Violence, gender, and intemperance in early national Connecticut

Journal of Social History

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 308-325

  Martin, Scott C ^a  

^a BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL ABSTINENCE; ARTICLE; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; ETHICS; ETHNOLOGY; GENDER IDENTITY; HISTORY; HOMICIDE; JURISPRUDENCE; LEGAL ASPECT; MASS MEDIUM; PARTNER VIOLENCE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PUBLICATION; PUNISHMENT; UNITED STATES;

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT; CONNECTICUT; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; GENDER IDENTITY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HOMICIDE; JURISPRUDENCE; MASS MEDIA; NEWSPAPERS; SPOUSE ABUSE; TEMPERANCE;

EID: 0042185252     PISSN: 00224529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jsh.2000.0153     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. "Execution," Middlesex Gazette (Middletown), 27 June 1816, 3; "The Execution," American Mercury (Hartford), 2 July 1816, 3; David D. Field, Warning against Drunkenness. A Sermon Preached in the City of Middletown, June 20, 1816, the Day of the Execution of Peter Lung, for the Murder of his Wife; at the Request of the Sheriff of the County of Middlesex, and in Accordance with the Wishes of the Criminal. Together with a Sketch of the Life and Hopeful Repentance of Said Lung (Middletown, 1816), 27-28.
2. "Execution," Middlesex Gazette (Middletown), 27 June 1816, 3; "The Execution," American Mercury (Hartford), 2 July 1816, 3; David D. Field, Warning against Drunkenness. A Sermon Preached in the City of Middletown, June 20, 1816, the Day of the Execution of Peter Lung, for the Murder of his Wife; at the Request of the Sheriff of the County of Middlesex, and in Accordance with the Wishes of the Criminal. Together with a Sketch of the Life and Hopeful Repentance of Said Lung (Middletown, 1816), 27-28.
3. "Execution," Middlesex Gazette (Middletown), 27 June 1816, 3; "The Execution," American Mercury (Hartford), 2 July 1816, 3; David D. Field, Warning against Drunkenness. A Sermon Preached in the City of Middletown, June 20, 1816, the Day of the Execution of Peter Lung, for the Murder of his Wife; at the Request of the Sheriff of the County of Middlesex, and in Accordance with the Wishes of the Criminal. Together with a Sketch of the Life and Hopeful Repentance of Said Lung (Middletown, 1816), 27-28.
4. On executions in Middlesex County, see David D. Field, A Statistical Account of the County of Middlesex in Connecticut (Middletown, 1819), 17, 39, 91-92; quote from Middlesex Gazette 27 June 1816, 3.
5. On executions in Middlesex County, see David D. Field, A Statistical Account of the County of Middlesex in Connecticut (Middletown, 1819), 17, 39, 91-92; quote from Middlesex Gazette 27 June 1816, 3.
6. "The Charge of Judge Swift, delivered to the Grand Jury at Middletown, on the 29th day of Aug., inst., and published at their request," Middlesex Gazette 7 Sept. 1815, 2-3; Richard J. Purcell, Connecticut in Transition: 1775-1818 (Middletown, 1963), 27; Convention of Moral Societies, Proceedings of a Convention of Moral Societies, in the County of Litchfield, holden May 30, 1815, at Goshen. An Abstract of the Laws of Connecticut. And an Address to the Public on the Promotion of Virtue and Good Works (New Haven, 1816); Congregational Churches in Connecticut, Fairfield West Consociation, A Calm Dissuasive against Intemperance; or, An Awful View of the Horrors and Miseries of Drunkenness (Philadelphia, 1816), 18-19; "The Cogitations of Uncle John," Middlesex Gazette, Ibid., 1. On early American crime literature, see Daniel A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace: New England Crime Literature and the Origins of American Popular Culture, 1674-1860 (New York, 1993), and Daniel E. Williams, Pillars of Salt: An Anthology of Early American Criminal Narratives (Madison, 1993). On capital punishment after the Revolution, see Louis P. Masur, Rites of Execution: Capital Punishment and the Transformation of American Culture, 1776-1865 (New York, 1989).
7. "The Charge of Judge Swift, delivered to the Grand Jury at Middletown, on the 29th day of Aug., inst., and published at their request," Middlesex Gazette 7 Sept. 1815, 2-3; Richard J. Purcell, Connecticut in Transition: 1775-1818 (Middletown, 1963), 27; Convention of Moral Societies, Proceedings of a Convention of Moral Societies, in the County of Litchfield, holden May 30, 1815, at Goshen. An Abstract of the Laws of Connecticut. And an Address to the Public on the Promotion of Virtue and Good Works (New Haven, 1816); Congregational Churches in Connecticut, Fairfield West Consociation, A Calm Dissuasive against Intemperance; or, An Awful View of the Horrors and Miseries of Drunkenness (Philadelphia, 1816), 18-19; "The Cogitations of Uncle John," Middlesex Gazette, Ibid., 1. On early American crime literature, see Daniel A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace: New England Crime Literature and the Origins of American Popular Culture, 1674-1860 (New York, 1993), and Daniel E. Williams, Pillars of Salt: An Anthology of Early American Criminal Narratives (Madison, 1993). On capital punishment after the Revolution, see Louis P. Masur, Rites of Execution: Capital Punishment and the Transformation of American Culture, 1776-1865 (New York, 1989).
