Should we all be more English? Liang Qichao, Rudolf von Jhering, and rights

Journal of the History of Ideas

Volumn 61, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 241-261

  Angle, Stephen C ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0041914290     PISSN: 00225037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3654027     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Rudolf von Jhering, The Struggle for Law, tr. J. J. Lalor (Chicago, 1915[1872]), 101, trans. slightly altered.
2. Liang Qichao, Yinbingshi Heji (Collected Works From an Ice-Drinker's Studio) (12 vols.; Shanghai, 1989), 39. Unless otherwise indicated, all references are to Part 4 of Volume VI.
3. "Quanli" is pronounced "chwan-lee."
4. For the original story, see Ssu-ma Ch'ien, The Grand Scribe's Records, ed. William H. Neinhauser, Jr., tr. Cheng Tsai-fa et al. (Bloomington, 1994), 263-64.
5. Liang, 33-34.
6. Jhering, The Struggle for Law, 65-67.
7. Joseph R. Levenson, Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and the Mind of Modern China (Berkeley, 1967), 1, emphasis added.
8. Ibid., 4.
9. See, e.g., Benjamin I. Schwartz, "History and Culture in the Thought of Joseph Levenson," The Mozartian Historian: Essays on the Works of Joseph R. Levenson, eds. Maurice Meisner and Rhoads Murphey (Berkeley, 1976).
10. Jhering, The Struggle for Law, 1.
11. Ibid., 6. Jhering's translator often renders Recht as "legal right." I will leave this unamended except when it is misleading.
12. Rudolph von Jhering, Der Zweck in Recht (Leipzig, 1877-83).
13. Scholars have noted some significant shifts in Jhering's ideas between Der Kampf and Der Zweck (Conversation with James Whitman); cf. Wolfgang Fikentscher, Methoden des Rechts (Tübingen, 1977). Without wanting to deny that differences do exist, I believe that Jhering was quite consistent in his understanding of the idea of Recht itself.
14. Rudolf von Jhering, Law as a Means to an End, tr. Isaac Huski (Boston, 1913), 49-50.
15. Jhering, The Struggle for Law, 58; Jhering, Der Kampf ums Recht, 44.
16. Jhering, The Struggle for Law, 58; Jhering, Der Kampf ums Recht, 44.
17. See Franz Wieacker, A History Of Private Law in Europe with Particular Reference To Germany (Oxford, 1995), 341.
18. Jhering. The Struggle for Law, 28-29.
19. Jhering, Law as a Means to an End, 50.
20. Ibid.
21. Jhering, The Struggle for Law, 31. The translator uses "right, in the law" to make explicit the connection between objective and subjective Recht: Jhering has the single word Recht (Der Kampf ums Recht, 27).
22. Jhering, The Struggle for Law, 31. The translator uses "right, in the law" to make explicit the connection between objective and subjective Recht: Jhering has the single word Recht (Der Kampf ums Recht, 27).
23. Jhering, The Struggle for Law, 59.
24. Ibid., 61.
25. This meant that Jhering moved beyond "pandectism," a specifically German version of positivism, See Wieacker, 357.
26. Conversation with James Whitman; see also Wieacker, 357.
27. G. W. F. Hegel, Elements of the Philosophy of Right, tr. H. B. Nisbet (Cambridge, 1991), 81.
28. See Wolfgang Pleister, Persönlichkeit, Wille und Freiheit im Werke Jherings (Ebelsbach, 1982).
29. Jhering, The Struggle for Law, 70.
30. Ibid., 71.
31. Ibid., 72.
32. Ibid., 74.
33. Rudolf von Jhering, Quanli Jingzheng lun [The Struggle for Rights] (Tokyo, 1900-1901); Jhering, The Struggle for Law, xii.
34. Rudolf von Jhering, Quanli Jingzheng lun [The Struggle for Rights] (Tokyo, 1900-1901); Jhering, The Struggle for Law, xii.
35. See Marina Svensson, The Chinese Conception of Human Rights: The Debate on Human Rights in China, 1898-1949 (Lund, 1996), ch. 5.
36. Xunzi Index (Shanghai, 1986), 3/1/49; see also ibid., 47/12/76.
37. Xunzi Index (Shanghai, 1986), 3/1/49; see also ibid., 47/12/76.
38. See Mencius 1A: 1, etc.
39. Henry Wheaton, Wanguo Gongfa (Elements of International Law), tr. W. A. P. Martin (Peking, 1864), II, 24b; I, 19b.
40. Nor does "quan" always mean "rights"; see, for example, Wanguo Gongfa [Elements of International Law], tr. W. A. P. Martin (Peking, 1864), I. 1b and 19b, where it is used to translate "authority."
41. See Stephen C. Angle. The Challenge of China: Human Rights Discourse in Comparative Perspective (forthcoming).
42. See Joseph R. Levenson, Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and the Mind of Modern China (Berkeley, 1967); also Hao Chang, Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and Intellectual Transition in China (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), especially on the background to and content of Liang's On the New People; and Philip C. Huang, Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and Modern Chinese Liberalism (Seattle, 1972), especially for Liang's relations with and influences from Japanese intellectuals.
43. See Joseph R. Levenson, Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and the Mind of Modern China (Berkeley, 1967); also Hao Chang, Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and Intellectual Transition in China (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), especially on the background to and content of Liang's On the New People; and Philip C. Huang, Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and Modern Chinese Liberalism (Seattle, 1972), especially for Liang's relations with and influences from Japanese intellectuals.
