Sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits in southwest guizhou, prc: Their geological setting and origin in relation to mineralogical, fluid inclusion, and stable-isotope characteristics

International Geology Review

Volumn 45, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 407-470

  Zhang, Xing Chun ^a,b   Spiro, Baruch ^c   Halls, Christopher ^a   Stanley, Chris J ^c   Yang, Ke You ^b  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b INSTITUTE OF GEOCHEMISTRY   (China)

^c DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FLUID INCLUSION; GOLD; METALLOGENESIS; MINERALOGY; REGIONAL GEOLOGY; STABLE ISOTOPE;

CHINA; GUIZHOU PROVINCE;

EID: 0042191719     PISSN: 00206814     EISSN: 19382839     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2747/0020-6814.45.5.407     Document Type: Article

References (142)

1. Arehart, G. B., Chryssoulis, S. L., and Kesler, S. E., 1993a. Gold and arsenic in iron sulfides from sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits:Implications for depositional processes;. Economic Geology, 88:171–185.
2. Arehart, G. B., Eldridge, C. S., Chryssoulis, S. L., and Kesler, S. E., 1993b. Ion microprobe determination of sulfur isotope variations in iron sulfides from the Post/Betze sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposit, Nevada, USA. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57:1505–1519.
3. Ashley, R. P., Cunningham, C. G., Bostick, N. H., Dean, W. E., and Chou, I.-M., 1991. Geology and geochemistry of three sedimentary-rock-hosted disseminated gold deposits in Guizhou Province, People's Republic China. Ore Geology Reviews, 6:133–151.
4. Bagby, W. C., and Berger, B. R., 1985. Geologic characteristics of sediment-hosted disseminated precious-metal deposits in the western United States. Reviews in Economic Geology, 2:169–202.
5. Bagby, W. C., Madrid, R. J., and Bakken, B. M., May 1988. “ Alteration and vein relationships applied to exploration for sedimentary-rock-hosted, Carlin-type deposits ”. In Bicentennial Gold 88 May, 509–511. Melbourne, Australia 1988
6. Bakken, B. M., Brigham, R. H., and Fleming, R. H., 1991. The distribution of gold in unoxidized ore from Carlintype deposits revealed by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) [abs.]. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 23:228
7. Bakken, B. M., Hochella, M. F., Jr., Marshall, A. F., and Tuner, A. M., 1989. High-resolution microscopy of gold in unoxidized ore from the Carlin mine, Nevada. Economic Geology, 84:171–180.
8. Berger, B. R., and Bagby, W. C., 1991. “ The geology and origin of Carlin-type gold deposits ”. In Gold metallogeny and exploration, Edited by:Foster, R. P., 210–248. London, UK:Blackie.
9. Berger, B. R., and Henley, R. W., 1989. “ Advances in the understanding of epithermal gold-silver deposits, with special reference to the Western United States ”. In The geology of gold deposits:The perspective in 1988, Economic Geology Monographs, v. 6 Edited by:Keays, R. R., Ramsay, W. R. H., and Groves, D. I., 405–423.
10. Beyer, W. H., ed. 1968. Handbook of tables for probability and statistics;, 2nd edition, Boca Raton, FL:The Chemical Rubber Co. 642 p
11. 5 for oxygen isotope analysis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 46:1665–1668.
12. Bottrell, S. H., Shepherd, T. J., Yardley, B. W. D., and Dubessy, J., 1988. A fluid inclusion model for the genesis of the ores of the Dolgellau Gold Belt, North Wales. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 145:139–145.
13. Bowers, T. S., 1991. The deposition of gold and other metals:Pressure-induced fluid immiscibility and associated stable isotope signatures. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55:2417–2434.
14. 2-NaCl fluids at high pressures and temperatures. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47:1247–1275.
