From Campsie to Kedgeree: Scottish Enterprise, Asian Trade and the Company Raj

Modern Asian Studies

Volumn 36, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 769-791

  Tomlinson, B R ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0041915768     PISSN: 0026749X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0026749X02004018     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. The Statistical Account of Scotland drawn up from the communications of the ministers of the different parishes by Sir John Sinclair, Vol. XV, No. XIX (Edinburgh, 1791-9), pp. 314-15.
2. Henry Yule and A. C. Burnell, Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases (1886, reissued London, 1985), p. 477.
3. The main source for this article is the collection of papers of the Lennox family deposited in Glasgow City Archives.
4. See, for example, Ashin Das Gupta, 'The Eighteenth Century', in Ashin Das Gupta and M. N. Pearson (eds), India and the Indian Ocean, 1500-1800 (New Delhi, 1987); Michael Greenberg, British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-1842 (New York, 19151); Holden Furber, John Company at Work: A Study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth Century (Harvard, 1948) and Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600-1800 (Oxford, 1975); P. J. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes: the British in Bengal in the Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1976) and Trade and Conquest: Studies of the Rise of British Dominance in India (Aldershot, 1993) ; Hosea Ballou Morse, The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China, 5 vols (Oxford, 1926-29); Pamela Nightingale, Trade and Empire in Western India, 1784-1806 (Cambridge, 1970); N. K. Sinha, Economic History of Bengal from Plassey to the Permanent Settlement, Vol I (Calcutta, 1965); Amales Tripathi, Trade and Finance in the Bengal Presidency, 1793- 1833 (Calcutta, 1956 and 1979).
5. See, for example, Ashin Das Gupta, 'The Eighteenth Century', in Ashin Das Gupta and M. N. Pearson (eds), India and the Indian Ocean, 1500-1800 (New Delhi, 1987); Michael Greenberg, British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-1842 (New York, 19151); Holden Furber, John Company at Work: A Study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth Century (Harvard, 1948) and Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600-1800 (Oxford, 1975); P. J. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes: the British in Bengal in the Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1976) and Trade and Conquest: Studies of the Rise of British Dominance in India (Aldershot, 1993) ; Hosea Ballou Morse, The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China, 5 vols (Oxford, 1926-29); Pamela Nightingale, Trade and Empire in Western India, 1784-1806 (Cambridge, 1970); N. K. Sinha, Economic History of Bengal from Plassey to the Permanent Settlement, Vol I (Calcutta, 1965); Amales Tripathi, Trade and Finance in the Bengal Presidency, 1793- 1833 (Calcutta, 1956 and 1979).
6. See, for example, Ashin Das Gupta, 'The Eighteenth Century', in Ashin Das Gupta and M. N. Pearson (eds), India and the Indian Ocean, 1500-1800 (New Delhi, 1987); Michael Greenberg, British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-1842 (New York, 19151); Holden Furber, John Company at Work: A Study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth Century (Harvard, 1948) and Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600-1800 (Oxford, 1975); P. J. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes: the British in Bengal in the Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1976) and Trade and Conquest: Studies of the Rise of British Dominance in India (Aldershot, 1993) ; Hosea Ballou Morse, The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China, 5 vols (Oxford, 1926-29); Pamela Nightingale, Trade and Empire in Western India, 1784-1806 (Cambridge, 1970); N. K. Sinha, Economic History of Bengal from Plassey to the Permanent Settlement, Vol I (Calcutta, 1965); Amales Tripathi, Trade and Finance in the Bengal Presidency, 1793- 1833 (Calcutta, 1956 and 1979).
7. See, for example, Ashin Das Gupta, 'The Eighteenth Century', in Ashin Das Gupta and M. N. Pearson (eds), India and the Indian Ocean, 1500-1800 (New Delhi, 1987); Michael Greenberg, British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-1842 (New York, 19151); Holden Furber, John Company at Work: A Study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth Century (Harvard, 1948) and Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600-1800 (Oxford, 1975); P. J. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes: the British in Bengal in the Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1976) and Trade and Conquest: Studies of the Rise of British Dominance in India (Aldershot, 1993) ; Hosea Ballou Morse, The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China, 5 vols (Oxford, 1926-29); Pamela Nightingale, Trade and Empire in Western India, 1784-1806 (Cambridge, 1970); N. K. Sinha, Economic History of Bengal from Plassey to the Permanent Settlement, Vol I (Calcutta, 1965); Amales Tripathi, Trade and Finance in the Bengal Presidency, 1793- 1833 (Calcutta, 1956 and 1979).
