A theory of economic and technological development in Norway in the nineteenth century

Scandinavian Economic History Review

Volumn 40, Issue 1, 1992, Pages 40-75

  Sejersted, Francis ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0042008943     PISSN: 03585522     EISSN: 17502837     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03585522.1992.10408239     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Hodne, F., Norges økonomiske historie 1815-1970, Oslo, 1985, Ch. I.
2. Hodne, F., Norges økonomiske historie 1815-1970, Oslo, 1985, p. 25.
3. Berend, I.T./Ranki, G., The European Periphery & Industrialization 1790-1914, Cambridge, 1982.
4. Bruland, K., British Technology and European Industrialization: the Norwegian Textile Industry in the Mid-nineteenth Century, Cambridge 1989, p. 13.
5. Sejersted, F., Veien mot øst, in Langholm, S./Sejersted, F., (eds.), Vandringer: Festskrift til Ingrid SemmIngsen, Oslo, 1980, pp. 163-201.
6. Bergh, T./Hanisch, TJ./Lange, E./Pharo, H., Norge fra U-land til I-land: Vekst og utviklingslinjer 1830-1980, Oslo, 1983, p. 229.
7. Gerschenkron, A., Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective, New York, 1962. Bruland’s critique of Gerschenkron (see above) for only being concerned with conditions is not quite accurate. He would hardly claim that development is automatic once the conditions exist. His main point is precisely that certain countries can be seen to have adopted deliberate political strategies to develop their institutions so as to exploit the opportunities demonstrated by developments in Britain.
8. Senghaas, D., The European Experience: A Historical Critique of Development Theory, Leamington Spa, 1985.
9. Cf. the chapter Dynamikken i utviklingen in Sejersted, F., Historisk introduksjon til økonomien, Oslo, 1985. See especially the section on the difference between revolutionary changes which destroy their own cause and cumulative changes which reproduce their own cause.
10. Sejersted, F., Den vanskelige frihet (vol. 10 of Cappelen’s Norges Historie), Oslo, 1978, p. 95-125.
11. Drake, M., Population and Society in Norway 1735-1965, London, 1969.
12. Sejersted, 1978, op.cit., p. 284.
13. Steen, S., Lokalt selvstyre i Norges bygder, Oslo, 1968.
14. Solhaug, T., De norske ftskeriers historie 1815-1880, I-II, Oslo, 1976. - A standard work on the fisheries.
15. Sejersted, F., Fra Linderud til Eidsvold Værk, Vols. II-2 & III, Oslo, 1972 & 1978. The two volumes give an analysis of the Norwegian timber trade in the nineteenth century.
16. Senghaas, D., The European Experience: A Historical Critique of Development Theory, Leamington Spa, 1985.
17. Bergh, T./Hanisch, TJ./Lange, E./Pharo, H., Norge fra U-land til I-land: Vekst og utviklingslinjer 1830-1980, Oslo, 1983, p. 229.
18. Senghaas, D., The European Experience: A Historical Critique of Development Theory, Leamington Spa, 1985.
19. Based where Norway is concerned among other things on Hodne, F., Growth in a Dual Economy: The Norwegian Experience 1814-1914, Economy and History 16, 1973, pp. 81-110. Hodne’s model assumes that the export industries to some extent were enclaves, a view to which, as will be evident, we do not subscribe.
20. Sejersted, F., Norges Bank og høykonjunkturen i 1840-årene, Oslo, 1968, p. 20.
21. Egge, Å., Statens diskonteringskommisjoner. Finansdepartementet som statsbank i det 19. århundre (Ph.d. dissertation, Oslo, 1988).
