Plant conservation: Old problems, new perspectives

Biological Conservation

Volumn 113, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 321-335

  Heywood, Vernon H ^a   Iriondo, José M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID   (Spain)

Author keywords

Conservation biology; Conservation strategies; Conservation tools; Convention on Biological Diversity; Management; Sustainable development

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION; HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; METHODOLOGY; PLANT; SUSTAINABILITY;

EID: 0042021718     PISSN: 00063207     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00121-6     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. Andelman, S.J., Fagan, W.F., 2000. Umbrellas and flagships: efficient conservation surrogates or expensive mistakes? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97, 5954-5959.
2. Ashton, P.S., 1987. Biological considerations in in-situ versus ex-situ plant conservation. In: Bramwell, D., Hamann, O., Heywood, V.H., Synge, H. (Eds.), Botanic Gardens and the World Conservation Strategy. Academic Press, London, pp. 117-130.
3. Avise, J.C., 1992. Molecular population structure and the biogeographic history of a regional fauna: a case history with lessons for conservation biology. Oikos 63, 62-76.
4. Avise, J.C., Hamrick, J.L. (Eds.), 1996. Conservation Genetics: Case Histories from Nature. Chapman and Hall, New York.
5. Boutin, B., Jobin, B., 1998. Intensity of agricultural practices and effects of adjacent habitats. Ecological Applications 8, 544-557.
6. Bowles, M.L., Whelan, C.J., 1994. Restoration of Endangered Species: Conceptual Issues, Planning and Implementation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
7. Brandon, K., 1997. Policy and practical considerations in land-use strategies for biodiversity conservation. In: Kramer, R., van Schaik, C., Johnson, J. (Eds.), Last Stand. Protected Areas and the Defense of Tropical Biodiversity. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 90-114.
8. Callicot, J.B., 1997. Conservation values and ethics. In: Meffe, G.K., Carroll, C.R. (Eds.), Principles of Conservation Biology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
9. Caswell, H., 2001. Matrix Population Models. Construction, Analysis and Interpretation. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
10. Charlesworth, D., Charlesworth, B., 1987. Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18, 237-268.
11. Chazdon, R.L., 1996. Spatial heterogeneity in tropical forest structure: canopy palms as landscape mosaics. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11, 8-9.
12. Condit, R., Hubbell, S.P., Foster, R., 1992. Short-term dynamics of a Neotropical forest. BioScience 42, 822-828.
13. Conway, W., 1988. Can technology aid species preservation? In: Wilson, E.O. (Ed.), Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp. 263-268.
14. Davis, S.D., Heywood, V.H., Hamilton, A.C. (Eds.), 1994. Centres of Plant Diversity. A Guide and Strategy for their Conservation Vol. 1. Europe, Africa, South West Asia and the Middle East. Vol. 2. Asia, Australasia and the Pacific. Vol. 3. The Americas (North America, Middle America, Caribbean Islands, South America)-1997. WWF and IUCN, IUCN Publications Unit, Cambridge.
15. de Blois, S., Bouchard, A., 1995. Dynamics of Thuja occidentalis L. in an agricultural landscape of southern Quebec. Journal of Vegetation Science 6, 531-542.
16. Debouck, D.G., 2000. Perspectives about in situ conservation of wild relatives of crops in Latin America. In: In situ Conservation Research, Proceedings of an International Conference held from 13th to 15th October 1999. National Institute of Agrobiological Resources, Tsukuba, Japan.
17. Delbaere, B., 2002. Biodiversity Indicators and Monitoring: Moving towards Implementation (ECNC Technical Report Series). European Centre for Nature Conservation, Tilburg.
18. De la Cruz-Rot, M., 2001. Manejo y conservación de comunidades vegetales. II Seminario de Biología de la Conservación de Plantas Amenazadas. Universidad Politécnica, Madrid.
19. Draper, D., Roselló-Graell, A., García, C., Tauleigne Gomes, C., Sérgio, C., 2003. Application of GIS in plant conservation programmes in Portugal. Biological Conservation, this issue (doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00125-3).
20. Ellstrand, N.C., 1992. Gene flow by pollen: implications for plant conservation genetics. Oikos 63, 77-86.
21. Escudero, A., Iriondo, J.M., Torres, E., 2003. Spatial analysis of genetic diversity as a tool for plant conservation. Biological Conservation, this issue (doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00122-8).