8. See, for example, Ashin Das Gupta, 'The Eighteenth Century', in Ashin Das Gupta and M. N. Pearson (eds), India and the Indian Ocean, 1500-1800 (New Delhi, 1987); Michael Greenberg, British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-1842 (New York, 19151); Holden Furber, John Company at Work: A Study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth Century (Harvard, 1948) and Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600-1800 (Oxford, 1975); P. J. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes: the British in Bengal in the Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1976) and Trade and Conquest: Studies of the Rise of British Dominance in India (Aldershot, 1993) ; Hosea Ballou Morse, The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China, 5 vols (Oxford, 1926-29); Pamela Nightingale, Trade and Empire in Western India, 1784-1806 (Cambridge, 1970); N. K. Sinha, Economic History of Bengal from Plassey to the Permanent Settlement, Vol I (Calcutta, 1965); Amales Tripathi, Trade and Finance in the Bengal Presidency, 1793- 1833 (Calcutta, 1956 and 1979).
9. See, for example, Ashin Das Gupta, 'The Eighteenth Century', in Ashin Das Gupta and M. N. Pearson (eds), India and the Indian Ocean, 1500-1800 (New Delhi, 1987); Michael Greenberg, British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-1842 (New York, 19151); Holden Furber, John Company at Work: A Study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth Century (Harvard, 1948) and Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600-1800 (Oxford, 1975); P. J. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes: the British in Bengal in the Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1976) and Trade and Conquest: Studies of the Rise of British Dominance in India (Aldershot, 1993) ; Hosea Ballou Morse, The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China, 5 vols (Oxford, 1926-29); Pamela Nightingale, Trade and Empire in Western India, 1784-1806 (Cambridge, 1970); N. K. Sinha, Economic History of Bengal from Plassey to the Permanent Settlement, Vol I (Calcutta, 1965); Amales Tripathi, Trade and Finance in the Bengal Presidency, 1793- 1833 (Calcutta, 1956 and 1979).
10. See, for example, Ashin Das Gupta, 'The Eighteenth Century', in Ashin Das Gupta and M. N. Pearson (eds), India and the Indian Ocean, 1500-1800 (New Delhi, 1987); Michael Greenberg, British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-1842 (New York, 19151); Holden Furber, John Company at Work: A Study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth Century (Harvard, 1948) and Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600-1800 (Oxford, 1975); P. J. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes: the British in Bengal in the Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1976) and Trade and Conquest: Studies of the Rise of British Dominance in India (Aldershot, 1993) ; Hosea Ballou Morse, The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China, 5 vols (Oxford, 1926-29); Pamela Nightingale, Trade and Empire in Western India, 1784-1806 (Cambridge, 1970); N. K. Sinha, Economic History of Bengal from Plassey to the Permanent Settlement, Vol I (Calcutta, 1965); Amales Tripathi, Trade and Finance in the Bengal Presidency, 1793- 1833 (Calcutta, 1956 and 1979).
11. See, for example, Ashin Das Gupta, 'The Eighteenth Century', in Ashin Das Gupta and M. N. Pearson (eds), India and the Indian Ocean, 1500-1800 (New Delhi, 1987); Michael Greenberg, British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-1842 (New York, 19151); Holden Furber, John Company at Work: A Study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth Century (Harvard, 1948) and Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600-1800 (Oxford, 1975); P. J. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes: the British in Bengal in the Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1976) and Trade and Conquest: Studies of the Rise of British Dominance in India (Aldershot, 1993) ; Hosea Ballou Morse, The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China, 5 vols (Oxford, 1926-29); Pamela Nightingale, Trade and Empire in Western India, 1784-1806 (Cambridge, 1970); N. K. Sinha, Economic History of Bengal from Plassey to the Permanent Settlement, Vol I (Calcutta, 1965); Amales Tripathi, Trade and Finance in the Bengal Presidency, 1793- 1833 (Calcutta, 1956 and 1979).