22. Strømme Svendsen, A. et al., (eds.), Studier i sparing og sparebankvesen i Norge 1922-1927, Oslo, 1972.
23. Sejersted, F., Bank og samfunn. Forretningsbankenes forhold til næringslivet, TMV, Memorandum series 3, 1989.
24. Sundt, E., Om Giftermaal i Norge, Oslo, 1967 (1st edition 1866), p. 152.
25. Beretninger om kongeriget Norges økonomiske tilstand i aarene 1840-1845, p. XXXI.
26. Berend, I.T./Ranki, G., The European Periphery & Industrialization 1790-1914, Cambridge, 1982.
27. Based where Norway is concerned among other things on Hodne, F., Growth in a Dual Economy: The Norwegian Experience 1814-1914, Economy and History 16, 1973, pp. 81-110. Hodne’s model assumes that the export industries to some extent were enclaves, a view to which, as will be evident, we do not subscribe.
28. Jörberg, L., The Nordic Countries 1850-1914, in Ci- polla, C.M., (ed.), The Fontana Economic History of Europe, The Emergence of Industrial Societies, Vol. 4, Part 2, London, 1973.
29. Torstendahl, R., Teknologi och samhällsutveckling 1850-1980. Fyra faser i Västeuropeisk industri- kapitalism, in Nybom, T./Torstendahl, R., (eds.), Byråkatisering och maktfördelning, Lund, 1989, p. 87.
30. Quoted from Frølich, T.H., F.H. Frølich og hans samtid, I-V, Oslo, 1912-38, Vol. II, p. 139.
31. Gerschenkron, A., Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective, New York, 1962. Bruland’s critique of Gerschenkron (see above) for only being concerned with conditions is not quite accurate. He would hardly claim that development is automatic once the conditions exist. His main point is precisely that certain countries can be seen to have adopted deliberate political strategies to develop their institutions so as to exploit the opportunities demonstrated by developments in Britain.
32. Sejersted, F., Om det gode samfunnsavhengighet av moralsk tvilsomme handlinger, TMV Working paper, Oslo 1919; Strandbakken, P., Protestantisme, kapitalisme og sosial endring (Mag. thesis, sociology), Oslo, 1987.
33. Strandbakken, P., Protestantisme, kapitalisme og sosial endring (Mag. thesis, sociology), Oslo, 1987.
34. Earlier attempts had been made to establish “Manchester mills” in Norway: in Fredrikshald in 1813 and at Solbergfoss in 1820. Cf. Parmer, T., How Industrial Technology first came to Norway in Bruland, K., Technology Transfer and Scandinavian Industrialisation, New York, Oxford, 1991.
35. Import figures are available in Norges Offisielle Statistikk. Cf. also Grieg, S., Norsk Tekstil, I-II, Oslo, 1948.
36. Bruland, K., British Technology and European Industrialization: the Norwegian Textile Industry in the Mid-nineteenth Century, Cambridge 1989, p. 13.
37. Berend, I.T./Ranki, G., The European Periphery & Industrialization 1790-1914, Cambridge, 1982.
38. Lødrup, H.P., Akers mek. Verksted, Oslo, 1951, pp. 22-23.
39. Solstad, D., Medaljens forside, Oslo, 1990.
40. Anker Olsen, K., Kværner Bruk, Oslo, 1953, p. 40.
41. Cf. Sejersted, F., Den gamle bedrift og den nye tid, Vol. III of Fra Linderud til Eidsvold Værk, Oslo, 1979.
42. The commissions’s recommendation in Stortingsforhandlinger 1854. d. 4, O. no. 39.
43. Cf. Olsen, E., Danmarks økonomiske historie siden 1750, Copenhagen, 1967, pp. 125-128. The law relating to shares was apparently quite advanced in Denmark-Norway as early as in the 1700s.
44. Stortingsforhandlinger 1851, D. 5, U, p. 37.
45. Alfred D. Chandler jr. argues in Scale and Scope. The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism, Cambridge, Mass., 1990, p. 415, that whereas the railway in the U.SA. paved the way for new forms of organization in the private sector, the administration of the German railways must be regarded as an extension of public bureaucracy.
46. Hertzberg, E./Rygg, N., Den norske Creditbank 1857-1907, Christiania, 1907. p. 7.
47. Arup Seip, J., Assosiasjon og konkurranse: en bankhistorie, in Tanke og handling i norsk historie, Oslo, 1968.
48. Bruland, K., Norsk mekanisk verstedsindustri og teknologioverføringen 1840-1900, in Lange, E., (ed.), Teknologi i virksomhet. Verstedindustri i Norge etter 1840, Ad Notam, 1989, p. 41.
