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Volumn 34, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 29-49

Jane Marcet and the limits to public science

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EID: 0041912430     PISSN: 00070874     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0007087401004289     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (22)

References (109)
  • 1
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    • The American career of Jane Marcet's conversations on chemistry, 1806-1853
    • For a discussion of the reception of Conversations on Chemistry in the United States and France, see M. S. Lindee, 'The American career of Jane Marcet's Conversations on Chemistry, 1806-1853', Isis (1991), 82, 8-23. This article does not mention the role of the Bibliothèque britannique in introducing the work to French-language audiences, a point I hope to highlight here.
    • (1991) Isis , vol.82 , pp. 8-23
    • Lindee, M.S.1
  • 3
    • 0042541331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Much of this material is preserved at the Archives Marcet, Fondation Guy de Pourtalès, Etoy, Switzerland (hereafter AM/FGP). I am grateful to Yvonne de Pourtalès for facilitating my access to it
    • Much of this material is preserved at the Archives Marcet, Fondation Guy de Pourtalès, Etoy, Switzerland (hereafter AM/FGP). I am grateful to Yvonne de Pourtalès for facilitating my access to it.
  • 4
    • 0003442824 scopus 로고
    • London
    • See the claim made in L. Pearce Williams, Michael Faraday: A Biography, London, 1965, 19-20. Throughout his life Faraday acknowledged Marcet's influence. For instance, responding to her request for a ticket to attend his lecture in May 1846, Farady wrote, 'I do not send you a ticket because I wish you to understand that on mentioning your name You & a friend with you shall always pass here. I so have given order.' Cited in F. A. J. L. James (ed.), The Correspondence of Michael Faraday, 3 vols., London, 1996, i, 509.
    • (1965) Michael Faraday: A Biography , pp. 19-20
    • Williams, L.P.1
  • 5
    • 33748366558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cited 3 vols., London
    • See the claim made in L. Pearce Williams, Michael Faraday: A Biography, London, 1965, 19-20. Throughout his life Faraday acknowledged Marcet's influence. For instance, responding to her request for a ticket to attend his lecture in May 1846, Farady wrote, 'I do not send you a ticket because I wish you to understand that on mentioning your name You & a friend with you shall always pass here. I so have given order.' Cited in F. A. J. L. James (ed.), The Correspondence of Michael Faraday, 3 vols., London, 1996, i, 509.
    • (1996) The Correspondence of Michael Faraday , vol.1 , pp. 509
    • James, F.A.J.L.1
  • 6
    • 84976733500 scopus 로고
    • Accomplishment or dogma: Chemistry in the introductory works of Jane Marcet and Samuel Parkes
    • See the account of Marcet's work given in D. Knight, 'Accomplishment or dogma: chemistry in the introductory works of Jane Marcet and Samuel Parkes', Ambix (1986), 33, 94-8, which compares it favourably with that of her contemporary Samuel Parkes.
    • (1986) Ambix , vol.33 , pp. 94-98
    • Knight, D.1
  • 7
    • 0004128736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction: Charting the tradition
    • ed. B. Gates and A. B. Shteir, Madison
    • For an account of this tradition, see B. Gates, and A. B. Shteir, 'Introduction: charting the tradition', in Natural Eloquence: Women Reinscribe Science (ed. B. Gates and A. B. Shteir), Madison, 1997, 3-24.
    • (1997) Natural Eloquence: Women Reinscribe Science , pp. 3-24
    • Gates, B.1    Shteir, A.B.2
  • 8
    • 0002141880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fictionality, demonstration, and a forum for popular science: Jane Marcet's conversations on chemistry
    • ed. B. Gates and A. B. Shteir, Madison
    • In so doing, this essay seeks to complement the discursive approach adopted by G. Myers, 'Fictionality, demonstration, and a forum for popular science: Jane Marcet's Conversations on Chemistry', in Natural Eloquence: Women Reinscribe Science (ed. B. Gates and A. B. Shteir), Madison, 1997, 43-60.
