Why we don't need self-esteem: On fundamental needs, contingent love, and mindfulness

Psychological Inquiry

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 71-76

  Ryan, Richard M ^a   Brown, Kirk Warren ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0042155644     PISSN: 1047840X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Note

References (37)

1. Andersen, S. M., Chen, S., & Carter, C. (2000). Fundamental human needs: Making social cognition relevant. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 269-318.
2. Assor, A., Roth, G., & Deci, E. L. (in press). The emotional costs of parents' conditional regard: A self-determination theory analysis. Journal of Personality.
3. Blasi, A. (1988). Identity and the development of the self. In D. K. Lapsley & F. C. Power (Eds.), Self, ego, and identity: Integrative approaches (pp. 226-242). New York: Springer-Verlag.
4. Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822-848.
5. Claxton, G. (2000). Neurotheology: Buddhism, cognitive science and mystical experience. In G. Watson, S. Batchelor, & G. Claxton (Eds.), The psychology of awakening (pp. 90-111). York Beach, ME: Samuel Weiser.
6. Cooley, C. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York: Scribner.
7. Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. (1999). A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 627-668.
8. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.
9. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on motivation (pp. 237-288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
10. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1995). Human autonomy: The basis for true self-esteem. In M. Kernis (Ed.), Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem (pp. 31-49). New York: Plenum.
11. Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "what" and the "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268.
12. Epstein, M. (1995). Thoughts without a thinker. New York: Basic Books.
13. Grolnick, W. S., & Apostoleris, N. H. (2002). What makes parents controlling? In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self determination research (pp. 161-181). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
14. Hanh, T. N. (Speaker). (1998). Mindfulness and psychotherapy [Cassette recording] (STC W103). Boulder, CO: Sounds True.
15. Harter, S. (1993). Visions of self: Beyond the me in the mirror. In J. E. Jacobs (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Developmental perspectives on motivation (Vol. 40, pp. 99-144). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
16. Hodgins, H., & Knee, C. R. (2002). The integrating self and conscious experience. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self determination research (pp. 87-100). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
17. Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1996). Further examining the American dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 80-87.
18. Kasser, T., Ryan, R. M., Zax, M., & Sameroff, A. J. (1995). The relations of maternal and social environments to late adolescents' materialistic and prosocial values. Developmental Psychology, 31, 907-914.
19. Loevinger, J. (1976a). Ego development. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
20. McAdams, D. P. (1990). The person: An introduction to personality psychology. New York: Harcourt Brace.
21. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
22. Psyzczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (2000). Toward a dialectical analysis of growth and defensive motives. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 301-305.
23. Reis, H. T., Sheldon, K. M., Gable, S. L., Roscoe, J., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). Daily well-being: The role of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 419-435.
24. Rogers, C. (1961). On becoming a person. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
25. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
26. Ryan, R. M. (1982). Control and information in the intrapersonal sphere: An extension of cognitive evaluation theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 450-461.
27. Ryan, R. M. (1995). Psychological needs and the facilitation of integrative processes, Journal of Personality, 63, 397-427.
28. Ryan, R. M., & Connell, J. P. (1989). Perceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 749-761.
29. Ryan, R.M. & Deci, E. L. (2000) Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78.
30. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-166.
31. Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Grolnick, W. S. (1995). Autonomy, relatedness, and the self: Their relation to development and psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 1, Theory and methods (pp. 618-655). New York: Wiley.
32. Ryan, R. M., Koestner, R., & Deci, E. L. (1991). Ego-involved persistence: When free-choice behavior is not intrinsically motivated. Motivation and Emotion, 15, 185-205.
33. Ryan, R. M., & Kuczkowski, R. (1994). The imaginary audience, self-consciousness, and public individuation in adolescence. Journal of Personality, 62, 219-238.
34. Ryan, R. M., Sheldon, K.M., Kasser, T., & Deci, E.L. (1996). All goals are not created equal: An organising perspective on the nature of goals and their regulation. In P. M. Gollwitzer & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 7-26). New York: Guilford.
35. Sedikides, C., & Skowronski, J. J. (2000). On the evolutionary functions of the symbolic self: The emergence of self-evaluation motives. In A. Tesser, R. B. Felson, & J. M. Suls (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on self and identity (pp. 91-117). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
36. Sheldon, K. M., Elliot, A. J., Kim, Y., & Kasser, T. (2001). What is satisfying about satisfying events? Testing 10 candidate psychological needs. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 80, 325-339.
37. Strauss, J. & Ryan, R. M. (1987). Autonomy disturbances in subtypes of anorexia nervosa. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 254-258.