The audience

Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media

Volumn 42, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 190-207

  Webster, James G ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0042116664     PISSN: 08838151     EISSN: 15506878     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08838159809364443     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Adorno, T. W., & Horkheimer, M. (1977). The culture industry: Enlightenment as mass deception. In J. Curran, M. Gurevitch, & J. Woolacott (Eds.), Mass communciation and society (pp. 349-383). London: Arnold.
2. Allor, M. (1968). Relocating the site of the audience. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 5(3), 217-233.
3. Anderson, J. (1996). The pragmatics of audience in research and theory. In J. Hay, L. Grossberg, & E. Wartella (Eds.) The audience and its landscape (pp. 75-93). Boulder: Westview Press.
4. Ang, I. (1991). Desperately seeking the audience. London: Routledge.
5. Barwise, T. P., & Ehrenberg, A. S. C. (1988). Television and its audience. London: Sage.
6. Baudrillard, J. (1983). In the shadow of the silent majorities. New York: Semiotext.
7. Beniger, J. R. (1987). Toward an old new paradigm: The half-century flirtation with mass society. Public Opinion Quarterly, 51 (Suppl.), S46-S66.
8. Beville, H. M., Jr. (1988). Audience ratings: Radio, television, cable (Rev. ed). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
9. Biocca, F. A. (1988). Opposing conceptions of the audience: The active and passive hemisphere of mass communication theory. In J. Anderson (Ed.), Communication Yearbook, 11 (pp. 51-80). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
10. Blumer, H. (1946). The field of collective behavior. In A. M. Lee (Ed.), New outline of the principles of sociology (pp. 167-222). New York: Barnes and Noble.
11. Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
12. Blumler, J. G. (1979). The role of theory in uses and gratifications studies. Communication Research, 6, 9-36.
13. Blumler, J. G. (1996). Recasting the audience in the new television marketplace. In J. Hay, L. Grossberg, & E. Wartella (Eds.) The audience and its landscape (pp. 97-111). Boulder: Westview Press.
14. Blumler, J. G., Gurevitch, M., & Katz, E. (1985). Reaching out: A future for gratifications research. In K. Rosengren, L. Wenner, & P. Palmgreen (Eds.), Media gratifications research: Current perspectives (pp. 255-273). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
15. Bogart, L. (1996). Research as an instrument of power. In E. Dennis & E. Wartella (Eds.), American communication research: The remembered history (pp. 135-146). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
16. Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A critique of the judgement of taste. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
17. Bryant, J., & Street, R. L. (1988). From reactivity to activity and action: An evolving concept and weltanschauung in mass and interpersonal communication. In R. Hawkins, J. Wiemann, & S. Pingree (Eds.). Advancing communication science: Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp. 162-190). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
18. Bryant, J., & Zillmann, D. (Eds.). (1994). Media effects: Advances in theory and research. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
19. Calhoun, C. (1992). Introduction: Habermas and the public sphere. In C. Calhoun (Ed.). Habermas and the public sphere (pp. 1-48). Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
20. Cantor, M. G. (1994). The role of audience in the production of culture: A personal research retrospective. In J. Ettema & D. C. Whitney (Eds.), Audiencemaking: How the media create the audience (pp. 159-170). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
21. Carey, J. W. (1989). Communication as culture: Essays on media and society. London: Routledge.
22. Chaffee, S., & Hochheimer, J. (1985). The beginnings of political communication research in the United States: Origins of the "limited effects" model. In M. Gurevitch & M. R. Levy (Eds.), Mass communication review yearbook (pp. 75-104). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
23. Cmiel, K. (1996). On cynicism, evil, and the discovery of communication in the 1940s. Journal of Communication, 46(3), 88-107.
24. Czitrom, D. J. (1982). Media and the American mind: From Morse to McLuhan. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
25. Dayan, D., & Katz, E. (1992). Media events: The live broadcasting of history. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
26. Entman, R. M., & Wildman, S. S. (1992). Reconciling economic and non-economic perspectives on media policy: Transcending the "marketplace of ideas." Journal of Communication, 42(1), 5-19.
