Carbon dioxide along WOCE line A14: Water masses characterization and anthropogenic entry

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 108, Issue 4, 2003, Pages

  Rios A F ^a   Alvarez Salgado X A ^a   Perez F F ^a   Bingler, L S ^b   Aristegui J ^c   Memery L ^d  

^a INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES MARINAS   (Spain)

^b PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA   (Spain)

^d INSTITUT PIERRE SIMON LAPLACE   (France)

Author keywords

Anthropogenic carbon; South Atlantic; Water masses

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE; CARBON DIOXIDE; TRACER; WATER MASS; WOCE;

(SOUTH); ATLANTIC OCEAN;

EID: 0042090362     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2000jc000366     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Álvarez-Salgado, X. A., F. Fraga, and F. F. Pérez, Determination of nutrients salts by automatic methods both in sea and brackish water: The phosphate blank, Mar. Chem., 39, 311-319. 1992.
2. Anderson, L. A., and J. L. Sarmiento, Redfield ratios of remineralization determined by nutrient data analysis, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 8, 65-80, 1994.
3. Andrié, C., Chlorofluoromethanes in the Deep Equatorial Atlantic revisited, in The South Atlantic: Present and Past Circulation, edited by G. Wefer et al., pp. 273-288, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1996.
4. 2 fluxes in the Tropical Atlantic during FOCAL cruises, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 11,741-11,755, 1986.
5. Andrié, C., J.-F. Ternon, M.-J. Messias, L. Mémery, and B. Bourlès, Chlorofluoromethanes distributions in the deep equatorial Atlantic during January-March 1993, Deep Sea Res., 45, 903-930, 1998.
6. Arhan, M., H. Mercier, B. Bourlès, and Y. Gouriou, Hydrographic sections across the Atlantic at 7°30N and 4°30S, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 45, 829-872, 1998.
7. Arhan, M., H. Mercier, and J. Lutjeharms, The disparate evolution of the three Agulhas rings in the South Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 20,987-21,005, 1999.
8. Bakker, D. C. E., H. J. W. de Baar, and E. de Jong, The dependence on temperature and salinity of dissolved inorganic carbon in east Atlantic surface waters, Mar. Chem., 65, 263-280, 1999.
9. Boebel, O., C. Schmid, and W. Zenk, Flow and recirculation of Antartic Intermediate Water across the Rio Grande Rise, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 20,967-20,986, 1997.
10. Brea, S., Hidrografia del Sureste Atlántico, Sección WOCE A14 (4°N-46°S), BSC thesis, 71 pp., Univ. de Vigo, Vigo, Spain, 1998.
11. 2 increase, Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 997-1000, 1978.
12. Broecker, W. S., and T.-H. Peng, Tracers in the Sea, 690 pp., Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, N.Y., 1982.
13. Broecker, W. S., T. Takahashi, and Y. H. Li, Hydrography of the central Atlantic-I. The two-degree discontinuity, Deep Sea Res., 23, 1083-1104, 1976.
14. 2 in seawater and air, Deep Sea Res., 35, 839-853, 1988.
15. 2 in the Atlantic and Southern Oceans, Deep Sea Res., 29, 563-580, 1982.
16. Chen, C. T., and F. J. Millero, Gradual increase of oceanic carbon dioxide, Nature, 277, 205-206, 1979.
17. 2-system characterizations: Precision and thermodynamic consistency, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 42, 411-429, 1995.
18. Dickson, A. G., An exact definition of total alkalinity and procedure for the estimation of alkalinity and total inorganic carbon from titration data, Deep Sea Res., 28, 609-623, 1981.
19. Dickson, A. G., and J. P. Riley, The estimation of the acid dissociation constants in seawater media from potentiometric titrations with strong base, I. The ionic product of water Kw, Mar. Chem., 7, 89-99, 1979.
20. Doney, S. C., and J. L. Bullister, A chlorofluorocarbon section in the eastern North Atlantic, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 39, 1857-1883, 1992.
21. Edmond, J. M., and J. M. Gieskes, On the calculation of the degree of saturation of sea water with respect to calcium carbonate under in situ conditions, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 34, 1261-1291, 1970.
22. Friedrichs, M. A. M., M. S. McCartney, and M. M. Hall, Hemispheric asymmetry of deep water transport modes in the Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25,165-25,179, 1994.
23. Gordon, A. L., and K. T. Bosley, Cyclonic gyre in the Tropical South Atlantic, Deep Sea Res., 38, S323-S343, 1991.