15. Boyle, R. W., 1979. The geochemistry of gold and its deposit. Canadian Geological Survey Bulletin, 280 584 p
16. 2±NaCl:New graphical presentations and implication for fluid inclusion studies. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53:1209–1221.
17. Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Guizhou Province. 1986. Geological map of Guizhou Province, PR China; scale 1:500,000, Beijing, China:China Geological Map Printing House. in Chinese
18. Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Guizhou Province. 1987. Regional geology of Guizhou Province, Geological Memoirs, S. 1, No. 7 1–698. Beijing, China:Geological Publishing House. in Chinese
19. Cabri, L. J., Chryssoulis, S. L., de Villiers, J. P. R., Laflamme, J. H. G., and Buseck, P. R., 1989. The nature of "invisible" gold in arsenopyrite. Canadian Mineralogist, 27:353–362.
20. Cao, H.-S., 1991. A discussion on the genetic environment and minerogenesis of "Dachang Strata" in southwestern Guizhou. Guizhou Geology, 8:5–12. in Chinese
21. Cathelineau, M., Boiron, M. C., Holliger, P., Marion, P., and Denis, M., 1989. “ Gold in arsenopyrites:Crystal chemistry, location and state, physical and chemical conditions of deposition ”. In The geology of gold deposits:The perspective in 1988, Economic Geology Monographs, v. 6 Edited by:Keays, R. R., Ramsay, W. R. H., and Groves, D. I., 328–341.
22. Chen, T.-D., 1986. A Preliminary discussion on geological feature and origin of the Banqi gold deposit in Ceheng County. Guizhou Geology, 4:325–339. in Chinese with English abstract
23. Chen, Y.-M., Zhang, A.-H., and Li, J., 1987. The geological features of the Banqi Au-ore deposit in Ceheng County and its ore-finding significance. Guizhou Geology, 4:488–496. in Chinese
24. Cheng, D.-Q., 1985. The geological and geochemical characteristics of a gold deposit in Guizhou Province and their significance for gold exploration. Guizhou Geology, 2 in Chinese
25. Chryssoulis, S. L., and Cabri, L. J., 1990. Significance of gold mineralogical balances in mineral processing. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 99:C1–C10.
26. Clark, A. H., 1970. Alpha-arsenic sulphide, from Mina Alacran, Pampa Larga, Chile. American Mineralogist, 55:1338–1344.
27. Claypool, G. E., Holser, W. T., Kaplan, I. R., Sakai, H., and Zak, I., 1980. The age curves of sulfur and oxygen isotopes in marine sulfate and their mutual interpretation. Chemical Geology, 28:199–260.
28. Clayton, R. N., and Mayeda, T. K., 1963. The use of bromine pentafluoride in the extraction of oxygen from oxides and silicates for isotopic analysis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 27:43–52.
29. Coleman, M. L., and Moore, M. P., 1978. A method for the direct reduction of sulphates to sulphur dioxide for isotope analysis. Analytical Chemistry, 50:1594–1595.
30. 2-bearing fluid inclusions and the use of freezing data for estimation of salinity. Economic Geology, 74:1435–1444.
31. Cunningham, C. G., Ashley, R. P., Chou, I.-M., Huang, Z., Wan, C.-Y., and Li, W.-K., 1988. Newly discovered sedimentary rock-hosted disseminated gold deposits in the People's Republic of China. Economic Geology, 83:1462–1467.
32. Diao, S.-Q., 1987. The mineralogy and technological characteristics of gold in the Qianxinan (SW Guizhou) gold deposits. Guizhou Geology, 4:370–380. in Chinese
33. Field, C. W., and Fifarek, R. H., 1985. Light stable isotope systematics in the epithermal environment. Reviews in Economic Geology, 2:99–128.
34. Fleet, M. E., Chryssoulis, S. L., Maclean, P. J., Davidson, R., and Weisener, C. G., 1993. Arsenian pyrite from gold deposits:Au and As distribution investigated by SIMS and EMP, and color staining and surface oxidation by XPS and LIMS. Canadian Mineralogist, 31:1–17.