    • (1997) Natural Eloquence: Women Reinscribe Science , pp. 43-60
    • Myers, G.1
  • 10
    • 0039269489 scopus 로고
    • Genevan republicanism
    • ed. D. Wooton, Stanford
    • For a brief English-language account of the history of eighteenth-century Geneva, see L. Kirk, 'Genevan republicanism', in Republicanism, Liberty, and Commercial Society, 1649-1776 (ed. D. Wooton), Stanford, 1994, 270-309.
    • (1994) Republicanism, Liberty, and Commercial Society, 1649-1776 , pp. 270-309
    • Kirk, L.1
  • 12
    • 0042040455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevost taught, at different moments, belles-lettres, moral philosophy and natural philosophy at the Academy. Known today primarily for his work in heat and magnetism, he played an important role in transmitting English culture to a francophone public: he translated the works of Hugh Blair, Thomas Malthus and Dugald Stewart. He corresponded extensively with the latter two
    • Prevost taught, at different moments, belles-lettres, moral philosophy and natural philosophy at the Academy. Known today primarily for his work in heat and magnetism, he played an important role in transmitting English culture to a francophone public: he translated the works of Hugh Blair, Thomas Malthus and Dugald Stewart. He corresponded extensively with the latter two.
  • 13
    • 0016727263 scopus 로고
    • La santé publique vue par les rédacteurs de la bibliothèque britannique (1796-1815)
    • De Carro and Odier were Geneva-born, Edinburgh-educated medical doctors, who played, as Alexandre himself, a significant part in introducing the smallpox vaccine to the continent. See M. A. Barblan, 'La santé publique vue par les rédacteurs de la Bibliothèque britannique (1796-1815)', Gesnerus (1975), 32, 129-46.
    • (1975) Gesnerus , vol.32 , pp. 129-146
    • Barblan, M.A.1
  • 14
    • 0043042122 scopus 로고
    • hereafter AMM
    • Pictet was a natural philosopher who wrote a book on fire. His scientific, cultural and political activities will be discussed below. Alexandre Marcet's private diaries provide further information on his contacts in Edinburgh. See AM/FGP, Alexandre Marcet's Memorandum (hereafter AMM) 1794 # 1. See also H. Sigerist (ed.), Letters of Jean de Carro to Alexandre Marcet, 1794-1817, Baltimore, 1950, 21-2, 26.
    • (1794) Alexandre Marcet's Memorandum , vol.1
  • 15
    • 33748375361 scopus 로고
    • Baltimore
    • Pictet was a natural philosopher who wrote a book on fire. His scientific, cultural and political activities will be discussed below. Alexandre Marcet's private diaries provide further information on his contacts in Edinburgh. See AM/FGP, Alexandre Marcet's Memorandum (hereafter AMM) 1794 # 1. See also H. Sigerist (ed.), Letters of Jean de Carro to Alexandre Marcet, 1794-1817, Baltimore, 1950, 21-2, 26.
    • (1950) Letters of Jean de Carro to Alexandre Marcet, 1794-1817 , pp. 21-22
    • Sigerist, H.1
  • 16
    • 0043042102 scopus 로고
    • Vevey
    • See, among others, C. Montandon, Le Développement de la science à Genève aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles: le cas d'une communauté scientifique, Vevey, 1975; S. B. Taylor, 'The Enlightenment in Switzerland', in The Enlightenment in National Context (ed. R. Porter and M. Teich), Cambridge, 1981, 72-89; and J. Trembley, Les Savants genevois dans l'Europe intellectuelle: du XVIIe au milieu du XIXe siècle, Genève, 1988. Although it focuses on the early part of the century, M. Heyd, Between Orthodoxy and the Enlightenment: Jean-Robert Chouet and the Introduction of Cartesian Science in the Academy of Geneva, The Hague, 1982 provides an informative account of the institutional, political and intellectual background. See also J. G. A. Pocock, Barbarism and Religion, 2 vols., Cambridge, 1999, i, 50-72. Despite the differences between nearby Lausanne and Geneva, discussions of Swiss Protestant influence on the historian Edward Gibbon and the question of a 'Protestant Enlightenment' are relevant to the promotion of science in the Calvinist Republic.This account relies heavily on Montandon.