22. Foreman, D., Dugelby, B., Humphrey, J., Howard, B., Holdsworth, A., 2000. The elements of a wildlands network conservation plan. Wild Earth 10, 17-30.
23. Gaston, K.J., 1996a. What is biodiversity. In: Gaston, K.J. (Ed.), Biodiversity. A Biology of Numbers and Difference. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp. 1-9.
24. Gaston, K.J., 1996b. Species richness: measure and measurement. In: Gaston, K.J. (Ed.), Biodiversity. A Biology of Numbers and Difference. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp. 77-113.
25. Ginzburg, L.R., Ferson, S., Akçakaya, H.R., 1990. Reconstructibility of density dependence and the conservative assessment of extinction risks. Conservation Biology 4, 63-70.
26. Gómez-Campo, C., 2000. Long-term seed preservation: the risk of selecting inadequate containers is very high. Monografías ETSIA, Univ. Politécnica de Madrid 163, 1-10.
27. Grime, J.P., 1997. Biodiversity and ecosystem function: the debate deepens. Science 277, 1260-1261.
28. Groves, C.R., Jensen, D.B., Valutis, L.R., Redford, K.H., Shaffer, M.L., Scott, J.M., Baumgartner, J.V., Higgins, J.V., Back, M.W., Anderson, M.G., 2002. Planning for biodiversity conservation: putting conservation science into practice. BioScience 52, 499-512.
29. Hammond, A., Adriaanse, A., Rodenburg, E., Bryant, D., Woodward, R., 1995. Environmental Indicators: A Systematic Approach to Measuring and Reporting on Environmental Policy Performance in the Context of Sustainable Development. World Resources Institute, Washington DC.
30. Hanski, I., 1999. Metapopulation Ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
31. Hanski, I., Gilpin, M.E. (Eds.), 1997. Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics & Evolution. Academic Press, London.
32. Hanski, I., Moilanen, A., Gyllenberg, M., 1996. Minimum viable metapopulation size. American Naturalist 147, 527-541.
33. Hansson, L., 2001. Indicators of biodiversity: recent approaches and some general suggestions. Ecological Bulletins 50, 223-229.
34. Harper, J.L., 1992. Foreword. In: Fiedler, P.L., Jain, S.K. (Eds.), Conservation Biology. The Theory and Practice of Nature Conservation and Management. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. xii-xviii.
35. Hawkes, J.G, Maxted, N., Ford-Lloyd, B.V., 2000. The Ex Situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
36. Heywood, V.H., 1994. The new science of synthesis. Naturopa 73, 4-5.
37. Heywood, V.H. (Ed.), 1995. Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
38. Heywood, V.H., 1999. The role of botanic gardens in ex situ conservation of agrobiodiversity. In: Gass, T., Frese, L., Begemann, F., Lipman, E. (Eds.), Implementation of the Global Plan of Action in Europe - Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Proceedings of the European Symposium, 30 June-3 July 1998, Braunschweig, Germany. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, pp. 102-107.
39. Heywood, V.H., 2002. The future of botanic gardens - challenges and conflicts. In: Espirito Santo, M.D., Soares, A.L., Costa, J.C. (Eds.), Jardins Botânicos. Que Perspective para o Futuro? Actas VII Simpósio da Associação Ibero-Macaronésica de Jardins Botânicos. Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Lisboa, pp. 11-21.
40. Heywood, V.H., Baste, I., Gardner, K.A.. In: Heywood, V.H. (Ed.), Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-19.
41. Hubbell, S.P., 2001. The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
42. Huntley, B., 1999. Species distribution and environmental change. In: Maltby, E., Hodgate, M., Acreman, M., Weir, A. (Eds.), Ecosystem Management. Questions for Science and Society. Royal Holloway Institute for Environmental Research, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, pp. 115-129.
43. Iriondo, J.M., Pérez, C., 1999. Propagation from seeds and seed preservation. In: Bowes, B.G. (Ed.), A Colour Atlas of Plant Propagation and Conservation. Manson Publishing, London, pp. 46-57.
44. Iriondo, J.M., Albert, M.J., Escudero, A., 2003. Structural equation modelline: an alternative for assessing causal relationships in threatened plant populations. Biological Conservation, this issue (doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00129-0).
45. IUCN/UNEP/WWF, 1980. World Conservation Strategy: Living Resources Conservation for Sustainable Development. IUCN, Gland.
46. IUCN, 2000a. 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge.