35. Fleet, M. E., MacLean, P. J., and Barbier, J., 1989. Oscillatory-zoned As-bearing pyrite from strata-bound and stratiform gold deposits:An indicator of ore fluid evolution. Economic Geology Monographs, 6:356–362.
36. Friedman, I., and O'Neil, J. R., 1977. Compilation of stable isotope fractionation factors of geochemical interest, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 440-kk 1–12.
37. Gao, D.-L., 1989. A preliminary study on the characteristics of ore rock and minerals and the existing state of gold in the Zimudang gold deposit, Guizhou Province. Guizhou Geology, 6:23–29. in Chinese
38. Gao, D.-L., 1988. A preliminary study on the existing state of gold and the oxidizing bulk composition of the Erlongkou ore section of the Getang gold ore in Anlong County, Guizhou Province. Guizhou Geology, 5:219–225. in Chinese
39. Genkin, A. A., Bortnikov, N. S., Cabri, L. J., Wagner, F. E., Stanley, C. J., Safonov, Y. G., McMahon, G., Friedl, J., Kerzin, A. L., and Gamyanin, G. N., 1998. A multidisciplinary study of invisible gold in arsenopyrite from four mesothermal gold deposits in Siberia, Russian Federation. Economic Geology, 93:463–487.
40. Geophysical and Geochemical Prospecting Team of the Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Guizhou Province. 1988. A regional magnetic and gravity investigation in southwestern Guizhou Province Scale 1:200000:Unpubl. internal report
41. Guo, Z.-C., 1993. Tectonic controls on gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou. Guizhou Geology, 10:54–61. in Chinese
42. Guo, Z.-C., 1988. A preliminary discuss on the geological characteristics and genesis of Zimudang gold deposit, Guizhou Provinces. Guizhou Geology, 5:201–217. in Chinese
43. Han, Z.-J., Wang, Y.-G., Feng, J.-Z., Chen, T.-J., Luo, X.-H., and Liu, Y.-H., 1999. The geology and exploration of gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou, China, Guizhou Science and Technology Press. 146 p. (in Chinese with English abstract)
44. Hausen, D. M., Ahlrichs, J. W., Muller, W., and Park, W. C., 1986. “ Particulate gold occurrences in the Carlin carbonaceous ore types ”. In Process mineralogy VI:Application to precious metals deposits, industrial minerals, coal, liberation, mineral processing, agglomeration, metallurgical products, and refractions, with special emphasis on cathodoluminescence microscopy, Edited by:Hagni, R. D., 193–214. Warrendale, PA:The Metallurgical Society, Inc.
45. Hausen, D. M., and Kerr, P. F., 1968. “ Fine gold occurrence at Carlin, Nevada ”. In Ore deposits of the United States, Edited by:Ridge, J. D., 908–940. New York, NY:American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers.
46. He, L.-X., Zhen, R.-L., and Lin, L.-Q., 1993. Geology of gold deposits of Guizhou, Beijing, China:Geological Publishing House. 156 p. (in Chinese with English abstract)
47. 4 en dessous de 50°C et de 100 bar, Application aux inclusions fluide. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Paris, 42:203–206.
48. Hofstra, A. H., and Cline, J. S., 2000. Characteristics and models of Carlin-type gold deposits. Gold in 2000, Reviews in Economic Geology, 13:163–220.
49. Hofstra, A. H., Leventhal, J. S., Northrop, H. R., Landis, G. P., Rye, R. O., Birak, D. J., and Dahl, A. R., 1991. Genesis of sediment-hosted disseminated-gold deposits by fluid mixing and sulfidization:Chemical-reaction-path modeling of ore-depositional processes documented in the Jerritt Canyon district, Nevada. Geology, 19:36–40.