    • (1975) Le Développement de la Science À Genève Aux XVIIIe et XIXe Siècles: Le Cas d'Une Communauté Scientifique
    • Montandon, C.1
  • 17
    • 0042040437 scopus 로고
    • The enlightenment in Switzerland
    • ed. R. Porter and M. Teich, Cambridge
    • See, among others, C. Montandon, Le Développement de la science à Genève aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles: le cas d'une communauté scientifique, Vevey, 1975; S. B. Taylor, 'The Enlightenment in Switzerland', in The Enlightenment in National Context (ed. R. Porter and M. Teich), Cambridge, 1981, 72-89; and J. Trembley, Les Savants genevois dans l'Europe intellectuelle: du XVIIe au milieu du XIXe siècle, Genève, 1988. Although it focuses on the early part of the century, M. Heyd, Between Orthodoxy and the Enlightenment: Jean-Robert Chouet and the Introduction of Cartesian Science in the Academy of Geneva, The Hague, 1982 provides an informative account of the institutional, political and intellectual background. See also J. G. A. Pocock, Barbarism and Religion, 2 vols., Cambridge, 1999, i, 50-72. Despite the differences between nearby Lausanne and Geneva, discussions of Swiss Protestant influence on the historian Edward Gibbon and the question of a 'Protestant Enlightenment' are relevant to the promotion of science in the Calvinist Republic.This account relies heavily on Montandon.
    • (1981) The Enlightenment in National Context , pp. 72-89
    • Taylor, S.B.1
  • 18
    • 0042040435 scopus 로고
    • Genève
    • See, among others, C. Montandon, Le Développement de la science à Genève aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles: le cas d'une communauté scientifique, Vevey, 1975; S. B. Taylor, 'The Enlightenment in Switzerland', in The Enlightenment in National Context (ed. R. Porter and M. Teich), Cambridge, 1981, 72-89; and J. Trembley, Les Savants genevois dans l'Europe intellectuelle: du XVIIe au milieu du XIXe siècle, Genève, 1988. Although it focuses on the early part of the century, M. Heyd, Between Orthodoxy and the Enlightenment: Jean-Robert Chouet and the Introduction of Cartesian Science in the Academy of Geneva, The Hague, 1982 provides an informative account of the institutional, political and intellectual background. See also J. G. A. Pocock, Barbarism and Religion, 2 vols., Cambridge, 1999, i, 50-72. Despite the differences between nearby Lausanne and Geneva, discussions of Swiss Protestant influence on the historian Edward Gibbon and the question of a 'Protestant Enlightenment' are relevant to the promotion of science in the Calvinist Republic.This account relies heavily on Montandon.
    • (1988) Les Savants Genevois Dans l'Europe Intellectuelle: du XVIIe au Milieu du XIXe Siècle
    • Trembley, J.1
  • 19
    • 0009842417 scopus 로고
    • The Hague
    • See, among others, C. Montandon, Le Développement de la science à Genève aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles: le cas d'une communauté scientifique, Vevey, 1975; S. B. Taylor, 'The Enlightenment in Switzerland', in The Enlightenment in National Context (ed. R. Porter and M. Teich), Cambridge, 1981, 72-89; and J. Trembley, Les Savants genevois dans l'Europe intellectuelle: du XVIIe au milieu du XIXe siècle, Genève, 1988. Although it focuses on the early part of the century, M. Heyd, Between Orthodoxy and the Enlightenment: Jean-Robert Chouet and the Introduction of Cartesian Science in the Academy of Geneva, The Hague, 1982 provides an informative account of the institutional, political and intellectual background. See also J. G. A. Pocock, Barbarism and Religion, 2 vols., Cambridge, 1999, i, 50-72. Despite the differences between nearby Lausanne and Geneva, discussions of Swiss Protestant influence on the historian Edward Gibbon and the question of a 'Protestant Enlightenment' are relevant to the promotion of science in the Calvinist Republic.This account relies heavily on Montandon.
