Air Transport and Sustainable Development

Environmental Policy and Law

Volumn 33, Issue 3-4, 2003, Pages 138-143

  Abeyratne, Ruwantissa ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR POLLUTION; AIR QUALITY; AIR TRANSPORTATION; AIRCRAFT ENGINES; CLIMATE CHANGE; FUEL CONSUMPTION; GREENHOUSE EFFECT; LAWS AND LEGISLATION; NOISE ABATEMENT; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

HIGH ALTITUDES;

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT;

AIR TRANSPORTATION; EMISSION CONTROL; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; TRAFFIC EMISSION;

EID: 0042092272     PISSN: 0378777X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change, (1998) 37 ILM 22.
2. Report of the Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection, Fifth Meeting, Montreal, 8-17 January 2001, ICAO Doc 9777, CAEP/5 at p. 1A-1.
3. Brundtland et al., Our Common Future, WCED: Oxford University Press, Oxford: 1987. This report outlines the findings of the World Commission on Environment and Development ( WCED) on the state of the world environment to set an agenda for change.
4. Ibid.
5. Aviation and the Global Atmosphere, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press: 1999 at p. 4.
6. In 2001, Africa's economy achieved a 3.7 per cent GDP increase. The aggregate economy of the region with the largest share of the world economy, Asia and the Pacific, grew at some 3.6 per cent in 2001, above the world average. Europe achieved an average GDP growth of 1.9 per cent, almost half of the growth rate of the previous year. The Central and Eastern European economies grew around 3 per cent. The countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) showed a significant GDP growth, averaging about 6.2 per cent, but about 2 per cent lower than the previous year. The Latin America and the Caribbean Region was adversely affected both by the slowdown in the global economy and by the financial crisis in Argentina. As a result, the Region's GDP growth slowed down to 0.7 per cent, about 3 percentage points lower than the previous year. Linked to the fall in oil prices, the Middle East Region's economy grew only by about 4.5 per cent, down almost 1 percentage point from the previous year. In 2001, the 25 largest airports in the world handled some 1030 million passengers, according to preliminary estimates. During the same period, the airports concerned (16 of which are located in North America, 6 in Europe and 3 in Asia) also handled some 11 million commercial air transport movements. See Annual Report of The Council 2001, ICAO Doc. 9786, Chapter I.
7. Ibid. Between 1992 and 2001, the reported number of commercial air transport aircraft in service increased by about 39 per cent from 14 919 to 20 771 (excluding aircraft with a maximum take-off mass of less than 9000 kg). Within these totals, turbojet aircraft numbers increased by about 35 per cent, from 12, 008 to 16, 229, over the same period. In 2001, 990 jet aircraft were ordered (compared with 1553 in 2000) and 1219 aircraft were delivered (compared with 1009 in 2000). The backlog of unfilled orders at the end of 2001 was 3799 aircraft, compared with 3649 at the end of 2000. The financial commitment in terms of jet aircraft orders placed with major aircraft manufacturers in 2001 is estimated to be about 69 billion. The number of turboprop and piston aircraft ordered in 2001 was 89, and 109 aircraft were delivered during the year.
8. 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio Summit).
9. See. P.W. Birnie and A. Boyle, Basic Documents on International Law and the Environment, Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1995 at p. 6.
10. See Purpose for a Resolution of the Council of European Communities on a Community Programme of Policy and Action in relation to the Environment and Sustainable Development, a document released in 1992 which quotes the 1972 endorsement. Brussels, 30 March 1992, Doc COM(92) 23 final, Vol. II at p. 19.
11. Renata Serra, The Causes of Environmental Degradation, in The Economics of Environmental Degradation (ed. Timothy M. Swanson) UNEP, Edward Elgar: Cheltenham, 1996, at pp. 82 and 87.
12. Convention on International Civil Aviation, signed at Chicago on 7 December 1944. See ICAO Doc. 7300 Eighth Edition, 2000.
13. See C.A. Primo Braga, Tropical Forests and Trade Policy: The Case of Indonesia and Brazil, in International Trade and the Environment (ed. P. Low), Discussion Paper No. 159, World Bank: Washington DC (1992) at pp. 173-194.
14. UNEP, 1988 Annual Report of the Executive Director, UN Doc UNEP/GC. 15/4 (1989) at p. 54.
15. UNEP/GCSS. 1/7/add.1 (Nairobi, 1988) at p. 91.
16. Ibid, Article 44 d.
17. Ibid. Article 44 i.
18. See R.I.R. Abeyratne, 'Emissions Trading as a Market-based Option in Air Transport - Contractual Issues', Environmental Policy and law, Vol. 29, No. 5; November 1999, pp. 226-35.
19. Duncan Brack, International Trade and the Montreal Protocol, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, Earthscan; London, 1996, at p. 2.
20. Article 15, inter alia, generally requires that any charges that may be imposed or permitted to be imposed by a Contracting State for the use of airports and air navigation facilities by aircraft shall not be higher than those that are payable by national aircraft of the State imposing such charges.
21. ICAO's policies on taxes and charges are contained in Doc. 8632. These policies recommend, inter alia, the reciprocal exemption from all taxes levied on fuel taken on board by aircraft in connection with international air services, and reduction, to the fullest possible extent or elimination of taxes related to the sale or use of international air transport.
22. UNFPA/Norman Myers, Population, Resources and the Environment: The Critical Challenges, UN Population Fund, New York: 1991 at p. 5.