49. Ropeid, A., Hønefossboka, Vol. 2, 1965, p. 235.
50. Sejersted, F., En gammel produksjonsmåte mobiliserer til selvforsvar, in Sejersted, F., (ed.), Vekst gjennom krise. Studier i norsk teknologihistorie, Oslo, 1982.
51. Dealt with in Sejersted, F., Veien mot øst, in Langholm, S./Sejersted, F., (eds.), Vandringer. Festskrift til Ingrid Semmingsen, Oslo, 1980.
52. Söderlund, E., et al., Svensk trävaruexport under hundra år, Stockholm, 1951, pp. 117-118.
53. Dealt with in Sejersted, F., Veien mot øst, in Langholm, S./Sejersted, F., (eds.), Vandringer. Festskrift til Ingrid Semmingsen, Oslo, 1980.
54. The breakthrough by the Norwegian wood pulp industry has been the subject of some discussion. Cf. Mikkelsen, P.R., Tremasseindustri 1863-1895. En studie i industrielt gjennombrudd, Master’s thesis, Oslo, 1975.
55. Sejersted, F., Den gamle bedrift og den nye tid, Vol. III of Fra Linderud til Eidsvold Værk, Oslo, 1979, pp. 270 ff., and Teknisk utvikling i sagbruks- og treforedlingsindustrien under krisen i 1880-årene in Sejersted, F., (ed.), Vekst gjennom krise, Universitetsforlaget, 1982.
56. Lange, E., Norsk tremasse på det britiske marked, Historisk Tidskrift, 2, 1988.
57. Halvorsen, O., Tremasseekspor- ten 1870-95, Historisk Tidsskrift, 1, 1990.
58. Torstendahl, R., Bureaucratisation in Northwestern Europe, 1880-1985. Domination and Governance, Routledge, 1991, pp. 16-17.
59. Sejersted, F., Den gamle bedrift og den nye tid, Vol. III of Fra Linderud til Eidsvold Værk, Oslo, 1979, pp. 270 ff., and Teknisk utvikling i sagbruks- og treforedlingsindustrien under krisen i 1880-årene in Sejersted, F., (ed.), Vekst gjennom krise, Universitetsforlaget, 1982.
60. Thue, L., Hvorfor Norge ble et rikt land? Lokale kooperasjoner og økonomisk vekst, unpublished Ms., 1991.
61. Cf. for instance Freeman, C./Perez, C., Structural crises of adjustment, business cycles and investment behaviour in Giovanni, D./Freeman, C./Nelson, R./Silverberg, G./Soete, L., (eds.), Technical Change and Economic Theory, London, 1988.
62. Bjerke, J., Langtidslinjer i norsk økonomi 1865-1960, Samfunnsøkonomiske studier, 16, Statistisk Sentralbyrå, Oslo, 1966.
63. On the Schumpeter tradition and the “function” of crisis in a process of economic development, see Sejersted, F., Rutine og Valg, TMV Working Paper No. 5, Oslo, 1990.
64. Sejersted, F., Demokrati og rettsstat, Oslo, 1984. Cf. the same author’s Den norske “Sonderweg”, TMV Working Paper Series, No. 35, Oslo, 1991.
65. Sejersted, F., Review of Jahn, G. et al., Norges Bank gjennom 150 år, in Historisk Tidsskrift, Vol. 47, 1968. See also Egge, Å., Statens diskonteringskommisjoner, op.cit.
66. With Andersen, H., Norsk skipsbyggingsindustri gjennom 100 år, in Lange, E., (ed.), Teknologi i virksomhet. Verkstedindustri i Norge etter 1940, Oslo, 1989.
67. With Andersen, H., Norsk skipsbyggingsindustri gjennom 100 år, in Lange, E., (ed.), Teknologi i virksomhet. Verkstedindustri i Norge etter 1940, Oslo, 1989.