    • (1982) Between Orthodoxy and the Enlightenment: Jean-Robert Chouet and the Introduction of Cartesian Science in the Academy of Geneva
    • Heyd, M.1
  • 20
    • 0043042101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 vols., Cambridge
    • See, among others, C. Montandon, Le Développement de la science à Genève aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles: le cas d'une communauté scientifique, Vevey, 1975; S. B. Taylor, 'The Enlightenment in Switzerland', in The Enlightenment in National Context (ed. R. Porter and M. Teich), Cambridge, 1981, 72-89; and J. Trembley, Les Savants genevois dans l'Europe intellectuelle: du XVIIe au milieu du XIXe siècle, Genève, 1988. Although it focuses on the early part of the century, M. Heyd, Between Orthodoxy and the Enlightenment: Jean-Robert Chouet and the Introduction of Cartesian Science in the Academy of Geneva, The Hague, 1982 provides an informative account of the institutional, political and intellectual background. See also J. G. A. Pocock, Barbarism and Religion, 2 vols., Cambridge, 1999, i, 50-72. Despite the differences between nearby Lausanne and Geneva, discussions of Swiss Protestant influence on the historian Edward Gibbon and the question of a 'Protestant Enlightenment' are relevant to the promotion of science in the Calvinist Republic.This account relies heavily on Montandon.
    • (1999) Barbarism and Religion , vol.1 , pp. 50-72
    • Pocock, J.G.A.1
  • 21
    • 0042541275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genève
    • For an account of the scientific education of daughters in patrician families, see the passing mention in C. Renevey Fry and J. Michaëlis (eds.), En attendant Ie prince charmant, Genève, 1997, 22-90 and the cursory summary in C. Campbell Orr, 'Albertine Necker de Saussure, the mature woman author, and the scientific education of women', Women's Writing (1995), 2, 141-53.
    • (1997) En Attendant Ie Prince Charmant , pp. 22-90
    • Renevey Fry, C.1    Michaëlis, J.2
  • 22
    • 0042541275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Albertine Necker de Saussure, the mature woman author, and the scientific education of women
    • For an account of the scientific education of daughters in patrician families, see the passing mention in C. Renevey Fry and J. Michaëlis (eds.), En attendant Ie prince charmant, Genève, 1997, 22-90 and the cursory summary in C. Campbell Orr, 'Albertine Necker de Saussure, the mature woman author, and the scientific education of women', Women's Writing (1995), 2, 141-53.
    • (1995) Women's Writing , vol.2 , pp. 141-153
    • Campbell Orr, C.1
  • 23
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    • Cambridge, MA
    • The initiation of aristocratic and patrician women into natural sciences is not unique to Geneva and is in many ways characteristic of science in the eighteenth century. See L. Schiebinger, The Mind Has No Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science, Cambridge, MA, 1989, 37-66; and P. Findlen, 'Translating the new science: women and the circulation of knowledge in Enlightenment Italy', Configurations (1995), 2, 167-206.
    • (1989) The Mind Has No Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science , pp. 37-66
    • Schiebinger, L.1
  • 24
    • 0042737571 scopus 로고
    • Translating the new science: Women and the circulation of knowledge in enlightenment Italy
    • The initiation of aristocratic and patrician women into natural sciences is not unique to Geneva and is in many ways characteristic of science in the eighteenth century. See L. Schiebinger, The Mind Has No Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science, Cambridge, MA, 1989, 37-66; and P. Findlen, 'Translating the new science: women and the circulation of knowledge in Enlightenment Italy', Configurations (1995), 2, 167-206.
    • (1995) Configurations , vol.2 , pp. 167-206
    • Findlen, P.1
  • 26
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    • Paris, cited
    • See the comments made by Albertine de Saussure and her mother cited in E. Causse, op. cit. (17), 59-93. See also the comments made by Pierre Prevost cited in A. Cherbuliez, Discours sur la vie et les travaux de feu Pierre Prevost, Ancien Professeur de Philosophie à l'Académie de Genève, Prononcé à Genève, à la Cérémonie des Promotions, le 12 août 1839, Genève, 1839.
    • Madame Necker de Saussure et l'Éducation Progressive , Issue.17 , pp. 59-93
    • Causse, E.1
  • 28
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    • London
    • On the Royal Institution, see M. Berman, Social Change and Scientific Organization, The Royal Institution, 1799-1844, London, 1978, although its socially deterministic model is being contested (see note 60 below). On the 'scientific Whigs', see L. S. Jacyna, Philosophic Whigs: Medicine, Science and Citizenship in Edinburgh, 1789-1848, London, 1994; and S. Collini, D. Winch and J. Burrow, That Noble Science of Politics: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Intellectual History, Cambridge, 1983, 23-62.