24. Groupe CITHER-3, Recueil de Données, Campagne CITHER 3, N/O L'Atalante (11 Janvier-2 Avril 1995), vol. 2, CTD-O2, Rapport Interne LPO 96-05, 532 pp., IFREMER/Centre de Brest, Plouzané, France, 1996.
25. Groupe CITHER-3, Recueil de Données, Campagne CITHER 3, N/O L'Atalante (11 Janvier-2 Avril 1995), vol. 3, Traceurs Géochimiques. Rapport Interne LPO 98-03, 586 pp., IFREMER/Centre de Brest, Plouzané, France, 1998.
26. 2 in the Atlantic Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 12, 165-191, 1998.
27. 2 in the oceans, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 10, 809-837, 1996.
28. Hansen, H. P., and K. Grasshoff, Automated chemical analysis, in Methods of Seawater Analysis, edited by K. Grasshoff, M. Ehrhardt, and K. Kremlig, 419 pp., Springer-Verlag, New York, 1983.
29. 2 analysis for marine studies: Automation and calibration, Mar. Chem., 21, 117-133, 1987.
30. Johnson, K. M., K. D. Wills, D. B. Butler, W. K. Johnson, and C. S. Wong, Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: Maximizing the performance of an automated gas extraction system and coulometric detector, Mar. Chem., 17, 1-21, 1993.
31. 2 concentrations, Mar. Chem., 67, 123-144, 1999.
32. Joyce, T., and C. Corry, Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic Programme data reporting, WHP Off. Rep. 90-1 WOCE Rep. 67/91, 144 pp., Natl. Sci. Found., Woods Hole, Mass., 1994.
33. Keeling, C. D., T. P. Whorf, M. Wahlen, and J. van der Plicht, Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980, Nature, 375, 666-670, 1995.
34. Larqué, L., K. Maamaatuaiahutapu, and V. Garcon, On the intermediate and deep water flows in the South Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 12,425-12,440, 1997.
35. Lee, K., F. J. Millero, and R. Wanninkhof, The carbon dioxide system in the Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 15,693-15,707, 1997.
36. 2 in the tropical Atlantic in 1995, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 5623-5634, 1998.
37. Lyman, J., Buffer mechanism of seawater, Ph.D. thesis, 196 pp., Univ. of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif., 1956.
38. McCartney, M. S., Crossing of the equator by the deep western boundary current in the western Atlantic Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1953-1974, 1993.
39. T in seawater: A comparison of direct measurements and thermodynamic calculations, Mar. Chem., 60, 63-73, 1998.
40. Mehrbach, C., C. H. Culberson, J. E. Hawley, and R. M. Pytkowicz, Measurements of the apparent dissociation constant of carbonic acid in sea-water at atmospheric pressure, Limnol. Ocean, 8, 897-907, 1973.
41. Mémery, L., M. Arhan, X. A. Alvarez-Salgado, M.-J. Messias, H. Mercier, G. C. Castro, and A. F. Rios, The water masses along the western boundary of the south and equatorial Atlantic, Progr. Oceanogr., 47, 69-98, 2000.
42. Mercier, H., and M. Arhan, Two meridional hydrographic sections in the eastern South Atlantic Ocean (WHP lines A13 and A14), Intl. WOCE Newsl., 28, 28-30, 1997.
43. Mercier, H., and P. Morin, Hydrography of the Romanche and Chain Fracture Zones, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 10,373-10,389, 1997.
44. Mercier, H., G. L. Weatherly, and M. Arhan, Bottom water throughflows at the Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande Fracture Zones, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1503-1506, 2000.
45. Millero, F. J., Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 661-677, 1995.
46. 2 measurements in the equatorial Pacific, Mar. Chem., 44, 269-280, 1993.
47. Mourino, C., and F. Fraga, Determinación de nitratos en agua de mar, Invest. Pesq., 49, 81-96, 1985.
48. 2 record from the Siple station ice core, in Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, Rep. ORNL/CDIAC-65, pp. 11-14, edited by T. Boden et al., Carbon Dioxide Inf. Anal. Cent., Oak Ridge Nath. Lab., Oak Ridge, Tenn., 1994.
49. 2 mole fraction, Tellus, Ser, B, 41, 537-553, 1989.
50. 2 océanique et atmosphérique sur la période 1982-1984 dans l'Atlantique tropical, Deep Sea. Res., 34, 1107-1137, 1987.
51. Oudot, C., P. Morin, F. Baurand, M. Wafar, and P. Le Corre, Northern and southern water masses in the equatorial Atlantic: Distribution of nutrients in the WOCE A6 and A7 lines, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 45, 873-902, 1998.
52. Pérez, F. F., and F. Fraga, The pH measurements in seawater on NBS scale, Mar. Chem., 21, 315-327, 1987a.