50. Hofstra, A. H., Northrop, H. R., Rye, R. O., Landis, G. P., and Birak, D. J., 1988. “ Origin of sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits by fluid mixing—evidence from jasperoids in the Jerritt Canyon gold district, Nevada, U.S.A. [ext. abs.] ”. In Bicentennial Gold 88, extended abstracts oral programme, Abstract Series 22 284–289. Geological Society of Australia. Goode, A. D. T., and Bosma, L. I., comps
51. Hollister, L. S., and Burruss, R. C., 1976. Phase equilibria in fluid inclusions from the Khtada Lake metamorphic complex. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 40:163–175.
52. Hou, Z.-L., and Yang, Q.-D., 1989. Discussion on metallogenic condition and model for micro-fine disseminated gold ore in the triangle area of Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi Province. Dizhi Zhaokuang Rencong, 4 (no. 3):1–13. in Chinese
53. Huang, K.-N., 1986. The petrological and geochemical characteristics and the tectonic setting of the Emeishan basalts in Kangdian craton and adjacent areas Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis (in Chinese)
54. Huang, T. K., 1978. An outline of the tectonic characteristics of China. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 71:611–635.
55. Hyland, M. M., and Bancroft, G. M., 1989. An XPS study of gold deposition at low temperatures on sulphide minerals:Reducing agents. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53:367–372.
56. Hyland, M. M., and Bancroft, G. M., 1990. Palladium sorption and reduction on sulphide mineral surfaces:An XPS and AES study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54:117–130.
57. Ilchik, R. P., and Barton, M. D., 1997. An amagmatic origin of Carlin-type gold deposits. Economic Geology, 92:269–288.
58. Jean, G. E., and Bancroft, G. M., 1985. An XPS and SEM study of gold deposition at low temperature on sulphide surfaces:Concentration of gold by adsorption/reduction. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 49:979–987.
59. Jean, G. E., and Bancroft, G. M., 1986. Heavy metal adsorption by sulphide mineral surfaces. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 50:1455–1463.
60. Kaplan, I. R., and Rittenberg, S. C., 1964. Microbiological fractionation of sulfur isotopes. Journal of General Microbiology, v. 34:195–212.
61. Keith, M. L., and Weber, J. N., 1964. Carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of selected limestones and fossils. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 28:1787–1816.
62. 2 at elevated temperatures and pressure. American Journal of Science, 252:225–241.
63. Kontak, D. J., and Smith, P. K., 1993. A metaturbiditehosted lode gold deposit:The Beaver Dam Deposit, Nova Scotia:I. Vein paragenesis and mineral chemistry. Canadian Mineralogist, 31:471–522.
64. Koski, R. A., Shanks, W. C., Bohrson, W. A., and Oscarson, R. L., 1988. The composition of massive sulfide deposits from the sediment-covered floor of Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge:Implication for depositional processes. Canadian Mineralogist, 26:655–673.
65. Kretschmar, U., and Scott, S. D., 1976. Phase relations involving arsenopyrite in the system Fe-As-S and their application. Canadian Mineralogist, 14:364–386.
66. Krogh, T. E., 1982. Improved accuracy of U-Pb zircon ages by the creation of more concordant systems using an air abrasion technique. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 46:637–649.
67. Kuehn, C. A., and Rose, A. W., 1992. Geology and geochemistry of wall-rock alteration at the Carlin gold deposit, Nevada. Economic Geology, 87:1697–1721.
68. Kuehn, C. A., and Rose, A. W., 1995. Carlin gold deposits, Nevada:Origin in a deep zone of mixing between normally pressured and overpressured fluids. Economic Geology, 90:17–36.