8. "The Charge of Judge Swift, delivered to the Grand Jury at Middletown, on the 29th day of Aug., inst., and published at their request," Middlesex Gazette 7 Sept. 1815, 2-3; Richard J. Purcell, Connecticut in Transition: 1775-1818 (Middletown, 1963), 27; Convention of Moral Societies, Proceedings of a Convention of Moral Societies, in the County of Litchfield, holden May 30, 1815, at Goshen. An Abstract of the Laws of Connecticut. And an Address to the Public on the Promotion of Virtue and Good Works (New Haven, 1816); Congregational Churches in Connecticut, Fairfield West Consociation, A Calm Dissuasive against Intemperance; or, An Awful View of the Horrors and Miseries of Drunkenness (Philadelphia, 1816), 18-19; "The Cogitations of Uncle John," Middlesex Gazette, Ibid., 1. On early American crime literature, see Daniel A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace: New England Crime Literature and the Origins of American Popular Culture, 1674-1860 (New York, 1993), and Daniel E. Williams, Pillars of Salt: An Anthology of Early American Criminal Narratives (Madison, 1993). On capital punishment after the Revolution, see Louis P. Masur, Rites of Execution: Capital Punishment and the Transformation of American Culture, 1776-1865 (New York, 1989).
9. "The Charge of Judge Swift, delivered to the Grand Jury at Middletown, on the 29th day of Aug., inst., and published at their request," Middlesex Gazette 7 Sept. 1815, 2-3; Richard J. Purcell, Connecticut in Transition: 1775-1818 (Middletown, 1963), 27; Convention of Moral Societies, Proceedings of a Convention of Moral Societies, in the County of Litchfield, holden May 30, 1815, at Goshen. An Abstract of the Laws of Connecticut. And an Address to the Public on the Promotion of Virtue and Good Works (New Haven, 1816); Congregational Churches in Connecticut, Fairfield West Consociation, A Calm Dissuasive against Intemperance; or, An Awful View of the Horrors and Miseries of Drunkenness (Philadelphia, 1816), 18-19; "The Cogitations of Uncle John," Middlesex Gazette, Ibid., 1. On early American crime literature, see Daniel A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace: New England Crime Literature and the Origins of American Popular Culture, 1674-1860 (New York, 1993), and Daniel E. Williams, Pillars of Salt: An Anthology of Early American Criminal Narratives (Madison, 1993). On capital punishment after the Revolution, see Louis P. Masur, Rites of Execution: Capital Punishment and the Transformation of American Culture, 1776-1865 (New York, 1989).
10. "The Charge of Judge Swift, delivered to the Grand Jury at Middletown, on the 29th day of Aug., inst., and published at their request," Middlesex Gazette 7 Sept. 1815, 2-3; Richard J. Purcell, Connecticut in Transition: 1775-1818 (Middletown, 1963), 27; Convention of Moral Societies, Proceedings of a Convention of Moral Societies, in the County of Litchfield, holden May 30, 1815, at Goshen. An Abstract of the Laws of Connecticut. And an Address to the Public on the Promotion of Virtue and Good Works (New Haven, 1816); Congregational Churches in Connecticut, Fairfield West Consociation, A Calm Dissuasive against Intemperance; or, An Awful View of the Horrors and Miseries of Drunkenness (Philadelphia, 1816), 18-19; "The Cogitations of Uncle John," Middlesex Gazette, Ibid., 1. On early American crime literature, see Daniel A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace: New England Crime Literature and the Origins of American Popular Culture, 1674-1860 (New York, 1993), and Daniel E. Williams, Pillars of Salt: An Anthology of Early American Criminal Narratives (Madison, 1993). On capital punishment after the Revolution, see Louis P. Masur, Rites of Execution: Capital Punishment and the Transformation of American Culture, 1776-1865 (New York, 1989).
11. "The Charge of Judge Swift, delivered to the Grand Jury at Middletown, on the 29th day of Aug., inst., and published at their request," Middlesex Gazette 7 Sept. 1815, 2-3; Richard J. Purcell, Connecticut in Transition: 1775-1818 (Middletown, 1963), 27; Convention of Moral Societies, Proceedings of a Convention of Moral Societies, in the County of Litchfield, holden May 30, 1815, at Goshen. An Abstract of the Laws of Connecticut. And an Address to the Public on the Promotion of Virtue and Good Works (New Haven, 1816); Congregational Churches in Connecticut, Fairfield West Consociation, A Calm Dissuasive against Intemperance; or, An Awful View of the Horrors and Miseries of Drunkenness (Philadelphia, 1816), 18-19; "The Cogitations of Uncle John," Middlesex Gazette, Ibid., 1. On early American crime literature, see Daniel A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace: New England Crime Literature and the Origins of American Popular Culture, 1674-1860 (New York, 1993), and Daniel E. Williams, Pillars of Salt: An Anthology of Early American Criminal Narratives (Madison, 1993). On capital punishment after the Revolution, see Louis P. Masur, Rites of Execution: Capital Punishment and the Transformation of American Culture, 1776-1865 (New York, 1989).
12. "The Charge of Judge Swift, delivered to the Grand Jury at Middletown, on the 29th day of Aug., inst., and published at their request," Middlesex Gazette 7 Sept. 1815, 2-3; Richard J. Purcell, Connecticut in Transition: 1775-1818 (Middletown, 1963), 27; Convention of Moral Societies, Proceedings of a Convention of Moral Societies, in the County of Litchfield, holden May 30, 1815, at Goshen. An Abstract of the Laws of Connecticut. And an Address to the Public on the Promotion of Virtue and Good Works (New Haven, 1816); Congregational Churches in Connecticut, Fairfield West Consociation, A Calm Dissuasive against Intemperance; or, An Awful View of the Horrors and Miseries of Drunkenness (Philadelphia, 1816), 18-19; "The Cogitations of Uncle John," Middlesex Gazette, Ibid., 1. On early American crime literature, see Daniel A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace: New England Crime Literature and the Origins of American Popular Culture, 1674-1860 (New York, 1993), and Daniel E. Williams, Pillars of Salt: An Anthology of Early American Criminal Narratives (Madison, 1993). On capital punishment after the Revolution, see Louis P. Masur, Rites of Execution: Capital Punishment and the Transformation of American Culture, 1776-1865 (New York, 1989).