12. See, for example, Ashin Das Gupta, 'The Eighteenth Century', in Ashin Das Gupta and M. N. Pearson (eds), India and the Indian Ocean, 1500-1800 (New Delhi, 1987); Michael Greenberg, British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-1842 (New York, 19151); Holden Furber, John Company at Work: A Study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth Century (Harvard, 1948) and Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600-1800 (Oxford, 1975); P. J. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes: the British in Bengal in the Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1976) and Trade and Conquest: Studies of the Rise of British Dominance in India (Aldershot, 1993) ; Hosea Ballou Morse, The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China, 5 vols (Oxford, 1926-29); Pamela Nightingale, Trade and Empire in Western India, 1784-1806 (Cambridge, 1970); N. K. Sinha, Economic History of Bengal from Plassey to the Permanent Settlement, Vol I (Calcutta, 1965); Amales Tripathi, Trade and Finance in the Bengal Presidency, 1793- 1833 (Calcutta, 1956 and 1979).
13. See, for example, Ashin Das Gupta, 'The Eighteenth Century', in Ashin Das Gupta and M. N. Pearson (eds), India and the Indian Ocean, 1500-1800 (New Delhi, 1987); Michael Greenberg, British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-1842 (New York, 19151); Holden Furber, John Company at Work: A Study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth Century (Harvard, 1948) and Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600-1800 (Oxford, 1975); P. J. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes: the British in Bengal in the Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1976) and Trade and Conquest: Studies of the Rise of British Dominance in India (Aldershot, 1993) ; Hosea Ballou Morse, The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China, 5 vols (Oxford, 1926-29); Pamela Nightingale, Trade and Empire in Western India, 1784-1806 (Cambridge, 1970); N. K. Sinha, Economic History of Bengal from Plassey to the Permanent Settlement, Vol I (Calcutta, 1965); Amales Tripathi, Trade and Finance in the Bengal Presidency, 1793-1833 (Calcutta, 1956 and 1979).
14. In reality, the proportion of Scots employed by the East India Company in this period was roughly equal to Scotland's percentage of the British population, although Scots were perhaps 'over-represented' in military service. The high death rates among the European community in India in this period should be taken into account in drawing any conclusions from such data. See Christopher A. Whately, Scottish Society 1707-1830: Beyond Jacobinism, toward Industrialisation (Manchester, 2000), pp. 112-13; Andrew McKillop, 'More Fruitful than the Soil', Army, Empire and the Scottish Highlands, 1715-1815 (Edinburgh, 2000).
15. In reality, the proportion of Scots employed by the East India Company in this period was roughly equal to Scotland's percentage of the British population, although Scots were perhaps 'over-represented' in military service. The high death rates among the European community in India in this period should be taken into account in drawing any conclusions from such data. See Christopher A. Whately, Scottish Society 1707-1830: Beyond Jacobinism, toward Industrialisation (Manchester, 2000), pp. 112-13; Andrew McKillop, 'More Fruitful than the Soil', Army, Empire and the Scottish Highlands, 1715-1815 (Edinburgh, 2000).
16. T. M. Devine, The Tobacco Lords: A Study of the Tobacco Merchants of Glasgow and their Trading Activities, c1740-1790 (Edinburgh, 1976) and 'An Eighteenth-Century Business Elite: Glasgow-West India Merchants, 01750-1815', Scottish Historical Review, 57 (1978); David Hancock, Citizens of the World: London Merchants and the Integration of the British Atlantic Community, 1735-1785 (Cambridge, 1995); Alan L. Karras, Sojourners in the Sun: Scottish Migrants in Jamaica and the Chesapeke, 1740-1800 (Cornell, 1997).
17. T. M. Devine, The Tobacco Lords: A Study of the Tobacco Merchants of Glasgow and their Trading Activities, c1740-1790 (Edinburgh, 1976) and 'An Eighteenth-Century Business Elite: Glasgow-West India Merchants, 01750-1815', Scottish Historical Review, 57 (1978); David Hancock, Citizens of the World: London Merchants and the Integration of the British Atlantic Community, 1735-1785 (Cambridge, 1995); Alan L. Karras, Sojourners in the Sun: Scottish Migrants in Jamaica and the Chesapeke, 1740-1800 (Cornell, 1997).
18. T. M. Devine, The Tobacco Lords: A Study of the Tobacco Merchants of Glasgow and their Trading Activities, c1740-1790 (Edinburgh, 1976) and 'An Eighteenth-Century Business Elite: Glasgow-West India Merchants, 01750-1815', Scottish Historical Review, 57 (1978); David Hancock, Citizens of the World: London Merchants and the Integration of the British Atlantic Community, 1735-1785 (Cambridge, 1995); Alan L. Karras, Sojourners in the Sun: Scottish Migrants in Jamaica and the Chesapeke, 1740-1800 (Cornell, 1997).