47. IUCN, 2000b. A core set of issues with a menu of indicators. In: Fifth Meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (Montreal, Canada, 31 January - 4 February 2000). Implementation of Article 7 Identification and Monitoring: Development of Indicators of Biological Diversity. Available from: http://www.iucn.org/themes/biodiversity/sbstta5/article7.pdf.
48. Jobin, B., Boutin, C., DesGranges, J.L., 1996. Habitats fauniques du milieu rural québécois: une analyse floristique. Canadian Journal of Botany 74, 323-336.
49. Jordan III., W.R., Gilpin, M.E., Aber, J.D., 1987. Restoration Ecology. A Synthetic Approach to Ecological Research. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
50. Jordan, C.F., 1995. Conservation. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
51. Kramer, R., van Schalk, C., Johnson, J. (Eds.), 1997. Last Stand. Protected Areas and the Defense of Tropical Biodiversity. Oxford University Press, New York.
52. Laguna, E., Crespo, M.B., Mateo, G., López, S., Fabregat, C., Serra, L., Herrero-Borgoñón, J.J., Carretero, J.L., Aguilella, A., Figuerola, R., 1998. Flora Endémica Rara o Amenazada de la Comunidad Valenciana. Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia.
53. Laliberté, B., 1997. Botanic garden seed banks/genebanks worldwide, their facilities, collections and network. Botanic Gardens Conservation News 2, 18-23.
54. Lambeck, R.J., 1997. Focal species: a multi-species umbrella for nature conservation. Conservation Biology 11, 849-856.
55. Lambeck, R.J., 1999. Landscape planning for biodiversity conservation in agricultural regions: a case study from the wheatbelt of Western Australia. Biodiversity technical paper 2. Environment Australia, Camberra.
56. Lawton, J.H., 1994. What do species do in ecosystems? Oikos 71, 367-374.
57. Lefkovitch, L.P., 1965. The study of population growth in organisms grouped by stages. Biometrics 21, 1-18.
58. Leopold, A., 1949. A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There. Ballantine Books/Oxford University Press, New York.
59. Lindenmayer, D.B., Margules, C.R., Botkin, D., 2000. Indicators of forest sustainability biodiversity: the selection of forest indicator species. Conservation Biology 14, 941-950.
60. Lindenmayer, D.B., Manning, A.D., Smith, P.L., Possingham, H.P., Fischer, J., Oliver, I., McCarthy, M.A., 2002. The focal-species approach and landscape restoration: a critique. Conservation Biology 16, 338-345.
61. Loreau, M., Barbault, R., Kawanaabe, H., Higashi, M., Alvarez-Buylla, E., Renaud, F., 1995. Dynamics of biodiversity at the community and ecosystem level. In: Heywood, V.H. (Ed.), Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 245-259.
62. Luken, J.O., 1990. Directing Ecological Succession. Chapman and Hall, London.
63. MacArthur, R.H., Wilson, E., 1963. An equilibrium theory of insular zoography. Evolution 17, 373-387.
64. MacArthur, R.H., Wilson, E., 1967. The Theory of Island Biogeography. Monographs in Population Biology. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
65. Margules, C.R., Pressey, L., 2000. Systematic conservation planning. Nature 405, 243-253.
66. Marín, J.M., Montes Diez, R., Ríos Insua, D., 2003. Bayesian methods in plant conservation biology. Biological Conservation, this issue (doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00124-1).
67. Marrero-Gómez, M.V., Bañares-Baudet, A., Carqué-Álamo, E., 2003. Plant resource conservation planning in protected natural areas: an example from the Canary Islands, Spain. Biological Conservation, this issue (doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00126-5).
68. Maxted, N., 2003. Conserving the genetic resources of crop wild relatives in European protected areas. Biological Conservation, this issue (doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00123-X).
69. May, R.M., Lawton, J.H., Stork, N.E., 1995. Assessing extinction rates. In: Lawton, J.H., May, R.M. (Eds.), Extinction Rates. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 1-24.
70. Menges, E.S., 1990. Population viability analysis for an endangered plant. Conservation Biology 4, 52-62.
71. Mooney, H.A., Cushman, J.H., Medina, E., Sala, O.E., Schulze, E.-D. (Eds.), 1996. Functional Roles of Biodiversity: A Global Perspective. John Wiley, New York.
72. Mooney, H.A., Lubchenco, J., Dirzo, R., Sala, O.E. (Eds.), 1995a. Biodiversity and ecosystem function: basic principles. In: Heywood, V.H. (Ed.), Global Biodiversity Assessment. Section 5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 275-325.
73. Mooney, H.A., Lubchenco, J., Dirzo, R. and Sala, O.E. (Eds), 1995b. Biodiversity and ecosystem function: ecosystem analyses. In: Heywood, V.H. (Ed.) Global Biodiversity Assessment. Section 6. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 327-452.