13. "The Charge of Judge Swift, delivered to the Grand Jury at Middletown, on the 29th day of Aug., inst., and published at their request," Middlesex Gazette 7 Sept. 1815, 2-3; Richard J. Purcell, Connecticut in Transition: 1775-1818 (Middletown, 1963), 27; Convention of Moral Societies, Proceedings of a Convention of Moral Societies, in the County of Litchfield, holden May 30, 1815, at Goshen. An Abstract of the Laws of Connecticut. And an Address to the Public on the Promotion of Virtue and Good Works (New Haven, 1816); Congregational Churches in Connecticut, Fairfield West Consociation, A Calm Dissuasive against Intemperance; or, An Awful View of the Horrors and Miseries of Drunkenness (Philadelphia, 1816), 18-19; "The Cogitations of Uncle John," Middlesex Gazette, Ibid., 1. On early American crime literature, see Daniel A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace: New England Crime Literature and the Origins of American Popular Culture, 1674-1860 (New York, 1993), and Daniel E. Williams, Pillars of Salt: An Anthology of Early American Criminal Narratives (Madison, 1993). On capital punishment after the Revolution, see Louis P. Masur, Rites of Execution: Capital Punishment and the Transformation of American Culture, 1776-1865 (New York, 1989).
14. On the legislature's action, see Middlesex Gazette 9 Nov. 1815, and Zephaniah Swift, A Vindication of the Calling of the Special Superior Court, at Middletown, on the 4th Tuesday of August, 1815, for the Trial of Peter Lung, Charged with the Crime of Murder. With Observations on the Constitutional Power of the Legislature to Interfere with the Judiciary in the Administration of Justice (Windham, 1816). On Lung's second trial, see Middlesex Gazette 28 Dec. 1815; and Peter Lung, A Brief Account of the Life of Peter Lung, Who is Sentenced to be Executed in June next, and is now Confined in a G loomy Dungeon, Loaded with Chains, Awaiting the Awful Execution of the Law. Given by Himself, in a Series of Letters to his Mother, Mother-in-Law, and Children. All Written since his Last Trial. Likewise, His Dying Address, to those who Testified Against Him on his Trial. Published at his Request (Hartford, 1816). On the political and constitutional issues raised by the Lung case, see Purcell, Connecticut in Transition, 133.
15. On the legislature's action, see Middlesex Gazette 9 Nov. 1815, and Zephaniah Swift, A Vindication of the Calling of the Special Superior Court, at Middletown, on the 4th Tuesday of August, 1815, for the Trial of Peter Lung, Charged with the Crime of Murder. With Observations on the Constitutional Power of the Legislature to Interfere with the Judiciary in the Administration of Justice (Windham, 1816). On Lung's second trial, see Middlesex Gazette 28 Dec. 1815; and Peter Lung, A Brief Account of the Life of Peter Lung, Who is Sentenced to be Executed in June next, and is now Confined in a G loomy Dungeon, Loaded with Chains, Awaiting the Awful Execution of the Law. Given by Himself, in a Series of Letters to his Mother, Mother-in-Law, and Children. All Written since his Last Trial. Likewise, His Dying Address, to those who Testified Against Him on his Trial. Published at his Request (Hartford, 1816). On the political and constitutional issues raised by the Lung case, see Purcell, Connecticut in Transition, 133.
16. On the legislature's action, see Middlesex Gazette 9 Nov. 1815, and Zephaniah Swift, A Vindication of the Calling of the Special Superior Court, at Middletown, on the 4th Tuesday of August, 1815, for the Trial of Peter Lung, Charged with the Crime of Murder. With Observations on the Constitutional Power of the Legislature to Interfere with the Judiciary in the Administration of Justice (Windham, 1816). On Lung's second trial, see Middlesex Gazette 28 Dec. 1815; and Peter Lung, A Brief Account of the Life of Peter Lung, Who is Sentenced to be Executed in June next, and is now Confined in a G loomy Dungeon, Loaded with Chains, Awaiting the Awful Execution of the Law. Given by Himself, in a Series of Letters to his Mother, Mother-in-Law, and Children. All Written since his Last Trial. Likewise, His Dying Address, to those who Testified Against Him on his Trial. Published at his Request (Hartford, 1816). On the political and constitutional issues raised by the Lung case, see Purcell, Connecticut in Transition, 133.
17. On the legislature's action, see Middlesex Gazette 9 Nov. 1815, and Zephaniah Swift, A Vindication of the Calling of the Special Superior Court, at Middletown, on the 4th Tuesday of August, 1815, for the Trial of Peter Lung, Charged with the Crime of Murder. With Observations on the Constitutional Power of the Legislature to Interfere with the Judiciary in the Administration of Justice (Windham, 1816). On Lung's second trial, see Middlesex Gazette 28 Dec. 1815; and Peter Lung, A Brief Account of the Life of Peter Lung, Who is Sentenced to be Executed in June next, and is now Confined in a G loomy Dungeon, Loaded with Chains, Awaiting the Awful Execution of the Law. Given by Himself, in a Series of Letters to his Mother, Mother-in-Law, and Children. All Written since his Last Trial. Likewise, His Dying Address, to those who Testified Against Him on his Trial. Published at his Request (Hartford, 1816). On the political and constitutional issues raised by the Lung case, see Purcell, Connecticut in Transition, 133.
18. On the legislature's action, see Middlesex Gazette 9 Nov. 1815, and Zephaniah Swift, A Vindication of the Calling of the Special Superior Court, at Middletown, on the 4th Tuesday of August, 1815, for the Trial of Peter Lung, Charged with the Crime of Murder. With Observations on the Constitutional Power of the Legislature to Interfere with the Judiciary in the Administration of Justice (Windham, 1816). On Lung's second trial, see Middlesex Gazette 28 Dec. 1815; and Peter Lung, A Brief Account of the Life of Peter Lung, Who is Sentenced to be Executed in June next, and is now Confined in a G loomy Dungeon, Loaded with Chains, Awaiting the Awful Execution of the Law. Given by Himself, in a Series of Letters to his Mother, Mother-in-Law, and Children. All Written since his Last Trial. Likewise, His Dying Address, to those who Testified Against Him on his Trial. Published at his Request (Hartford, 1816). On the political and constitutional issues raised by the Lung case, see Purcell, Connecticut in Transition, 133.