19. T. M. Devine, The Tobacco Lords: A Study of the Tobacco Merchants of Glasgow and their Trading Activities, c1740-1790 (Edinburgh, 1976) and 'An Eighteenth-Century Business Elite: Glasgow-West India Merchants, 01750-1815', Scottish Historical Review, 57 (1978); David Hancock, Citizens of the World: London Merchants and the Integration of the British Atlantic Community, 1735-1785 (Cambridge, 1995); Alan L. Karras, Sojourners in the Sun: Scottish Migrants in Jamaica and the Chesapeke, 1740-1800 (Cornell, 1997).
20. Standard accounts stress the economic opportunities that Asia provided to some Scots, but do not investigate the networks or connections that delivered these. See G. J. Bryant, 'Scots in India in the eighteenth century', Scottish Historical Review, 64 (1985); J. G. Parker, 'Scottish enterprise in India, 1750-1914', in R. A. Cage (ed.), The Scots Abroad: Labour, Capital and Enterprise (London, 1985); Alex M. Cain, The Cornchest for Scotland: Scots in India (Edinburgh, 1986).
21. Standard accounts stress the economic opportunities that Asia provided to some Scots, but do not investigate the networks or connections that delivered these. See G. J. Bryant, 'Scots in India in the eighteenth century', Scottish Historical Review, 64 (1985); J. G. Parker, 'Scottish enterprise in India, 1750-1914', in R. A. Cage (ed.), The Scots Abroad: Labour, Capital and Enterprise (London, 1985); Alex M. Cain, The Cornchest for Scotland: Scots in India (Edinburgh, 1986).
22. Standard accounts stress the economic opportunities that Asia provided to some Scots, but do not investigate the networks or connections that delivered these. See G. J. Bryant, 'Scots in India in the eighteenth century', Scottish Historical Review, 64 (1985); J. G. Parker, 'Scottish enterprise in India, 1750-1914', in R. A. Cage (ed.), The Scots Abroad: Labour, Capital and Enterprise (London, 1985); Alex M. Cain, The Cornchest for Scotland: Scots in India (Edinburgh, 1986).
23. Following contemporary usage, and to avoid confusion resulting from the limited range of Christian names used in the family, those members who owned land in their own right are distinguished by the name of their principal estate.
24. He sailed as third mate on the Prince Edward in 1756-7; second mate, Prince Edward, 1759-60, first mate, Speaker, 1762-3; captain, Anson, 1765-6, 1768-9 and 1771-2; captain, Southampton, 1777-80 and 1780-5. Anthony Farrington, Biographical Index of Indian Company Maritime Service Officers, 1600-1834 (British Library, 1999).
25. These included Alexander, John and James Moffatt (a prominent family of shipowners represented on the East India Company Directorate) James Stirling of Edinburgh, and other owners of Indiamen involved in private trade in India and China, such as George Richardson and Richard Parkes. See bonds in Lennox Papers (henceforth LP) T-LX 3/22/1 and T-LX 3/18/1.
26. See bonds in LP T-LX 3/13 and T-LX 3/22/2.
27. Letters to Court, 7.12.82, 5.4.83. Fort William - India House Correspondence (Public Series) [henceforth FWIHC] Vol IX (ed. B. A. Saletore), National Archives of India, Delhi, 1959, pp. 327, 387. 'Indigo planting' at this time largely involved buying processed indigo from Indian producers and selling it on the export market.
28. John Lennox's accounts include 'Master Lennox's bills for dancing lessons and drawing lessons' in 1781 (LP T-LX 3/18/2), and also bills for an illegitimate daughter, who presumably died young, 'Miss Lennox's account for drawing', (ibid.).
29. Farrington, Biographical Index of Indian Company Maritime Service Officers. Both also spent short periods in their career on ships in the Atlantic trade. Charles 1 served as a mate on his uncle's ships Anson and Southampton; Charles 2 served briefly on the Woodford while Charles 1 was captain.
30. The Southampton, was a middle-sized Indiaman, of 758 tons, square rigged, 3-masted, mounted with 25 carriage guns receiving shot of 9lbs and 4lbs, with a crew of 99 men. She was owned by a syndicate headed by Charles Foulis and Robert Preston, both prominent Scottish members of the 'shipping interest' within the Company. See formal description in LP T-LX 3/23.