27. Ettema, J. S., & Whitney, D. C. (1994). The money arrow: An introduction to audiencemaking. In J. Ettema & D. C. Whitney (Eds.), Audiencemaking: How the media create the audience (pp. 1-18). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
28. Fish, S. (1980). Is there a text in this class? The authority of interpretive communities. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
29. Frank, R. E., & Greenberg, M. G. (1980). The public's use of television. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
30. Gandy, O. H. (1992). The political economy approach: A critical challenge. Journal of Media Economics, 5, 23-42.
31. Gandy, O. H. (1993). The panoptic sort: A political economy of personal information. Boulder, CO: Westview.
32. Gans, H. (1974). Popular culture and high culture: An analysis and evaluation of taste. New York: Basic Books.
33. Garnham, N. (1992). The media and the public sphere. In C. Calhoun (Ed). Habermas and the public sphere (pp. 359-376). Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
34. Gerbner, G., & Gross, L. (1976). Living with television: The violence profile. Journal of Communication, 26, 173-199.
35. Giddens, A. (1979). Central problems in social theory: Action, structure, and contradiction in social analysis. London: Macmillan.
36. Giddens, A. (1987). Social theory and modern sociology. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
37. Gitlin, T. (1978). Media sociology: The dominant paradigm. Theory and Society, 6, 205-253.
38. Habermas, J. (1974). The public sphere. New German Critique,3(49).
39. Habermas, J. (1991). The structural transformation of the public sphere. (trans.). Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
40. Hall, S. (1980). Encoding/decoding. In S. Hall, D. Hobson, A. Lowe, & P. Willis (Eds.), Culture, media, language (pp.128-138). London: Hutchinson.
41. Harms, J. B., & Dickens, D. R. (1996). Postmodern media studies: Analysis or symptom? Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 13, 210-227.
42. Hawkins, R. P., & Pingree, S. (1986). Activity in the effects of television on children. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Perspectives on media effects (pp. 233-250). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
43. Hearn, G. (1989). Active and passive conceptions of the television audience: Effects of a change in viewing routine. Human Relations, 42(10), 857-875.
44. Jensen, K. B. (1987). Qualitative audience research: Toward an integrative approach to reception. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 4, 21-36.
45. Jensen, K. B. (1995). The social semiotics of mass communication. London: Sage.
46. Jensen, K. B., & Rosengren, K. E. (1990). Five traditions in search of the audience. European Journal of Communication, 5, 207-238.
47. Katz, E. (1987). Communication research since Lazarsfeld. Public Opinion Quarterly, 51 (Suppl.), S25-S45.
48. Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1974). Utilization of mass communication by the individual. In J. G. Blumler & E. Katz (Eds.), The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp. 19-32). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
49. Katz, E., & Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1955). Personal influence: The part played by people in the flow of mass communications. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
50. Klapper, J. (1960). The effects of mass communication. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
51. Kubey, R., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Television and the quality of life: How viewing shapes everyday experience. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
52. Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1941). Remarks on administrative and critical communications research. Studies of Philosophy and Social Science, 9(1) 2-16.
53. Levy, M. R., & Windahl, S. (1985). The concept of audience activity. In K. E. Rosengren, L. A. Wenner, & P. Palmgreen (Eds.) Media gratifications research (pp. 109-122). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
54. Lewis, G. (1981). Taste cultures and their composition: Towards a new theoretical perspective. In E. Katz & T. Szecsko (Eds.), Mass media and social change. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
55. Lindlof, T. R. (1987). Media audiences as interpretive communities. Communication Yearbook, 11, 81-107.
56. Lindlof, T. R. (1995). Qualitative communication research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
57. Lowery, S., & DeFleur, M. L. (1987). Milestones in mass communication research: Media effects (2nd ed.). New York: Longman.
