Leveling the playing field: Reforming the office for civil rights to achieve better title IX enforcement

Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 1999, Pages

  Setty, Sudha ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0042137145     PISSN: 00101923     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (6)

1. 20 U.S.C. § 1681 (a) (1994).
2. Title IX applies only to "federally-funded" educational institutions, but the definition of federally-funded is broad, and includes all public and most private schools and post-secondary institutions. See Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987, 20 U.S.C. § 1687 (1988).
3. See 117 Cong. Rec. 30, 155-56, 30, 406-09, 39, 261-62 (1971) (legislative history of Title IX).
4. See North Haven Bd. of Educ. v. Bell, 456 U.S. 512, 530-31 (1982) (holding that the legislative history of Title IX shows that Congress intended Title IX to cover employment discrimination); Henschke v. New York Hosp.-Cornell Med. Ctr., 821 F. Supp. 166 (S.D.N.Y. 1993).
5. See Franklin v. Gwinnett County Pub. Sch., 503 U.S. 60 (1992) (holding that sexual harassment is one form of sexual discrimination under Title IX); Davis v. DeKalb County Sch. Dist., 996 F. Supp. 1478 (N.D. Ga. 1998) (stating that a teacher's sexual molestation of a student constitutes a Title IX violation if notice is given).
6. Although athletics were not explicitly mentioned in Title DC legislation, it became clear that Congressional intent included consideration of athletics with the passing of further regulations two years later. See 34 C.F.R. § 106.41 (1996).