69. Li, W.-K., Jiang, X.-S., Ju, R.-H., Meng, F.-Y., and Zhang, S.-X., 1989. “ The geological characteristics and metallogenesis of impregnated gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou, China ”. In Collected works of regional ore-forming condition of main gold deposit styles in China, v. 6. Southern Guizhou 1–86. Beijing, China:Geological Publishing House. in Chinese
70. Liu, D.-S., and Geng, W.-H., 1985. On the mineral association and mineralization conditions of the Carlin-type gold deposits in China. Geochimica, no. 3:277–282. in Chinese
71. Liu, J.-J., Liu, J.-M., Gu, X.-X., and Lin, L., 1998. The micro-disseminated gold deposits of exhalative genesis in southwestern Guizhou, China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 43 (no. 1):85–86.
72. Liu, J.-S., Tao, C.-G., Chen, T.-J., Cheng, J.-H., and Chen, Y.-M., 1989. “ On geological characteristics of three fine impregnation-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou ”. In Collected works of regional ore-forming condition of main gold deposit styles in China, v. 6. Southern Guizhou 115–154. Beijing, China:Geological Publishing House. in Chinese
73. Liu, X.-F., Ni, S.-J., Jiang, Z.-C., Jin, J.-F., and Zhu, L.-M., 1999. Geochemical tracing of ore-forming material sources of Carlin-type gold deposits in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi triangle area—A case study of the application of the combined silicon isotopes geochemistry and siliceous cathodoluminescence. Acta Geologica Sinica, 73:30–39. English version
74. Liu, Y.-K., Wai, G.-Q., Liu, S.-R., Ye, X.-X., Sun, Z.-Y., Zhu, W.-G., Zhou, L.-D., and Zhou, S.-T., 1992. Study of the gold presence in several disseminated gold deposits in southern China using microbeam analytical techniques:II. The Getang and Banqi deposits, Guiyang:Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Unpubl. report, 66 p. (in Chinese)
75. Liu, Y.-K., Wai, G.-Q., Liu, S.-R., Zhou, L.-D., and Zhou, S.-T., 1991. Study of the gold presence in several disseminated gold deposits in southern China using microbeam analytical techniques:I. The Yata deposit, Guiyang:Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Unpubl. report, 48 p. (in Chinese)
76. Lu, Z.-M., 1986. The activation of the southwestern margin of the Yangtze paraplatform and the formation of the Youjiang Geosyncline. Guizhou Geology, 3:9–27. in Chinese
77. 3 and its structural ore formation mechanism in the Lannigou gold orefield. Guizhou Geology, 10:26–34. in Chinese
78. Lynch, G., and Mangel, F., 1995. Metamorphism of arsenopyrite-pyrite-sphalerite-pyrrhotite lenses, Western Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Canadian Mineralogist, 33:105–114.
79. Mao, S.-H., 1991. Occurrence and distribution of invisible gold in Carlin-type gold deposits in China. American Mineralogist, 11-12:1964–1972.
80. McCrea, J. M., 1950. On the isotopic chemistry of carbonates and a Palaeotemperature scale. Journal of Chemistry and Physics, 18 (No. 6):849–858.
81. McKeag, S. A., and Craw, D., 1989. Contrasting fluids in gold-bearing quartz veins formed in a progressively rising metamorphic belt:Otago Schist, New Zealand. Economic Geology, 84:22–33.
82. Mei, H.-J., 1980. “ The chemical character of the Emeishan basalt and trap ”. In Annual report of the IGCAS (1980-1981), 131–132. Guiyang, China:Guizhou People's Publishing House. in Chinese
83. Mei, H.-J., 1973. Petrochemical characteristics of two deep-derived trap in southwestern China and its relationship with iron and nickel mineralization. Geochemica, v. 1 (no. 4):219–253. in Chinese
84. Mycroft, J. R., Bancroft, G. M., McIntyre, N. S., and Lorimer, J. W., 1995. Spontaneous deposition of gold on pyrite from solutions containing Au (III) and Au (I) chlorides. Part I:A surface study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59:3351–3365.