19. On depictions of colonial women, see Carol Karlsen, The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England (New York, 1987); Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, Goodwives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Women in Northern New England, 1650-1750 (New York, 1982); Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women Before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill, 1995); and Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (New York, 1980), 19, 31. For later developments, see Jan Lewis, "The Republican Wife: Virtue and Seduction in the Early Republic," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., XLIV, 4 (October 1987): 689-721 and Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1860 (Urbana, 1986). For discussions of 19th-century women and gender roles, consult Barbara Welter's classic "The Cult of True Womanhood, 1820-1860," 313-33 in The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, ed. Michael Gordon (New York, 1978); Nancy Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere: in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven, 1977), and Linda Kerber, "Separate Spheres, Female Worlds, Woman's Place: The Rhetoric of Woman's History," Journal of American History 75, 1 (June 1988): 9-39.
20. On depictions of colonial women, see Carol Karlsen, The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England (New York, 1987); Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, Goodwives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Women in Northern New England, 1650-1750 (New York, 1982); Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women Before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill, 1995); and Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (New York, 1980), 19, 31. For later developments, see Jan Lewis, "The Republican Wife: Virtue and Seduction in the Early Republic," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., XLIV, 4 (October 1987): 689-721 and Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1860 (Urbana, 1986). For discussions of 19th-century women and gender roles, consult Barbara Welter's classic "The Cult of True Womanhood, 1820-1860," 313-33 in The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, ed. Michael Gordon (New York, 1978); Nancy Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere: in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven, 1977), and Linda Kerber, "Separate Spheres, Female Worlds, Woman's Place: The Rhetoric of Woman's History," Journal of American History 75, 1 (June 1988): 9-39.
21. On depictions of colonial women, see Carol Karlsen, The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England (New York, 1987); Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, Goodwives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Women in Northern New England, 1650-1750 (New York, 1982); Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women Before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill, 1995); and Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (New York, 1980), 19, 31. For later developments, see Jan Lewis, "The Republican Wife: Virtue and Seduction in the Early Republic," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., XLIV, 4 (October 1987): 689-721 and Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1860 (Urbana, 1986). For discussions of 19th-century women and gender roles, consult Barbara Welter's classic "The Cult of True Womanhood, 1820-1860," 313-33 in The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, ed. Michael Gordon (New York, 1978); Nancy Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere: in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven, 1977), and Linda Kerber, "Separate Spheres, Female Worlds, Woman's Place: The Rhetoric of Woman's History," Journal of American History 75, 1 (June 1988): 9-39.
22. On depictions of colonial women, see Carol Karlsen, The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England (New York, 1987); Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, Goodwives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Women in Northern New England, 1650-1750 (New York, 1982); Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women Before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill, 1995); and Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (New York, 1980), 19, 31. For later developments, see Jan Lewis, "The Republican Wife: Virtue and Seduction in the Early Republic," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., XLIV, 4 (October 1987): 689-721 and Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1860 (Urbana, 1986). For discussions of 19th-century women and gender roles, consult Barbara Welter's classic "The Cult of True Womanhood, 1820-1860," 313-33 in The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, ed. Michael Gordon (New York, 1978); Nancy Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere: in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven, 1977), and Linda Kerber, "Separate Spheres, Female Worlds, Woman's Place: The Rhetoric of Woman's History," Journal of American History 75, 1 (June 1988): 9-39.
23. On depictions of colonial women, see Carol Karlsen, The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England (New York, 1987); Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, Goodwives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Women in Northern New England, 1650-1750 (New York, 1982); Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women Before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill, 1995); and Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (New York, 1980), 19, 31. For later developments, see Jan Lewis, "The Republican Wife: Virtue and Seduction in the Early Republic," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., XLIV, 4 (October 1987): 689-721 and Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1860 (Urbana, 1986). For discussions of 19th-century women and gender roles, consult Barbara Welter's classic "The Cult of True Womanhood, 1820-1860," 313-33 in The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, ed. Michael Gordon (New York, 1978); Nancy Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere: in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven, 1977), and Linda Kerber, "Separate Spheres, Female Worlds, Woman's Place: The Rhetoric of Woman's History," Journal of American History 75, 1 (June 1988): 9-39.
24. On depictions of colonial women, see Carol Karlsen, The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England (New York, 1987); Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, Goodwives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Women in Northern New England, 1650-1750 (New York, 1982); Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women Before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill, 1995); and Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (New York, 1980), 19, 31. For later developments, see Jan Lewis, "The Republican Wife: Virtue and Seduction in the Early Republic," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., XLIV, 4 (October 1987): 689-721 and Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1860 (Urbana, 1986). For discussions of 19th-century women and gender roles, consult Barbara Welter's classic "The Cult of True Womanhood, 1820-1860," 313-33 in The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, ed. Michael Gordon (New York, 1978); Nancy Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere: in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven, 1977), and Linda Kerber, "Separate Spheres, Female Worlds, Woman's Place: The Rhetoric of Woman's History," Journal of American History 75, 1 (June 1988): 9-39.
25. On depictions of colonial women, see Carol Karlsen, The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England (New York, 1987); Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, Goodwives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Women in Northern New England, 1650-1750 (New York, 1982); Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women Before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill, 1995); and Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (New York, 1980), 19, 31. For later developments, see Jan Lewis, "The Republican Wife: Virtue and Seduction in the Early Republic," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., XLIV, 4 (October 1987): 689-721 and Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1860 (Urbana, 1986). For discussions of 19th-century women and gender roles, consult Barbara Welter's classic "The Cult of True Womanhood, 1820-1860," 313-33 in The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, ed. Michael Gordon (New York, 1978); Nancy Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere: in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven, 1977), and Linda Kerber, "Separate Spheres, Female Worlds, Woman's Place: The Rhetoric of Woman's History," Journal of American History 75, 1 (June 1988): 9-39.