74. Moreno Saiz, J.C., Dominguez Lozano, F., Sainz Ollero, H., 2003. Recent progress in conservation of threatened Spanish vascular flora: a critical review. Biological Conservation, this issue (doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00128-9).
75. Norton, B.G., 1994. On what we should save: the role of culture in determining conservation targets. In: Forey, P.L., Humphries, C.J., Vane-Wright, R.I. (Eds.), Systematics and Conservation Evaluation. Systematics Association, Special vol. no. 50. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 23-29.
76. Noss, R., 1990. Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical approach. Conservation Biology 4, 355-364.
77. Noss, R., 1999. Assessing and monitoring forest biodiversity: a suggested framework and indicators. Forest Ecology and Management 115, 135-146.
78. Oostermeijer, J.G.B., Luijten, S.H., den Nijs, J.C.M., 2003. Integrating demographic and genetic approaches in plant conservation. Biological Conservation, this issue (doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00127-7).
79. Paine, R.T., 1969. A note on trophic complexity and community stability. American Naturalist 103, 91-93.
80. Pavlik, B.M., 1994. Demographic monitoring and the recovery of endangered plants. In: Bowles, M.L., Whelan, C.J. (Eds.), Restoration of Endangered Species. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 322-350.
81. Perfecto, I., Vandermeer, J., 2002. The quality of the agroecological matrix in a tropical montane landscape: ants in coffee plantations in southern Mexico. Conservation Biology 16, 174-182.
82. Pickett, S.T.A., Parker, V.T., Fiedler, P.L., 1992. The new paradigm in ecology: implications for conservation biology above the species level. In: Fiedler, P.L., Jain, S.K. (Eds.), Conservation Biology: The Theory and Practice of Nature Conservation, Preservation, and Management. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp. 65-88.
83. Pinchot, G., 1947. Breaking New Ground. Harcourt, Brace, New York.
84. Posey, D.A. (Ed.), 2000. Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity-A Complementary Contribution to the Global Biodiversity Assessment. On behalf of UNEP, Intermediate Technology Publications, London.
85. Power, M.E., Mills, L.S., 1995. The keystone cops meet at Hilo. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10, 182-184.
86. Primack, R.B., 1992. Tropical community dynamics and conservation biology. BioScience 42, 818-821.
87. Primack, R.B., 1993. Essentials of Conservation Biology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
88. Primack, R.B., Hall, P., 1992. Biodiversity and forest change in Malaysian Borneo. BioScience 42, 829-837.
89. Quintana-Ascencio, P., Menges, E.S., 1996. Inferring metapopulation dynamics from patch-level incidence of Florida scrub plants. Conservation Biology 10, 1210-1219.
90. Schemske, D.W., Husband, B.C., Ruckelhaus, M.H., Goodwillie, C., Parker, I.M., Bishop, J., 1994. Evaluating approaches to the conservation of rare and endangered plants. Ecology 75, 584-606.
91. Shaffer, M.L., 1981. Minimum population sizes for species conservation. Bioscience 31, 131-134.
92. Simberloff, D., 1982. A succession of paradigms in ecology: essentialism to materialism and probabilism. In: Saarin, E. (Ed.), Conceptual Issues in Ecology. Reidel (Kluwer), Boston, pp. 63-99.
93. Soulé, M.E., Kohm, K.A., 1989. Research Priorities for Conservation Biology. Island Press, Washington, DC.
94. Soulé, M.E., Mills, L.S., 1992. Conservation genetics and conservation biology: a troubled marriage. In: Sandlund, O.T., Hindar, K., Brown, A.H.D. (Eds.), Conservation of Biodiversity for Sustainable Development. Scandinavian University Press, Oslo, pp. 55-69.
95. Soulé, M.E., Sanjayan, M.A., 1998. Conservation targets: do they help? Science 279, 2060-2061.
96. Spinage, C., 2002. A reply to Adams and Hulme. Oryx 36, 16-17.
97. Tyson, W., 2001. Fuzzy philosophy: a foundation for Interneted ecology? Conservation Ecology 5, 5. Available from: http://www.consecol.org/vol5/iss2/art5.
98. UNEP/SBSSTA/CBD, 1997. Recommendations for a core set of indicators of Biological diversity. Available from: http://www.biodiv.org/doc/meetings/sbstta/sbstta-03/official/sbstta-03-09-en. pdf.
99. Valverde, T., Sivertown, J., 1997. A metapopulation model for Primula vulgaris, a temperate forest understorey herb. Journal of Ecology 85, 193-210.
100. Wolfson, L.J., Kadane, J.B., Small, M.J., 1996. Bayesian environmental policy decisions: two case studies. Ecological Applications 6, 1056-1066.
101. Wood, A., Stedman-Edwards, P., Mang, J. (Eds.), 2000. The Root Causes of Biodiversity Loss. World Wildlife Fund and Earthscan Publications, London.