53. Pérez, F. F., and F. Fraga, A precise and rapid analytical procedure for alkalinity determination, Mar. Chem., 21, 169-182, 1987b.
54. 2, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 49, 859-875, 2002.
55. Peterson, R. G., and L. Stramma, Upper-level circulation in the South Atlantic Ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 26, 1-73, 1991.
56. Peterson, R. G., and T. Whitworth, The subantarctic and polar fronts in relation to deep water masses through the Southwestern Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 10,817-10,838, 1989.
57. 2 in the Antarctic Bottom water?, Deep Sea Res., 34, 1255-1275, 1987.
58. Reid, J. L., On the total geostrophic circulation of the South Atlantic Ocean: Flow patterns, tracers, and transports, Prog. Oceanogr., 23, 149-244, 1989.
59. Rhein, M., L. Stramma, and U. Send, The Atlantic deep western boundary current: Water masses and transports near the equator, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 2441-2457, 1995.
60. Richardson, P. L., and W. J. Schmitz, Deep cross-equatorial flow in the Atlantic measured with SOFAR floats, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8371-8387, 1994.
61. Rios, A. F., F. F. Pérez, and F. Fraga, Long-term (1977-1997) measurements of carbon dioxide in the Eastern North Atlantic: Evaluation of anthropogenic input, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 48, 2227-2239, 2001.
62. 2 transfer and the carbon budget of the North Atlantic, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London; 348, 211-219, 1995.
63. Siedler, G., N. Zangenberg, R. Onkeb, and A. Morlière, Seasonal changes in the tropical Atlantic circulation: Observation and simulation of the Guinea Dome, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 703-715, 1992.
64. 2 measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 7005-7022, 1985.
65. Speer, K. G., G. Siedler, and L. Talley, The namib col current, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 42, 1933-1950, 1995.
66. Stramma, L., and M. England, On the water masses and mean circulation of the South Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 20,863-20,883, 1999.
67. Takahashi, T., W. S. Broecker, and S. Langer, Redfield ratio based on chemical data from isopycnal surfaces, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 6907-6924, 1985.
68. Tsuchiya, M., L. D. Talley, and M. S. McCartney, Water-mass distributions in the western South Atlantic: A section from South Georgia Island (54°S) northward across the equator, J. Mar. Res., 52, 55-81, 1994.
69. UNESCO, Background papers and supporting data on the Practical Salinity Scale, 1978, UNESCO Tech. Pap. Mar. Sci., 34, 144 pp., 1981.
70. UNESCO, Progress on oceanographic tables and standards 1983-1986: Work and recommendations of the UNESCO/SCOR/ICES/IAPSO joint panel, UNESCO Tech. Pap. Mar. Sci., 50, 59 pp., 1986.
71. U.S. Department of Energy, Handbook of methods for the analysis of the various parameters of the carbon dioxide system in sea water, version 2.0, USDOE SRGP-89-7A, Washington, D.C., 1994.
72. Walker, S. J., R. F. Weiss, and P. K. Salameh, Reconstructed histories of the annual mean atmospheric mole fractions for the halocarbons CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113 and carbon tetrachloride. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 14,285-14,296, 2000.
73. 2 invasion into the Atlantic Ocean, Tellus, Ser. B, 51, 511-530, 1999.
74. Warner, M. J., and R. F. Weiss, Solubility of chlorofluorocarbons 11 and 12 in water and seawater, Deep Sea Res., 32, 1485-1497, 1985.
75. Warner, M. J., and R. F. Weiss, Chlorofluoromethanes in south Atlantic Antarctic intermediate water, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 39, 2053-2075, 1992.
76. Warren, B. A., and K. G. Speer, Deep circulation in the eastern South Atlantic Ocean, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 38, S281-S322, 1991.
77. 2 transfer, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, 348, 125-132, 1995.
78. Weiss, R. F., Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: The solubility of a non-ideal gas, Mar. Chem., 2, 203-215, 1974.
79. Weiss, R. F., J. L. Bullister, R. H. Gammon, and M. J. Warner, Atmospheric chlorofluoromethanes in the deep equatorial Atlantic, Nature, 314, 608-610, 1985.
80. Wüst, G., Die stratosphäre, Wiss. Ergeb. Dtsch. Atl. Exped., 6(1/2), 109-288, 1935.
81. Yentsch, C. S., and D. W. Menzel, A method for the determination of phytoplankton chlorophyll and pheophytin by fluorescence, Deep Sea Res., 10, 221-231, 1963.