31. Alfred Spencer (ed.), Memoirs of William Hickey: Volume II, 1775-1782 (London, 1918), p. 189.
32. Ibid., pp. 207-8.
33. Letter from Court, 11.1.81, FWIHC Vol. VIII (ed. Hirahal Gupta, 1981), p. 279.
34. The account of this voyage is drawn from the ship's log preserved in the East India Company records: 'Journal of the Southampton 1781-85: voyage St Helena, Bombay, Madras, Bengal', India Office Records, L/MAR/538/B, Oriental and India Office Collection, British Library [henceforth OIOC]. Unacknowledged quotations in the following account are from this source.
35. John Lennox was issued with royal letters of marque in 1780, permitting him to take prizes at sea from these powers (LP T-LX 3/23).
36. Letter from Court, 5.7.80, FWIHC Vol. VIII, p. 277.
37. Letter to Court 10.4.82, FWIHC IX, pp. 299-300.
38. Letter to Court, 7.12.82, FWIHC IX, p. 325.
39. Letter to Court, 29.12.81. FWIHC IX, p. 556. When the Court of Directors in London heard of the scheme they expressed shock at the size of the profits that had been made, especially from freight charges. Letter from Court, 12.7.82, FWIHC IX, p. 58.
40. Letter to Court, 29.12.81. FWIHC IX, p. 556. When the Court of Directors in London heard of the scheme they expressed shock at the size of the profits that had been made, especially from freight charges. Letter from Court, 12.7.82, FWIHC IX, p. 58.
41. Letter to Court 10.4.82, FWIHC IX, pp. 299-300.
42. Copy of Resolution of Honourable Governor General in Council 8.4.82, Ninth Report from Select Committee . . . on the Administration of Justice in Bengal, Bahar and Orissa, 1783, Appendix 11, p. 117; Letter to Court 10.4.82; FWIHC IX, pp. 299-300; 'Repondentia and Bonds for voyages of Southampton', LP T-LX 3/21.
43. Copy of Resolution of Honourable Governor General in Council 8.4.82, Ninth Report from Select Committee . . . on the Administration of Justice in Bengal, Bahar and Orissa, 1783, Appendix 11, p. 117; Letter to Court 10.4.82; FWIHC IX, pp. 299-300; 'Repondentia and Bonds for voyages of Southampton', LP T-LX 3/21.
44. Copy of Resolution of Honourable Governor General in Council 8.4.82, Ninth Report from Select Committee . . . on the Administration of Justice in Bengal, Bahar and Orissa, 1783, Appendix 11, p. 117; Letter to Court 10.4.82; FWIHC IX, pp. 299-300; 'Repondentia and Bonds for voyages of Southampton', LP T-LX 3/21.
45. Letter to Court, 9.5.82, FWIHC IX, p. 308.
46. Letter to Court, 15.7.82, FWIHC IX, pp. 314-15.
47. For details of the cotton purchase, see 'Statement of Captain John Lennox in account with David Scott, Bombay', 20.12.82, LP T-LX 3/18/1.
48. Probably financed by John Fergusson. See Letter to Court 27.3.83, FWIHC IX, p. 422.
49. Letter to Court, 29.11.83, FWIHC IX, p. 449.
50. Letter to Court, 10.1.85, FWIHC IX, p. 521.
51. 'Repondentia and Bonds for voyages of Southampton', LP T-LX 3/21.
52. These bonds are preserved in LP T-LX 3/22/2, 3/22/3 and 3/18/1, see especially 'Account of Captain John Lennox with Claud Alexander', 17.3.83, LPL T-LX 3/18/1.
53. Respondentia were bonds lent on a ship's cargo, which were payable only if the voyage was successfully completed. Since they were, in effect, a form of insurance as well as a means of raising working capital, the interest rate on them tended to be quite high.
54. These bills are preserved in LP T-LX 3/22/3.
55. Letter to Court, 10.4.82, FWIHC, IX, p. 301.
56. See Appendix 1.
57. 'Account with owners of Southampton, 1785-6', India Office Records, L/MAR/ C, OIOC.
58. Note in file LP T-LX 3/23/3. The figures on which these calculations were based were disputed by the owners.
59. Claud Alexander to John Moffatt, 21.1.84, LP T-LX 3/23/3.
60. 'Adjusted account of Captain Lennox, agreed to be settled by the owners for the ship Southampton 14.9.85', LP T-LX 3/23/3; Jn. Rundall to Captain John Lennox 14.9.85, LPT-LX 3/18/1.