44. See Joseph R. Levenson, Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and the Mind of Modern China (Berkeley, 1967); also Hao Chang, Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and Intellectual Transition in China (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), especially on the background to and content of Liang's On the New People; and Philip C. Huang, Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and Modern Chinese Liberalism (Seattle, 1972), especially for Liang's relations with and influences from Japanese intellectuals.
45. See Joseph R. Levenson, Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and the Mind of Modern China (Berkeley, 1967); also Hao Chang, Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and Intellectual Transition in China (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), especially on the background to and content of Liang's On the New People; and Philip C. Huang, Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and Modern Chinese Liberalism (Seattle, 1972), especially for Liang's relations with and influences from Japanese intellectuals.
46. Liang, VI:2:29.
47. Liang, 31-32.
48. Burton Watson, Basic Writings of Hsün Tzu (New York, 1963), 89.
49. Liang, 32.
50. Ibid
51. Ibid., 33.
52. Jhering, The Struggle for Law, 28-29.
53. Liang, 33.
54. Ibid., 31.
55. Jhering, The Struggle for Law, 31.
56. Mencius VI:A.8;
57. translation from D. C. Lau, Mencius (London, 1970), 165
58. Liang, 39. The Mencius passage is III.A.4; translation from Lau, 102.
59. Liangzhi and liangneng, both originally from Mencius VII:A.15. Liangzhi became a central theoretical term for Wang Yangming, on whom see below.
60. Mencius VI:A.7.
61. Ibid., 38.
62. Ibid., 35.
63. That is, the kind of government advocated by Mencius.
64. Ibid., 35-36.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid., 36.
67. My analysis here stands in marked contrast to Hao Chang's otherwise excellent treatment of On the New People. Chang argues at that Liang was consciously rejecting an ethical outlook, advocating instead a Machiavellian, merely "political" virtue. See Chang, Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and Intellectual Transition in China. I subject this claim - including the comparison to Machiavelli - to sustained criticism in Stephen C. Angle, Concepts in Context: A Study of Ethical Incommensurability (Ann Arbor, University Microfilms, 1994).
68. My analysis here stands in marked contrast to Hao Chang's otherwise excellent treatment of On the New People. Chang argues at that Liang was consciously rejecting an ethical outlook, advocating instead a Machiavellian, merely "political" virtue. See Chang, Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and Intellectual Transition in China. I subject this claim - including the comparison to Machiavelli - to sustained criticism in Stephen C. Angle, Concepts in Context: A Study of Ethical Incommensurability (Ann Arbor, University Microfilms, 1994).
69. My analysis here stands in marked contrast to Hao Chang's otherwise excellent treatment of On the New People. Chang argues at that Liang was consciously rejecting an ethical outlook, advocating instead a Machiavellian, merely "political" virtue. See Chang, Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and Intellectual Transition in China. I subject this claim - including the comparison to Machiavelli - to sustained criticism in Stephen C. Angle, Concepts in Context: A Study of Ethical Incommensurability (Ann Arbor, University Microfilms, 1994).
70. See Lau, 76-78 (Mencius 2a:2).
71. Lau, 77.
72. Liang, 24.
73. Liang, 37.
74. Liang, 64.
75. Liang, 51.
76. Ibid., 51-52.
77. Ibid., 78.
78. Liang, I:6:107.
79. See Liu Shipei, Zhongguo Minyue Jingyi (The Essence of the Chinese Social Contract), in The Collected Works of Liu Shipei (Shanghai, 1936), I, 24b and Stephen C. Angle, "Did Someone Say 'Rights?' Liu Shipei's Concept of Quanli," Philosophy East and West, 48:4, 623-51.
80. See Liu Shipei, Zhongguo Minyue Jingyi (The Essence of the Chinese Social Contract), in The Collected Works of Liu Shipei (Shanghai, 1936), I, 24b and Stephen C. Angle, "Did Someone Say 'Rights?' Liu Shipei's Concept of Quanli," Philosophy East and West, 48:4, 623-51.
81. See, for example, Gao Yihan, "Cuojia Fei Rensheng zhi Guisuo Lun [On the Country Not Being the End of Life]," New Youth Magazine, I, 4 (1915); and more generally, Angle, The Challenge of China, ch. 8.
82. See, for example, Gao Yihan, "Cuojia Fei Rensheng zhi Guisuo Lun [On the Country Not Being the End of Life]," New Youth Magazine, I, 4 (1915); and more generally, Angle, The Challenge of China, ch. 8.
83. I would like to express my thanks to participants in the May 1996 conference on Confucianism and Human Rights and especially to James Whitman for his insightful comments and suggestions.