85. Naden, J., and Shepherd, T. J., 1989. Role of methane and carbon dioxide in gold deposition. Nature, 342:793–795.
86. Nesbitt, B. E., St. Louis, R. M., and Muehlenbachs, K., 1987. Distribution of gold in altered basalts of DSDP hole 504B. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 24:201–209.
87. Ohmoto, H., 1972. Systematics of sulfur and carbon isotopes in hydrothermal ore deposits. Economic Geology, 67:551–577.
88. Ohmoto, H., 1986. “ Stable isotope geochemistry of ore deposits ”. In Stable isotopes in high temperature geological processes, Reviews in Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America, v. 16 Edited by:Valley, J. W., Taylor, H. P., and O'Neil, J. R., 491–559.
89. Ohmoto, H., and Rye, R. O., 1979. “ Isotopes of sulfur and carbon ”. In Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, 2nd ed., Edited by:Barnes, H. L., 509–567. New York, NY:Wiley-Interscience.
90. Plant, J. A., Breward, N., Forrest, M. D., and Smith, R. T., 1989. The gold pathfinder elements As, Sb, and Bi—their distribution and significance in the southwest highland of Scotland. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 98:B91–101.
91. Pu, H.-K., 1987. Mineral and rock characteristics and ore genesis of the Banqi gold deposit. Guizhou Geology, 4:151–161. in Chinese
92. Qian, D.-F., and Diao, S.-Q., 1986. Mode of occurrence of gold in a gold deposit, China. Geochimica, 58–65 (no. 1) in Chinese
93. Radtke, A. S., 1985. Geology of the Carlin gold deposit, Nevada, S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, v. 1267 1–124.
94. Radtke, A. S., Heropoulos, C., Fabbi, B. P., Scheiner, B. J., and Essington, M., 1972. Data on major and minor elements in host rocks and ores, Carlin gold deposit, Nevada. Economic Geology, 67:975–978.
95. Radtke, A. S., Rye, R. O., and Dickson, F. W., 1980. Geology and stable isotope studies of the Carlin gold deposit, Nevada. Economic Geology, 75:641–672.
96. Ramsey, M. M., Coles, B. J., Wilkinson, J. J., and Rankin, A. H., 1992. Single fluid inclusion analysis by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry:Quantification and validation. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 7:587–593.
97. 32S analyses from sulfides by combustion with cuprous oxide. Analytical Chemistry, 47:1179–1181.
98. Roedder, E., 1984. Fluid inclusions. Reviews in Mineralogy, 12 644 p
99. Roedder, E., and Bodnar, R. J., 1980. Geologic pressure determinations from inclusions studies. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science, 8:263–301.
100. Rosenbaum, J., and Sheppard, S. M. F., 1986. An isotopic study of siderites, dolomite and ankerites at high temperatures. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 50:1147–1150.
101. Rui-Zhong, H., Wen-Chao, S., Xian-Wu, B., Guang-Zhi, T., and Hofstra, A. H., 2002. Geology and geochemistry of Carlin-type gold deposits in China. Mineralium Deposita, 37:378–392.
102. Rye, R. O., 1985. A model for the formation of carbonatehosted disseminated gold deposits based on geologic, fluid-inclusion, geochemical, and stable-isotope studies of the Carlin and Cortez deposits, Nevada. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1646:95–105.
103. Rye, R. O., and Ohmoto, H., 1974. Sulfur and carbon isotopes and ore genesis:A review. Economic Geology, 69:826–842.
104. 2O inclusions using microthermometric measurements. Mineralium Deposita, 24:43–47.
105. Serenko, T. J., 1994. The controls of epithermal gold mineralization at Mule Canyon, Lander County, Nevada, USA, ICSTM, University of London. Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, 349 p
106. Seward, T. M., 1973. Thio complexes of gold and the transport of gold in hydrothermal ore solutions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37:379–399.
107. Seward, T. M., 1991. “ The hydrothermal geochemistry of gold ”. In Gold metallogeny and exploration, Edited by:Foster, R. P., 37–62. Glasgow and London, UK:Blackie.