    • (1978) Social Change and Scientific Organization, The Royal Institution, 1799-1844
    • Berman, M.1
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    • London
    • On the Royal Institution, see M. Berman, Social Change and Scientific Organization, The Royal Institution, 1799-1844, London, 1978, although its socially deterministic model is being contested (see note 60 below). On the 'scientific Whigs', see L. S. Jacyna, Philosophic Whigs: Medicine, Science and Citizenship in Edinburgh, 1789-1848, London, 1994; and S. Collini, D. Winch and J. Burrow, That Noble Science of Politics: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Intellectual History, Cambridge, 1983, 23-62.
    • (1994) Philosophic Whigs: Medicine, Science and Citizenship in Edinburgh, 1789-1848
    • Jacyna, L.S.1
  • 30
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    • Cambridge
    • On the Royal Institution, see M. Berman, Social Change and Scientific Organization, The Royal Institution, 1799-1844, London, 1978, although its socially deterministic model is being contested (see note 60 below). On the 'scientific Whigs', see L. S. Jacyna, Philosophic Whigs: Medicine, Science and Citizenship in Edinburgh, 1789-1848, London, 1994; and S. Collini, D. Winch and J. Burrow, That Noble Science of Politics: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Intellectual History, Cambridge, 1983, 23-62.
    • (1983) That Noble Science of Politics: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Intellectual History , pp. 23-62
    • Collini, S.1    Winch, D.2    Burrow, J.3
  • 34
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    • Tjraiter la philosophie d'une manière qui ne fût point philosophique
    • ed. Alexandre Calame, Paris
    • '[Tjraiter la Philosophie d'une manière qui ne fût point Philosophique'. B. Fontenelle, Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes (ed. Alexandre Calame), Paris, 1966, 4. This translation and all that follow are mine.
    • (1966) Entretiens Sur la Pluralité des Mondes , pp. 4
    • Fontenelle, B.1
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    • La marquise et le philosophe
    • NS
    • See M. Delon, 'La marquise et le philosophe', Revue des sciences humaines (1981), NS, 182, 65-78.
    • (1981) Revue des Sciences Humaines , vol.182 , pp. 65-78
    • Delon, M.1
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    • Conceiving a public: Ideas and society in eighteenth-century Europe
    • A. La Vopa, 'Conceiving a public: ideas and society in eighteenth-century Europe', Journal of Modern History (1992), 64, 79-116.
    • (1992) Journal of Modern History , vol.64 , pp. 79-116
    • La Vopa, A.1
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    • Before objectivity: Wives, patronage, and cultural reproduction in early nineteenth-century french science
    • ed. P. G. Abir-Am and D. Outram, New Brunswick
    • See L. Schiebinger, op. cit. (16); and D. Outram, 'Before objectivity: wives, patronage, and cultural reproduction in early nineteenth-century French science', in Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives: Women in Science, 1789-1979 (ed. P. G. Abir-Am and D. Outram), New Brunswick, 1987, 19-30.
    • (1987) Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives: Women in Science, 1789-1979 , pp. 19-30
    • Outram, D.1
  • 44
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    • Conversations on chemistry, etc
    • [Anonymous], 'Conversations on chemistry, etc.', Bibliothèque britannique (1806), 363-83, 363.
    • (1806) Bibliothèque Britannique , pp. 363-383
  • 49
    • 0042541283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Renevey Fry and Michaëlis, op. cit. (15), 22-90 and the cursory summary in Campbell Orr, op. cit. (15). Valerie Cossy has called my attention to a journal kept by Pierre Prevost's brother which documents his efforts in educating his son. It also occasionally alludes to his daughter's initiation into natural philosophy.
    • A Plan for the Conduct of Female Education in Boarding Schools , Issue.15 , pp. 22-90
    • Renevey, F.1    Michaëlis2
  • 50
    • 0042541284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Renevey Fry and Michaëlis, op. cit. (15), 22-90 and the cursory summary in Campbell Orr, op. cit. (15). Valerie Cossy has called my attention to a journal kept by Pierre Prevost's brother which documents his efforts in educating his son. It also occasionally alludes to his daughter's initiation into natural philosophy.