26. On depictions of colonial women, see Carol Karlsen, The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England (New York, 1987); Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, Goodwives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Women in Northern New England, 1650-1750 (New York, 1982); Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women Before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill, 1995); and Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (New York, 1980), 19, 31. For later developments, see Jan Lewis, "The Republican Wife: Virtue and Seduction in the Early Republic," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., XLIV, 4 (October 1987): 689-721 and Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1860 (Urbana, 1986). For discussions of 19th-century women and gender roles, consult Barbara Welter's classic "The Cult of True Womanhood, 1820-1860," 313-33 in The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, ed. Michael Gordon (New York, 1978); Nancy Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere: in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven, 1977), and Linda Kerber, "Separate Spheres, Female Worlds, Woman's Place: The Rhetoric of Woman's History," Journal of American History 75, 1 (June 1988): 9-39.
27. On depictions of colonial women, see Carol Karlsen, The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England (New York, 1987); Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, Goodwives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Women in Northern New England, 1650-1750 (New York, 1982); Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women Before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill, 1995); and Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (New York, 1980), 19, 31. For later developments, see Jan Lewis, "The Republican Wife: Virtue and Seduction in the Early Republic," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., XLIV, 4 (October 1987): 689-721 and Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1860 (Urbana, 1986). For discussions of 19th-century women and gender roles, consult Barbara Welter's classic "The Cult of True Womanhood, 1820-1860," 313-33 in The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, ed. Michael Gordon (New York, 1978); Nancy Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere: in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven, 1977), and Linda Kerber, "Separate Spheres, Female Worlds, Woman's Place: The Rhetoric of Woman's History," Journal of American History 75, 1 (June 1988): 9-39.
28. Biographical information was drawn from Doris Sherrow, "Murder in Middletown: Lower-Class Life in Connecticut in 1815," in House and Home, Annual Proceedings of the Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife, vol. 13 (Boston, 1990), 38-47, esp. 38-39; 43-44.
29. Lung, Brief Account, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
30. Lung, Ibid., 9, 10; Sherrow, "Murder in Middletown," 45.
31. Lung, Ibid., 9, 10; Sherrow, "Murder in Middletown," 45.
32. Swift, Vindication, 9, 10, 48; American Mercury, 10 August 1815, 3.
33. Swift, Vindication, 9, 10, 48; American Mercury, 10 August 1815, 3.
34. Advertisements for these letters appear in the American Mercury, 19 March and 2 April 1816.
35. "Charge of Judge Swift," Middlesex Gazette 7 Sept. 1815, 3.
36. Swift, Vindication, 9.
37. Middlesex Gazette 28 Dec. 1815, 3. Judge Trumbull's charge also appeared in the American Mercury 9 January 1816, 3.
38. Middlesex Gazette 28 Dec. 1815, 3. Judge Trumbull's charge also appeared in the American Mercury 9 January 1816, 3.
39. Field, Warning against Drunkenness, 13, 19.
40. Benjamin Rush, The Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Body and Mind, (1784), reprinted in The Temperance Volume; Embracing the Temperance Tracts of the American Tract Society (New York, 1839), 6; Benjamin Wadsworth, Intemperance a National Evil. A Discourse Delivered in the Brick Meeting House in Danvers, Before the Society in that Town for Suppressing Intemperance and Other Vices, and for Promoting Temperance and General Morality. June 29, 1815 (Salem, 1815), 10; Fairfield West Consociation, Calm Dissuasive, 6, 38.
41. Benjamin Rush, The Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Body and Mind, (1784), reprinted in The Temperance Volume; Embracing the Temperance Tracts of the American Tract Society (New York, 1839), 6; Benjamin Wadsworth, Intemperance a National Evil. A Discourse Delivered in the Brick Meeting House in Danvers, Before the Society in that Town for Suppressing Intemperance and Other Vices, and for Promoting Temperance and General Morality. June 29, 1815 (Salem, 1815), 10; Fairfield West Consociation, Calm Dissuasive, 6, 38.
42. Benjamin Rush, The Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Body and Mind, (1784), reprinted in The Temperance Volume; Embracing the Temperance Tracts of the American Tract Society (New York, 1839), 6; Benjamin Wadsworth, Intemperance a National Evil. A Discourse Delivered in the Brick Meeting House in Danvers, Before the Society in that Town for Suppressing Intemperance and Other Vices, and for Promoting Temperance and General Morality. June 29, 1815 (Salem, 1815), 10; Fairfield West Consociation, Calm Dissuasive, 6, 38.
43. Benjamin Rush, The Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Body and Mind, (1784), reprinted in The Temperance Volume; Embracing the Temperance Tracts of the American Tract Society (New York, 1839), 6; Benjamin Wadsworth, Intemperance a National Evil. A Discourse Delivered in the Brick Meeting House in Danvers, Before the Society in that Town for Suppressing Intemperance and Other Vices, and for Promoting Temperance and General Morality. June 29, 1815 (Salem, 1815), 10; Fairfield West Consociation, Calm Dissuasive, 6, 38.
44. Samuel Worcester, D.D., The Drunkard a Destroyer; A Discourse Delivered before the Massachusetts Society for the Suppression of Intemperance, at their Anniversary Meeting, May 30, 1817 (Boston, 1817), 6; John T. Kirkland, D. D., A Sermon, Delivered before the Massachusetts Society for the Suppression of Intemperance, at their Annual Meeting in Boston, May 27, 1814 (Boston, 1814), 8; Alexander Gunn, A Sermon on the Prevailing Vice of Intemperate Drinking, Delivered in the Reformed Church, Bloomingdale, in the City of New York, on Friday, The First Day of the New Year, 1813 (New York, 1813), 16; Rev. Stephen Badger, The Substance of Two Discourses on Intemperance; delivered at Natick; by the Late Rev. Stephen Badger, Minister of that Place (Boston, 1811), 16-17.