108. Sharp, Z. D., Essene, E. J., and Kelly, W. C., 1985. A reexamination of the arsenopyrite geothermometer:Pressure considerations and applications to natural assemblages. Canadian Mineralogist, 23:517–534.
109. Shenberger, D. M., and Barnes, H. L., 1989. Solubility of gold in aqueous sulfides solutions from 150 to 350°C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53:269–278.
110. Shepherd, T. J., Rankin, A. H., and Alderton, D. H. M., 1985. A practical guide to fluid inclusion studies, Glasgow and London, UK:Blackie. 239 p
111. Sheppard, S. M. F., 1986. “ Characterization and isotopic variations in natural waters ”. In Stable isotopes in high temperature geological processes, Reviews in Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America, v. 16 Edited by:Valley, J. W., Taylor, H. P., and O'Neil, J. R., 165–183.
112. Sillitoe, R. H., and Bonham, H. F., Jr. 1990. Sedimenthosted gold deposits:Distal products of magmatic-hydrothermal systems. Geology, 18:157–161.
113. Song, D.-B., and Diao, S.-Q., 1989. “ Experimental study of gold presence, mineral processing, and metallurgical characteristics of ores in disseminated gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou ”. In Collected works of regional ore-forming condition of main gold deposit styles in China, v. 6. Southern Guizhou, 175–203. Beijing, China:Geological Publishing House. in Chinese
114. Stenger, D. P., Kesler, S. E., Peltonen, D. R., and Tapper, C. J., 1998. Deposition of gold in Carlin-type deposits; the role of sulfidation and decarbonation at Twin Creeks, Nevada. Economic Geology, 93:201–215.
115. Su, W.-C., Hu, R.-Z., Qi, L., and Fang, W.-X., 2001. Trace elements in fluid inclusions in the Carlin-type gold deposits, southwestern Guizhou Province. Geochimica, 30:512–616. in Chinese with English abstract
116. Su, W.-C., Qi, L., and Hu, R.-Z., 1999. Preliminary investigations of platinum-group elements in the Carlintype gold deposits, southwestern China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 44:152–153.
117. Su, W.-C., Yang, K.-Y., Hu, R.-Z., and Chen, F., 1998. Chronology of fluid inclusions of a Carlin-type gold deposit in southwestern China:The example of the Lannigou deposit. Acta Mineralogica Sinica, 18 (no. 3):359–362. in Chinese with English abstract
118. Su, X.-D., 1990. Regional geochemistry of gold and its mineralization in the Youjiang disseminated gold mineralization zone, 36–43. Huangjin Dizhi Keji. no. 4, in Chinese
119. Swanenberg, H. E. C., 1979. Phase equilibria in carbonic systems, and their application to freezing studies of fluid inclusions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 68:303–306.
120. Tao, C.-G., Liu, J.-S., and Dan, G., 1987. On the gold ore deposit geological characteristics and genesis of Yata, Ceheng. Guizhou Geology, 4:135–150. in Chinese
121. Taylor, S. R., and McLennan, S. M., 1985. The continental crust:Its composition and evolution, Oxford, UK:Blackwell. 312 p
122. 2 system at low temperature. Chemical Geology, 37:49–58.
123. Tu, G.-C. 1990. The SW Qinling and the SW Guizhou uranium and gold metallogenic belts, and their similarities to the Carlin-type gold deposits in the Western States of USA. Youkuang Dizhi, 6 (no. 6):322–325. in Chinese
124. Velde, B., 1992. Introduction to clay minerals, London, UK:Chapman and Hall. 198 p
125. Wang, K.-R., Zhou, Y.-Q., Sun, L.-G., and Ren, C.-G., 1994. Occurrence of gold in several Carlin-type gold deposits in China, 1–114. Hefei, China:University of Science and Technology of China Publishing House.