61. According to a standard conversion table, £10,000 in the 1780s had the purchasing power of £700,000 to £800,000 in 2000, although direct comparisons are dangerous, since the risks to which capital was exposed were much larger then than now. EHNet: 'How much is that worth today?: Purchasing Power of the British Pound, 1600 - Present' at http://w-ww2.eh.net/ehresources/howmuch/poundq.php (accessed 05.06.01).
62. See bonds and papers in LP T-LX 3/19/1 and LP T-LX 3/19/2, especially 'Account Current between John Lennox and David Erskine, Clerk to the Signet, 1777-1785', LP T-LX 3/19/1.
63. Statistical Account of Scotland, Vol. XV, pp. 336-7. Mr Bell, the previous owner of the Antermony estate, had a local reputation for his travels in China and Persia. (Ibid., p. 374).
64. Statistical Account of Scotland, Vol. XV, pp. 336-7. Mr Bell, the previous owner of the Antermony estate, had a local reputation for his travels in China and Persia. (Ibid., p. 374).
65. Fairlie, Reid & Co., Calcutta to Alexander Lennox, 13.3.91, LP T-LX 18/2/1; this letter notes that 'no money has been paid to their mother for some months and no more shall be paid'.
66. See Alexander Lennox to William Lennox (David Scott Junior & Co.), 6.7.93, LP T-LX 3/18/2.
67. 'Account current of the estate of Alexander Lennox with Fairlie, Colvin and Gilmour, Calcutta', 1.1.98; Memorandum by John Lennox, August 1800, LP T-LX 3/33/1.
68. Account of Capt. John Lennox with David Scott Junior & Co., 21.5.99, LP T-LX 3/18/1.
69. Statement of Effects of Captain John Lennox with David Scott Junior and Co., 21.7.99, LP T-LX 3/22/2.
70. See bonds and papers in LP T-LX 3/19/1 and 3/19/2, and correspondence in T-LX 3/33/3.
71. See John Innes (D.S.&Co.) to John Lennox of Woodhead, 2.9.03 and 5.10.03, LP T-LX 3/27/2. The purchase had to be delayed because the London firm was undergoing a liquidity crisis caused by a collapse in the sale price of Indian cottons, and could not meet the demand. On the failing competitiveness of Indian cotton textiles in the British market, see B. R. Tomlinson, 'Bengal Textiles, British Industrialisation, and the Company Raj: Muslins, Mules and Remittances, 1770-1820', Bulletin of Asia-Pacific Studies, X (2000).
72. 'Article of Agreement, 1802', LP T-LX 3/13.
73. Henry Bonham (D.S.&Co.) to John Lennox of Woodhead, 30.12.03 and David Scott & Co. to John Lennox of Woodhead, 23.3.09, LP T-LX 3/26/2.
74. 'Statement of John Lennox of Antermony of 1.4.04', LP T-LX 3/33/1.
75. In the early 1780s the Council at Calcutta proposed a series of changes to the arrangements for remitting money from India that gave significant opportunities to those engaged in private trade. The Court of Directors in London refused to endorse these, but, by acting first and asking afterwards, powerful individuals in Bengal and Madras obtained some advantages. See Letters from Court 25.1.82 and 16.3.82, Letter to Court 15.7.82, FWIHC IX, pp. 16, 21, 36-7, 159-60, 315.
76. Furber, John Company at Work, p. 92.
77. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes, pp. 241-2. David Dale, who was Robert Owen's father-in-law, was the most prominent entrepreneur in the fledgling Scottish machine-based cotton thread industry of the time. The Catrine mills eventually passed into the hands of Kirkman Finlay, who pioneered exports of cotton manufactures to India after 1815.
78. By George Smith, another Scottish merchant, in a letter to Henry Dundas (Marshall, East Indian Fortunes, p. 249). George Smith was an associate of Scott, and was much exercised by the possibilities of developing trade from western India to China in private hands (Nightingale, Trade and Empire in Western India, pp. 54-5). Fergusson retired in 1789 with what was said to be 'an easy fortune, honestly acquired' (Marshall, East Indian Fortunes, p. 249).