45. Samuel Worcester, D.D., The Drunkard a Destroyer; A Discourse Delivered before the Massachusetts Society for the Suppression of Intemperance, at their Anniversary Meeting, May 30, 1817 (Boston, 1817), 6; John T. Kirkland, D. D., A Sermon, Delivered before the Massachusetts Society for the Suppression of Intemperance, at their Annual Meeting in Boston, May 27, 1814 (Boston, 1814), 8; Alexander Gunn, A Sermon on the Prevailing Vice of Intemperate Drinking, Delivered in the Reformed Church, Bloomingdale, in the City of New York, on Friday, The First Day of the New Year, 1813 (New York, 1813), 16; Rev. Stephen Badger, The Substance of Two Discourses on Intemperance; delivered at Natick; by the Late Rev. Stephen Badger, Minister of that Place (Boston, 1811), 16-17.
46. Samuel Worcester, D.D., The Drunkard a Destroyer; A Discourse Delivered before the Massachusetts Society for the Suppression of Intemperance, at their Anniversary Meeting, May 30, 1817 (Boston, 1817), 6; John T. Kirkland, D. D., A Sermon, Delivered before the Massachusetts Society for the Suppression of Intemperance, at their Annual Meeting in Boston, May 27, 1814 (Boston, 1814), 8; Alexander Gunn, A Sermon on the Prevailing Vice of Intemperate Drinking, Delivered in the Reformed Church, Bloomingdale, in the City of New York, on Friday, The First Day of the New Year, 1813 (New York, 1813), 16; Rev. Stephen Badger, The Substance of Two Discourses on Intemperance; delivered at Natick; by the Late Rev. Stephen Badger, Minister of that Place (Boston, 1811), 16-17.
47. Samuel Worcester, D.D., The Drunkard a Destroyer; A Discourse Delivered before the Massachusetts Society for the Suppression of Intemperance, at their Anniversary Meeting, May 30, 1817 (Boston, 1817), 6; John T. Kirkland, D. D., A Sermon, Delivered before the Massachusetts Society for the Suppression of Intemperance, at their Annual Meeting in Boston, May 27, 1814 (Boston, 1814), 8; Alexander Gunn, A Sermon on the Prevailing Vice of Intemperate Drinking, Delivered in the Reformed Church, Bloomingdale, in the City of New York, on Friday, The First Day of the New Year, 1813 (New York, 1813), 16; Rev. Stephen Badger, The Substance of Two Discourses on Intemperance; delivered at Natick; by the Late Rev. Stephen Badger, Minister of that Place (Boston, 1811), 16-17.
48. Field, Ibid., 13-14; 23-24.
49. On this point, see Stansell, City of Women, 80-83.
50. Field, Warning against Drunkenness, 9. "The Cogitations of Uncle John," alluded to earlier (see ff. 3), similarly asserted that the "habit of intoxication is of slow and silent growth," not a sudden development. Middlesex Gazette 7 September 1815, 1.
51. Field, Warning against Drunkenness, 9. "The Cogitations of Uncle John," alluded to earlier (see ff. 3), similarly asserted that the "habit of intoxication is of slow and silent growth," not a sudden development. Middlesex Gazette 7 September 1815, 1.
52. Lung, Brief Account, 11-12.
53. Swift, Vindication, 10-11.
54. Swift, Ibid., 14. On husbands abusing their wives without leaving marks, see Jerome Nadelhaft, "Alcohol and Wife Abuse in Antebellum Male Temperance Literature," Canadian Review of American Studies 25,1 (Winter 1995): 15-43, esp. 34; on women crying murder to summon help, Stansell, City of Women, 81. I am indebted to Doris Sherrow for bringing the possibility of Lucy's self-injury as a response to Peter's abuse to my attention.
55. Swift, Ibid., 14. On husbands abusing their wives without leaving marks, see Jerome Nadelhaft, "Alcohol and Wife Abuse in Antebellum Male Temperance Literature," Canadian Review of American Studies 25,1 (Winter 1995): 15-43, esp. 34; on women crying murder to summon help, Stansell, City of Women, 81. I am indebted to Doris Sherrow for bringing the possibility of Lucy's self-injury as a response to Peter's abuse to my attention.
56. Swift, Ibid., 14. On husbands abusing their wives without leaving marks, see Jerome Nadelhaft, "Alcohol and Wife Abuse in Antebellum Male Temperance Literature," Canadian Review of American Studies 25,1 (Winter 1995): 15-43, esp. 34; on women crying murder to summon help, Stansell, City of Women, 81. I am indebted to Doris Sherrow for bringing the possibility of Lucy's self-injury as a response to Peter's abuse to my attention.
57. For background on the political dimensions of the Lung case, see Purcell, Connecticut in Transition; and David M. Roth and Freeman Meyer, From Revolution to Constitution: Connecticut 1763 to 1818 (Chester, 1975), 42-68.
58. For background on the political dimensions of the Lung case, see Purcell, Connecticut in Transition; and David M. Roth and Freeman Meyer, From Revolution to Constitution: Connecticut 1763 to 1818 (Chester, 1975), 42-68.
59. Swift, Vindication, 11-12. In his summary of the petition, Swift claims that Lung acknowledged that "he is a great transgressor, though innocent of the charge made against him," and requested "the least of the indulgencies in the power of the legislature to grant, with a humble claim of pardon," (14). At the end of his diatribe against the legislature, Swift faulted the assembly for granting Lung "a trial which he did not request . . . The object of his petition was a pardon," (48). Swift, then, may have over-reacted to the legislature's action, which was probably not meant as a rebuke to him, but rather an attempt to appear fair to a citizenry that looked on the state government with increasing suspicion and hostility. Unwilling to simply pardon what they believed to be a murderer, the legislature granted a second trial to placate public unrest, expecting correctly that it too would lead to a death sentence for Lung.