    • A Plan for the Conduct of Female Education in Boarding Schools , Issue.15
    • Campbell, O.1
  • 51
    • 0042541278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • '[U]ne femme devoit se contenter d'apprendre à faire des puddings en y joignant tout au plus un peu d'histoire et de géographie'; 'sciences qui s'applique [sic] à tous les détails de la vie'. AM/FGP, Alexandre Marcet's notebooks (hereafter AMN) # 2, f. 136
    • '[U]ne femme devoit se contenter d'apprendre à faire des puddings en y joignant tout au plus un peu d'histoire et de géographie'; 'sciences qui s'applique [sic] à tous les détails de la vie'. AM/FGP, Alexandre Marcet's notebooks (hereafter AMN) # 2, f. 136.
  • 56
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    • Impeccable governesses, rational dames, and moral mothers: Mary Wollstonecraft and the female tradition in Georgian children's books
    • See M. Myers, 'Impeccable governesses, rational dames, and moral mothers: Mary Wollstonecraft and the female tradition in Georgian children's books', Children's Literature (1986), 14, 31-59.
    • (1986) Children's Literature , vol.14 , pp. 31-59
    • Myers, M.1
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    • herafter BPU/Ge, MS Fr 4735
    • 'On ne peut nier qu'il n'y ait de l'esprit; mais que toute cette affectation de galanterie qui y regne est puérile dans un tel sujet! Je la trouve de mauvais goût, quoiqu'on en puisse dire. Et comme sa physique est fort mauvaise, c est un ouvrage perdu ... Vous mettrez à la mode un beaucoup meilleur genre: car il n'y a de bon que ce qui est raisonnable. Et il n'y a de parfait que ce qui unit à la raison la grace & l'agreement.' Letter to Alexandre Marcet, 13 August 1806, Bibliothèque publique et universitaire de Genève (herafter BPU/Ge), MS Fr 4735, ff. 65-6.
    • Bibliothèque Publique et Universitaire de Genève , pp. 65-66
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    • Physicians and the chemical analysis of mineral waters in 18th-century England
    • N. G. Coley, 'Physicians and the chemical analysis of mineral waters in 18th-century England', Medical History (1967), 26, 123-44.
    • (1967) Medical History , vol.26 , pp. 123-144
    • Coley, N.G.1
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    • Like their friend and colleague, all three men were educated at Edinburgh, moving to London to pursue careers in medicine and chemistry. Pearson shared Alexandre's interest in commercializing spring water and in promoting the smallpox vaccine. Saunders (who also taught at St Guy's) and Yelloly, along with Alexandre, were founding members of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society. See DNB entries. Golinski, op. cit. (27), 236-87 discusses the profiles of professional chemists, mentioning in passing some of Alexandre's friends.
    • Letters of Edward Jenner, and Other Documents Concerning the Early History of Vaccination , Issue.27 , pp. 236-287
    • Golinski1
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    • Manchester
    • The following account of the rise of philosophical chemistry in the British tradition relies heavily on A. L. Donovan, Philosophical Chemistry in the Scottish Enlightenment: The Doctrines and Discoveries of William Cullen and Joseph Black, Edinburgh, 1975; R. Bud and G. K. Roberts, Science versus Practice: Chemistry in Victorian Britain, Manchester, 1984, 19-47; and Golinski, op. cit. (27).
    • (1984) Science Versus Practice: Chemistry in Victorian Britain , pp. 19-47
    • Bud, R.1    Roberts, G.K.2
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    • The following account of the rise of philosophical chemistry in the British tradition relies heavily on A. L. Donovan, Philosophical Chemistry in the Scottish Enlightenment: The Doctrines and Discoveries of William Cullen and Joseph Black, Edinburgh, 1975; R. Bud and G. K. Roberts, Science versus Practice: Chemistry in Victorian Britain, Manchester, 1984, 19-47; and Golinski, op. cit. (27).
