The role of professionals in the South African chemical and biological warfare programme

Minerva

Volumn 40, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 77-91

  Gould, Chandré ^a   Folb, Peter ^b  

^a University of Cape Town ^*  (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0042119071     PISSN: 00264695     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1015061614159     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Reference to the documents made available at the TRC hearings will be made in this paper. All the documents used in this research were made available to the public during the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Hearing into chemical and biological warfare in 1998 and are part of a collection prepared by the Centre for Conflict Resolution's CBW research project.
2. Major General B. Mortimer, 'SA Defence Force Involvement in the Internal Security Situation in the Republic of South Africa', Submission in respect of the former SADF to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 21 October 1996.
3. Gavin Cawthra, Brutal Force. The Apartheid War Machine (London: IDAF, 1986), 24-25.
4. Joseph Hanlon, Beggar Your Neighbour (London: CIIR, 1986), 7.
5. Ibid., 25.
6. Jacklyn Cock, 'The Role of Violence in Current State Security Strategies', in Mark Swilling (ed.), Views on South African State (Pretoria: HSRC, 1990), 101-102.
7. Cawthra, op. cit. note 3, 29.
8. Mortimer, op. cit. note 2, 4.
9. Mortimer, op. cit. note 2, 5.
10. General Magnus Malan, Submission to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 9.
11. Ibid., 13.
12. General Constand Viljoen, head of the SADF at the time of the initiation of the CBW programme, was quoted in the Star newspaper in 1997 as saying that he had instructed Basson to develop a teargas that would: 'prevent a tragedy like Sharpeville' from occurring again. 'We were trying to avoid bloodshed. I asked him to develop a teargas which would neutralise the offensive spirit of the people. There was no intention of producing mustard-gas or anything else', he said.
13. Ben Styen, 'Voorligting aan die Minister van Verdediging oor die verloop en huidige status van Projekte Coast en Jota te George op 7 Jan 1993' [Presentation to the Minister of Defence about the course and current status of Projects Coast and Jota in George on 7 January 1993] (South African Defence Force document, GG/UG/302/6/J1282/5), 1. The SA CBW programme was initially code-named Coast, this was changed towards the end of the project to Jota for security reasons.
14. Ruling by Justice Hartzenberg in The State vs Dr Wouter Basson in the Pretoria High Court on 16 February 2000. The ruling was in response to an application from the state for the Judge to recuse himself from the case.
15. Testimony of Dr Wouter Basson at the TRC hearing into chemical and biological warfare (Cape Town, 13 July 1998).
16. Personal communication, Dr Willie Basson to author (C.G.), 2 April 1998. Delta G Scientific, Production: Mosrefcat, 31 August 1988. It was confirmed during testimony at the TRC hearing in 1998 that Mosrefcat was the code-name given to methaqualone.
17. General Daniel Knobel, A letter from the Surgeon General to Philip Mijburgh, 7 August 1992, headed: Produksie van d-N,a-dimethylphenethylamine (Baxil) [Production of d-N,a-dimethylphenethylamine (Baxil)].
18. Now known as the Pretoria Academic Hospital.
19. Testimony of Dr Goosen at the TRC hearing into chemical and biological warfare, (Cape Town, 11 June 1998).
20. Marlene Burger, daily trial report prepared for the Centre for Conflict Resolution's chemical and biological warfare research project (unpublished, 22 May 2000). 00 Ibid.
21. Interview with author (C.G.), Pretoria, 1 December 1999.
22. Testimony of Dr Schalk Van Rensberg at the TRC hearing into chemical and biological warfare (Cape Town, 9 June 1998). 00 Ibid.
23. Testimony of Mike Odendal at the TRC hearing into chemical and biological warfare (Cape Town, 9 June 1998).
24. Testimony of Dr Schalk Van Rensberg at the TRC hearing into chemical and biological warfare (Cape Town, 9 June 1998).
25. Author unknown, Bacillus anthrax (Roodeplaat Research Laboratories document made available to the public during the TRC hearing, Cape Town, June 1998).
26. This document, made public at the TRC hearing into chemical and biological warfare in June 1998, was authored by Dr André Immelman, head of research at RRL. According to Dr Immelman's testimony in the Pretoria High Court in The State vs Wouter Basson, on
27. May 2000, this was a list of substances he made available to people introduced to him by Dr Wouter Basson. Immelman identified some as members of the South African Police.
28. Andre Immelman, 'Verkope Lys' (Roodeplaat Research Laboratories document, 1989).
29. Author unknown, Moniliformin (Roodeplaat Research Laboratories document made available to the public during the TRC hearing, Cape Town, June 1998).
30. James Davies, 'Roodeplaat Navorsingslaboratorium. Aansoek om 'n projek te regis-treer. Doel: Bepaling van die toksisiteit van PO en nikotien as 'n kombinasie in die hond' [Application to register a project. Aim: Determination of the toxicity of paraoxon and nicotine as a combination in the dog] (Roodeplaat Research Laboratories document made available to the public during the TRC hearing, Cape Town, June 1998, document dated 30 June 1986).
31. Gert Lourens, Delta G Scientific Research, Product FP/00/M01, February 1988;
32. Correspondence from General D.P Knobel (Surgeon General) headed: Bevestiging van Ontvangs van Produkte Gelewer: Projek Coast/Jota (HSF/UG/302/6/C119) [Confirmation of Receipt of Products Delivered: Project Coast/Jota], 9 November 1992. W.B. Basson, CBW 16: Afskryfwaardes [Write-off values], 1 February 1994.
33. Johan Koekemoer and R.I. Thompson, 'A three year project proposal for the further investigation into the synthesis and evaluation of cannabinoid analogues, with particular reference to their psychological impact' (Delta G Research proposal, 28 August 1989);
34. and Johan Koekemoer and R.I. Thompson, 'An investigation into the synthesis of FP/00/T52 analogues with particular reference to their psychological impact' (Delta G Research proposal, 28 August 1989).
35. Testimony of Dr W. Basson at the TRC hearing into chemical and biological warfare (Cape Town, 31 July 1998).
36. J.P. De Villiers, 'Perspectives in Chemical Warfare', lecture given to a joint meeting of the Northern Transvaal Branch of the SA Chemical Institute and the Institute for Strategic Studies (University of Pretoria, August 1982).