60. Swift, Ibid., 12, 13, 14.
61. Lung, Brief Account, 6, 9; Middlesex Gazette. 27 June 1816. This stubborn refusal to admit unreservedly that he struck the blow that killed Lucy influenced David Field to doubt the sincerity of Lung's repentance and conversion. See Field, Warning against Drunkenness, 26-27.
62. Lung, Brief Account, 6, 9; Middlesex Gazette. 27 June 1816. This stubborn refusal to admit unreservedly that he struck the blow that killed Lucy influenced David Field to doubt the sincerity of Lung's repentance and conversion. See Field, Warning against Drunkenness, 26-27.
63. Lung, Brief Account, 6, 9; Middlesex Gazette. 27 June 1816. This stubborn refusal to admit unreservedly that he struck the blow that killed Lucy influenced David Field to doubt the sincerity of Lung's repentance and conversion. See Field, Warning against Drunkenness, 26-27.
64. Some of these women became notorious through the same genre of crime literature that Lung himself employed. See, for example, Patience Boston, A Faithful Narrative of the Wicked Life and Remarkable conversion of Patience Boston (1738), A Faithful Narrative of Elizabeth Wilson (1786), and Life, Last Words , and Dying confession of Rachel Wall (1789), all reprinted in Williams, Pillars of Salt. Though narratives of this type usually emphasized repentance and conversion, they also contributed to negative images of women by assuming that they were capable of egregious sins.
65. Some of these women became notorious through the same genre of crime literature that Lung himself employed. See, for example, Patience Boston, A Faithful Narrative of the Wicked Life and Remarkable conversion of Patience Boston (1738), A Faithful Narrative of Elizabeth Wilson (1786), and Life, Last Words , and Dying confession of Rachel Wall (1789), all reprinted in Williams, Pillars of Salt. Though narratives of this type usually emphasized repentance and conversion, they also contributed to negative images of women by assuming that they were capable of egregious sins.
66. Some of these women became notorious through the same genre of crime literature that Lung himself employed. See, for example, Patience Boston, A Faithful Narrative of the Wicked Life and Remarkable conversion of Patience Boston (1738), A Faithful Narrative of Elizabeth Wilson (1786), and Life, Last Words , and Dying confession of Rachel Wall (1789), all reprinted in Williams, Pillars of Salt. Though narratives of this type usually emphasized repentance and conversion, they also contributed to negative images of women by assuming that they were capable of egregious sins.
67. Some of these women became notorious through the same genre of crime literature that Lung himself employed. See, for example, Patience Boston, A Faithful Narrative of the Wicked Life and Remarkable conversion of Patience Boston (1738), A Faithful Narrative of Elizabeth Wilson (1786), and Life, Last Words , and Dying confession of Rachel Wall (1789), all reprinted in Williams, Pillars of Salt. Though narratives of this type usually emphasized repentance and conversion, they also contributed to negative images of women by assuming that they were capable of egregious sins.
68. Middlesex Gazette 27 June 1816.
69. Field, Warning against Drunkenness, 14, 24; Lung, Brief Account, 6. Clearly, positive images of women existed during the colonial period as well, as Laurel Thatcher Ulrich and others have chronicled. But alongside images of goodwives and helpmeets were representations of women as carnal, sinful, and corrupt, and these persisted as at least a cultural undercurrent beyond the colonial era. Peter Lung drew on this latter tradition to defend himself against public animus. For positive images of women, consult Ulrich, Goodwives and Dayton, Women Before the Bar, 62-65. On the image of woman as corrupt, see Kerber, Women of the Republic, 31; Stansell, City of Women, 20-21; Dayton, Women Before the Bar, 226.
70. Field, Warning against Drunkenness, 14, 24; Lung, Brief Account, 6. Clearly, positive images of women existed during the colonial period as well, as Laurel Thatcher Ulrich and others have chronicled. But alongside images of goodwives and helpmeets were representations of women as carnal, sinful, and corrupt, and these persisted as at least a cultural undercurrent beyond the colonial era. Peter Lung drew on this latter tradition to defend himself against public animus. For positive images of women, consult Ulrich, Goodwives and Dayton, Women Before the Bar, 62-65. On the image of woman as corrupt, see Kerber, Women of the Republic, 31; Stansell, City of Women, 20-21; Dayton, Women Before the Bar, 226.
71. Field, Warning against Drunkenness, 14, 24; Lung, Brief Account, 6. Clearly, positive images of women existed during the colonial period as well, as Laurel Thatcher Ulrich and others have chronicled. But alongside images of goodwives and helpmeets were representations of women as carnal, sinful, and corrupt, and these persisted as at least a cultural undercurrent beyond the colonial era. Peter Lung drew on this latter tradition to defend himself against public animus. For positive images of women, consult Ulrich, Goodwives and Dayton, Women Before the Bar, 62-65. On the image of woman as corrupt, see Kerber, Women of the Republic, 31; Stansell, City of Women, 20-21; Dayton, Women Before the Bar, 226.
72. Field, Warning against Drunkenness, 14, 24; Lung, Brief Account, 6. Clearly, positive images of women existed during the colonial period as well, as Laurel Thatcher Ulrich and others have chronicled. But alongside images of goodwives and helpmeets were representations of women as carnal, sinful, and corrupt, and these persisted as at least a cultural undercurrent beyond the colonial era. Peter Lung drew on this latter tradition to defend himself against public animus. For positive images of women, consult Ulrich, Goodwives and Dayton, Women Before the Bar, 62-65. On the image of woman as corrupt, see Kerber, Women of the Republic, 31; Stansell, City of Women, 20-21; Dayton, Women Before the Bar, 226.
73. Field, Warning against Drunkenness, 14, 24; Lung, Brief Account, 6. Clearly, positive images of women existed during the colonial period as well, as Laurel Thatcher Ulrich and others have chronicled. But alongside images of goodwives and helpmeets were representations of women as carnal, sinful, and corrupt, and these persisted as at least a cultural undercurrent beyond the colonial era. Peter Lung drew on this latter tradition to defend himself against public animus. For positive images of women, consult Ulrich, Goodwives and Dayton, Women Before the Bar, 62-65. On the image of woman as corrupt, see Kerber, Women of the Republic, 31; Stansell, City of Women, 20-21; Dayton, Women Before the Bar, 226.