79. By George Smith, another Scottish merchant, in a letter to Henry Dundas (Marshall, East Indian Fortunes, p. 249). George Smith was an associate of Scott, and was much exercised by the possibilities of developing trade from western India to China in private hands (Nightingale, Trade and Empire in Western India, pp. 54-5). Fergusson retired in 1789 with what was said to be 'an easy fortune, honestly acquired' (Marshall, East Indian Fortunes, p. 249).
80. By George Smith, another Scottish merchant, in a letter to Henry Dundas (Marshall, East Indian Fortunes, p. 249). George Smith was an associate of Scott, and was much exercised by the possibilities of developing trade from western India to China in private hands (Nightingale, Trade and Empire in Western India, pp. 54-5). Fergusson retired in 1789 with what was said to be 'an easy fortune, honestly acquired' (Marshall, East Indian Fortunes, p. 249).
81. Morse, Chronicles of the East India Company trading to China, Vol II, p. 51.
82. For glimpses of Fairlie's subsequent career, see Tripathi, Trade and Finance in the Bengal Presidency.
83. Accounts and papers in LP T-LX 3/21, T-LX 3/23/3.
84. On Scott's career and activities, see Nightingale, Trade and Empire in Western India; C. H. Philips (ed.), The Correspondence of David Scott, Director and Chairman of the East India Company, Relating to Indian Affairs, 1787-1805, Camden Society, Third Series, Vol LXXV (London, 1951); C. H. Philips, The East India Company, 1784- 1834 (Manchester, 1940).
85. On Scott's career and activities, see Nightingale, Trade and Empire in Western India; C. H. Philips (ed.), The Correspondence of David Scott, Director and Chairman of the East India Company, Relating to Indian Affairs, 1787-1805, Camden Society, Third Series, Vol LXXV (London, 1951); C. H. Philips, The East India Company, 1784- 1834 (Manchester, 1940).
86. On Scott's career and activities, see Nightingale, Trade and Empire in Western India; C. H. Philips (ed.), The Correspondence of David Scott, Director and Chairman of the East India Company, Relating to Indian Affairs, 1787-1805, Camden Society, Third Series, Vol LXXV (London, 1951); C. H. Philips, The East India Company, 1784-1834 (Manchester, 1940).
87. Nightingale, Trade and Empire in Western India, p. 24.
88. 'Statement of Captain John Lennox in account with David Scott, Bombay' 20.12.82, LP T-LX 3/18/1.
89. See David Scott to Hercules Ross, 1.5.1796 in Philips, Correspondence of David Scott, Vol I, pp. 69-70; 'Settlement of Wm. Lennox Affairs: Statement by Mrs Cecilia Lennox (1802)', LP T-LX 3/17.
90. For more details, see B. R. Tomlinson, The "Empire of Enterprise": Scottish Business Networks and Asian Trade, 1793-1813', KIU Journal of Economics & Business Studies, 8 (2001).
91. John Lennox of Woodhead to William Fairlie, Calcutta 6.6.04, LP T-LX 3/ 33/2
92. David Scott to John Lennox of Woodhead, 28.5.04, LP T-LX 3/26/1
93. Das Gupta, 'The Eighteenth Century', in Das Gupta and Pearson, India and the Indian Ocean; Furber, Rival Empires of Trade
94. Das Gupta, 'The Eighteenth Century', in Das Gupta and Pearson, India and the Indian Ocean; Furber, Rival Empires of Trade.
95. This problem was identified, and various solutions discussed, in the Ninth Report from Select Committee . . . on the Administration of Justice in Bengal, Bahar and Orissa, 1783
96. Ninth Report, Appendix 21; 'Report to the Court of Directors by their Committee of Accounts, 16th May 1786' and 'Account of the Board and other Directors of the East India Company in Great Britain as the same stood 1st March 1787', reprinted in Sheila Marriner (ed.), House of Commons Sessional Papers of the Eighteenth Century (Delaware, 1975), Vol. 40, pp. 326, 419; Fourth Report from the Select Committee . . . on the Affairs of the East India Company, May 1812, Appendix 48.
97. Ninth Report, Appendix 21; 'Report to the Court of Directors by their Committee of Accounts, 16th May 1786' and 'Account of the Board and other Directors of the East India Company in Great Britain as the same stood 1st March 1787', reprinted in Sheila Marriner (ed.), House of Commons Sessional Papers of the Eighteenth Century (Delaware, 1975), Vol. 40, pp. 326, 419; Fourth Report from the Select Committee . . . on the Affairs of the East India Company, May 1812, Appendix 48.