics of Democratization: Generalizing East Asian Experiences (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1994).
37. Andrew J. Nathan, "A Factionalism Model for CCP Politics," China Quarterly, no. 53 (January-March 1973), pp. 34-66.
38. See very stimulating discussion of Chinese informal politics by Dittmer, Pye, Tsou, Teiwes, and Nathan in China Quarterly, no. 34 (July 1995).
39. Lucien W. Pye, "Factions and the Politics of Guanxi: Paradoxes in Chinese Administrative and Political Behavior," in ibid., p. 39.
40. Tang Tsou, "Chinese Politics at the Top: Factionalism or Informal Politics? Balance-of-Power Politics or a Game to Win All?" ibid., pp. 101-02.
41. Teiwes, "The Paradoxical Post-Mao Transition, pp. 55-56.
42. Chung-fang Yang, "Psychocultural Foundations of Informal Politics: The Issues of Loyalty, Sincerity and Trust," paper presented at the Association for Asian Studies, annual meeting, April 1995.