74. Field, Warning against Drunkenness, 14, 24; Lung, Brief Account, 6. Clearly, positive images of women existed during the colonial period as well, as Laurel Thatcher Ulrich and others have chronicled. But alongside images of goodwives and helpmeets were representations of women as carnal, sinful, and corrupt, and these persisted as at least a cultural undercurrent beyond the colonial era. Peter Lung drew on this latter tradition to defend himself against public animus. For positive images of women, consult Ulrich, Goodwives and Dayton, Women Before the Bar, 62-65. On the image of woman as corrupt, see Kerber, Women of the Republic, 31; Stansell, City of Women, 20-21; Dayton, Women Before the Bar, 226.
75. Lung, Brief Account, 4, 14.
76. Lung Ibid., 9; 12; Swift, Vindication, 13. On the image of depraved woman, see Karlsen, Devil in the Shape of a Woman. For discussions of changing patterns of alcohol abuse and conceptions of intemperance, see W. J. Rorabaugh, The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition (New York, 1979).
77. Lung Ibid., 9; 12; Swift, Vindication, 13. On the image of depraved woman, see Karlsen, Devil in the Shape of a Woman. For discussions of changing patterns of alcohol abuse and conceptions of intemperance, see W. J. Rorabaugh, The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition (New York, 1979).
78. Lung Ibid., 9; 12; Swift, Vindication, 13. On the image of depraved woman, see Karlsen, Devil in the Shape of a Woman. For discussions of changing patterns of alcohol abuse and conceptions of intemperance, see W. J. Rorabaugh, The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition (New York, 1979).
79. Lung Ibid., 9; 12; Swift, Vindication, 13. On the image of depraved woman, see Karlsen, Devil in the Shape of a Woman. For discussions of changing patterns of alcohol abuse and conceptions of intemperance, see W. J. Rorabaugh, The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition (New York, 1979).
80. On the image of victimized woman in antebellum temperance literature, see Harry Gene Levine, "Temperance and Women in 19th-century United States," in Oriana J. Kalant, ed., Alcohol and Drug Problems in Women, vol. 5 of Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems (New York, 1980), 25-67; Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of Social Policy against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present (New York, 1987), 49-66; and Nadelhaft, "Alcohol and Wife Abuse."
81. On the image of victimized woman in antebellum temperance literature, see Harry Gene Levine, "Temperance and Women in 19th-century United States," in Oriana J. Kalant, ed., Alcohol and Drug Problems in Women, vol. 5 of Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems (New York, 1980), 25-67; Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of Social Policy against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present (New York, 1987), 49-66; and Nadelhaft, "Alcohol and Wife Abuse."
82. On the image of victimized woman in antebellum temperance literature, see Harry Gene Levine, "Temperance and Women in 19th-century United States," in Oriana J. Kalant, ed., Alcohol and Drug Problems in Women, vol. 5 of Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems (New York, 1980), 25-67; Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of Social Policy against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present (New York, 1987), 49-66; and Nadelhaft, "Alcohol and Wife Abuse."
83. Levine, "Temperance and Women," 34. On the transition of temperance literature from didactic to sensational, consult David S. Reynolds, Beneath the American Renaissance: The Subversive Imagination in the Age of Emerson and Melville (Cambridge, 1989), 65.
84. Levine, "Temperance and Women," 34. On the transition of temperance literature from didactic to sensational, consult David S. Reynolds, Beneath the American Renaissance: The Subversive Imagination in the Age of Emerson and Melville (Cambridge, 1989), 65.
85. See also Karlsen, Devil in the Shape of a Woman, 256-57. Karlsen notes that the middle class ideology of domesticity would, in the 19th century, ascribe negative female characteristics to women of color and of the lower class. Thus, in later years, if Lucy's drinking was mentioned at all, it would probably have been attributed to the depravity of her class, rather than an inherent flaw in the female sex. On the formation of the middle class, see Stuart Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760-1900 (Cambridge, 1989).
86. See also Karlsen, Devil in the Shape of a Woman, 256-57. Karlsen notes that the middle class ideology of domesticity would, in the 19th century, ascribe negative female characteristics to women of color and of the lower class. Thus, in later years, if Lucy's drinking was mentioned at all, it would probably have been attributed to the depravity of her class, rather than an inherent flaw in the female sex. On the formation of the middle class, see Stuart Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760-1900 (Cambridge, 1989).
87. Field, Warning against Drunkenness, 9, 11, 15.
88. th of February, 1833, at Rome (Utica, 1833), 12; Report of the Agency of Intemperance in the Production of Pauperism (Philadelphia, 1836), 7.
89. th of February, 1833, at Rome (Utica, 1833), 12; Report of the Agency of Intemperance in the Production of Pauperism (Philadelphia, 1836), 7.
90. th of February, 1833, at Rome (Utica, 1833), 12; Report of the Agency of Intemperance in the Production of Pauperism (Philadelphia, 1836), 7.
91. Field, Warning against Drunkenness, 23. Daniel A. Cohen suggests that even Field's sermon, despite its similarity to 18th-century models, moves away from a strictly individualistic understanding of intemperance as a personal sin to a more sociological conception of it as a social problem produced by custom and market forces. See his Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 96-98.
92. Field, Warning against Drunkenness, 23. Daniel A. Cohen suggests that even Field's sermon, despite its similarity to 18th-century models, moves away from a strictly individualistic understanding of intemperance as a personal sin to a more sociological conception of it as a social problem produced by custom and market forces. See his Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace, 96-98.
93. "A Leaf from the Chapter of Intemperance," in Temperance Almanac for the Year of our Lord 1835 (Philadelphia, 1834), 20.
94. Ibid., 21.