126. Wang, Y.-G., Suo, S.-T., and Zhang, M.-F., 1994. Tectonics and Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou, Beijing, China:Geological Publishing House. 115 p. (in Chinese)
127. Wedephol, K. H., ed. 1978. Handbook of geochemistry II-5, Berlin, Germany:Springer-Verlag.
128. Wells, J. D., and Mullens, T. E., 1973. Gold-bearing arsenian-pyrite determined by microprobe analysis, Cortez and Carlin gold mines, Nevada. Economic Geology, 68:407–434.
129. Wilkinson, J. J., and Johnston, J. D., 1996. Pressure fluctuations, phase separation, and gold precipitation during seismic fracture propagation. Geology, 24 (no.5):395–398.
130. Yang, K.-W., 1992. A preliminary discussion on the genesis of the Getang gold deposit and its prospecting significance. Guizhou Geology, 9:299–305. in Chinese
131. Yang, K.-Y., Chen, F., Mei, H.-J., Yang, K.-W., Su, W.-C., Zhang, X.-C., Chen, S.-M., and Feng, X.-X., 1992. The investigation of ore-forming conditions and exploration for micro-grained disseminated gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou, Guiyang:Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Unpubl. report, 96 p. (in Chinese)
132. Ye, X.-X., 1991. Study of the occurrence of supermicro gold in disseminated gold deposits. Huangjin, 12 (no. 7):1–5. in Chinese
133. Zhang, F., and Yang, K.-Y., 1992. A fission track dating study of the mineralization of the micro disseminated gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou. Chinese Science Bulletin, 17:1593–1595.
134. Zhang, X., Nesbitt, B. E., and Muehlenbachs, K., 1989. Gold mineralization in the Okanahan Valley, Southern British Columbia:Fluid inclusion and stable isotope studies. Economic Geology, 84:410–424.
135. Zhang, X.-C., 1997. The geology and hydrothermal evolution of sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou Province, PRC, ICSTM, University of London. Unpubl. PhD thesis, 273 p
136. Zhang, Y.-Q., Wei, F.-R., and Xiao, S.-Z., 1989. “ The geochemical characteristics of disseminated gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou ”. In Collected works of regional ore-forming condition of main gold deposit styles in China, v. 6. Southern Guizhou, 155–174. Beijing, China:Geological Publishing House. in Chinese
137. Zheng, Q.-Q., Zhang, M.-F., Cheng, D.-Q., Che, Z., Wang, C.-H., and Dai, C.-G., 1989. “ Ore-controlling conditions of micro-grained gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou ”. In Collected works of regional ore-forming condition of main gold deposit styles in China, v. 6. Southern Guizhou, 87–113. Beijing, China:Geological Publishing House. in Chinese
138. Zhu, L.-M., and Hu, R.-Z., 2000. Au-Sb association and fractionation in micro-disseminated gold deposits, southwestern Guizhou—geochemistry and thermodynamics. Science in China, Series D, 43 (no. 2):208–216.
139. Zhu, L.-M., Liu, X.-F., Jin, J.-F., and He, M.-Y., 1998. The study of the time-space distribution and source of oreforming fluids for the fine-disseminated gold deposits in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi area. Scientia Geologica Sinica, 33 (no. 3):463–474. in Chinese with English abstract
140. Zhu, X.-Q., Zhang, Z.-G., and Jiang, Z.-C., 1999. Genesis of Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou Province, China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 44:466–469.
141. Zhuang, H.-P., Lu, J.-L., Fu, J.-M., Ren, C.-G., and Zou, D.-G., 1999a. Crude oil as carrier of gold:Petrological and geochemical evidence from Lannigou gold deposit in southwestern Guizhou, China. Science in China, Series D, 42 (no. 2):216–224.
142. Zhuang, H.-P., Lu, J.-L., Fu, J.-M., and Liu, D.-H., 1999b. Two kinds of Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou, China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 44:178–182.