58. Lull, J. (1980). The social uses of television. Human Communication Research, 6, 197-209.
59. Lull, J. (1988). The audience as nuisance. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 5(3), 239-243.
60. McPhee, W. N. (1963). Formal theories of mass behavior. New York: The Free Press.
61. McGuire, W. J. (1996). The Yale communication and attitude-change program in the 1950s. In E. Dennis & E. Wartella (Eds.), American communication research: The remembered history, (pp. 39-59). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
62. McQuail, D. (1997). Audience analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
63. McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding media: The extensions of man. New York: McGraw-Hill.
64. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
65. Meyrowitz, J. (1985). No sense of place: The impact of electronic media on social behavior. New York: Oxford University Press.
66. Moores, S. (1993). Interpreting audiences: The ethnography of media consumption. London: Sage.
67. Morley, D. (1980). The nationwide audience: Structure and decoding. London: British Film Institute.
68. Mosco, V. (1996). The political economy of communication. London: Sage.
69. Noelle-Neumann, E. (1993). The spiral of silence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
70. Owen, B. M., & Wildman, S. W. (1992). Video economics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
71. Peters, J. D. (1995). Historical tensions in the concept of public opinion. In T. Glasser & C. Salmon (Eds.) Public opinion and the communication of consent (pp. 3-32). New York: Guilford Press.
72. Peterson, R. A. (1994). Measured markets and unknown audiences: Case studies from the production of culture and consumption of music. In J. S. Ettema & D. C. Whitney (Eds.), Audiencemaking: How the media create the audience (pp. 171-185). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
73. Pietila, V. (1994). Perspectives on our past: Charting the histories of mass communication studies. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 11, 346-361.
74. Porter, T. M. (1986). The rise of statistical thinking: 1820-1900. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
75. Radway, J. A. (1991). Reading the romance: Women, patriarchy, and popular literature. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
76. Rogers, E.M. (1994). A history of communication study: A biographical appoach. New York: Free Press.
77. Rosengren, K. E., Wenner, L. A., & Palmgreen, P. (Eds). (1985). Media gratifications research: Current perspectives. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
78. Rosenstein, A. W., & Grant, A. E. (1997). Reconceptualizing the role of habit: A new model of television audience activity. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 41(3), 324-344.
79. Rubin, A. M. (1993). Audience activity and media use. Communication Monographs, 60, 98-115.
80. Rust, R. T. (1986). Advertising media models: A practical guide. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
81. Rust, R. T., Kamakura, W. A., & Alpert, M. I. (1992). Viewer preference segmentation and viewing choice models of network television. Journal of Advertising, 21(1), 1-18.
82. Schramm, W. (Ed.) (1955). The meaning of meaning. In The process and effects of mass communication (pp. 109-114). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
83. Schroder, K. (1987). Convergence of antagonistic traditions? The case of audience research. European Journal of Communication, 2, 7-31.
84. Smythe, D. W. (1977). Communications: Blindspot of western Marxism. Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory, 1, 1-27.
85. Steiner, P. O. (1952). Program patterns and preferences, and the workability of competition in radio broadcasting. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 66, 194-223.
86. Webster, J. G. & Lichty, L. W. (1991). Ratings analysis: Theory and practice. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
87. Webster, J. G. & Phalen, P. F. (1994). Victim, consumer, or commodity? Audience models in communication policy. In J. Ettema & D. C. Whitney (Eds.), Audiencemaking: How the media create the audience (pp. 19-37). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
88. Webster, J. G., & Phalen, P. F. (1997). The mass audience: Rediscovering the dominant model. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
89. Williams, R. (1983). Culture & society: 1780-1950. New York: Columbia University Press.
90. Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (Eds.). (1985). Selective exposure to communication. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
91. Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1985). Affect, mood, and emotion as determinants of selective exposure. In D. Zillmann & J. Bryant (Eds.), Selective exposure to communication (pp. 157-190). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.