    • Science Versus Practice: Chemistry in Victorian Britain , Issue.27
    • Golinski1
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    • ed. L. G. Mitchell, Oxford
    • E. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (ed. L. G. Mitchell), Oxford, 1993, 170. See also Maurice Crosland, 'The image of science as a threat: Burke versus Priestley and the "Philosophic Revolution"', BJHS (1987), 20, 277-307.
    • (1993) Reflections on the Revolution in France , pp. 170
    • Burke, E.1
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    • The image of science as a threat: Burke versus Priestley and the "Philosophic Revolution"
    • E. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (ed. L. G. Mitchell), Oxford, 1993, 170. See also Maurice Crosland, 'The image of science as a threat: Burke versus Priestley and the "Philosophic Revolution"', BJHS (1987), 20, 277-307.
    • (1987) BJHS , vol.20 , pp. 277-307
    • Crosland, M.1
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    • Golinski, op. cit. (27), 176.
    • BJHS , Issue.27 , pp. 176
    • Golinski1
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    • Golinski, op. cit. (27), 177.
    • BJHS , Issue.27 , pp. 177
    • Golinski1
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    • Golinski, op. cit. (27), 156.
    • BJHS , Issue.27 , pp. 156
    • Golinski1
  • 80
    • 0043042090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The following account of the Royal Institution relies on Berman, op. cit. (19). More recent accounts have criticized the excessive social determinism, arguing for greater attention to individual qualities of certain key scientists. See, for instance, D. Knight, Humphry Davy: Science and Power, Oxford, 1992, which calls attention to the 'romantic' quest for power in Davy's scientific practice, thereby questioning Berman's emphasis on utilitarian social control. See also S. Forgan, 'Faraday - from servant to savant: the institutional context' in Faraday Rediscovered: Essays on the Life and Work of Michael Faraday, 1791-1867 (ed. D. Gooding and F. A. J. L. James), Basingstoke, 1985, 51-69. It argues that by allowing him to bifurcate from strictly utilitarian practices both in his lectures and in his 'disinterested' research, the Institute provided a privileged setting for Faraday's scientific interests.
    • BJHS , Issue.19
    • Berman1
  • 81
    • 0003834103 scopus 로고
    • Oxford
    • The following account of the Royal Institution relies on Berman, op. cit. (19). More recent accounts have criticized the excessive social determinism, arguing for greater attention to individual qualities of certain key scientists. See, for instance, D. Knight, Humphry Davy: Science and Power, Oxford, 1992, which calls attention to the 'romantic' quest for power in Davy's scientific practice, thereby questioning Berman's emphasis on utilitarian social control. See also S. Forgan, 'Faraday - from servant to savant: the institutional context' in Faraday Rediscovered: Essays on the Life and Work of Michael Faraday, 1791-1867 (ed. D. Gooding and F. A. J. L. James), Basingstoke, 1985, 51-69. It argues that by allowing him to bifurcate from strictly utilitarian practices both in his lectures and in his 'disinterested' research, the Institute provided a privileged setting for Faraday's scientific interests.
    • (1992) Humphry Davy: Science and Power
    • Knight, D.1
  • 82
    • 0042040407 scopus 로고
    • Faraday - From servant to savant: The institutional context
    • ed. D. Gooding and F. A. J. L. James, Basingstoke
    • The following account of the Royal Institution relies on Berman, op. cit. (19). More recent accounts have criticized the excessive social determinism, arguing for greater attention to individual qualities of certain key scientists. See, for instance, D. Knight, Humphry Davy: Science and Power, Oxford, 1992, which calls attention to the 'romantic' quest for power in Davy's scientific practice, thereby questioning Berman's emphasis on utilitarian social control. See also S. Forgan, 'Faraday - from servant to savant: the institutional context' in Faraday Rediscovered: Essays on the Life and Work of Michael Faraday, 1791-1867 (ed. D. Gooding and F. A. J. L. James), Basingstoke, 1985, 51-69. It argues that by allowing him to bifurcate from strictly utilitarian practices both in his lectures and in his 'disinterested' research, the Institute provided a privileged setting for Faraday's scientific interests.
    • (1985) Faraday Rediscovered: Essays on the Life and Work of Michael Faraday, 1791-1867 , pp. 51-69
    • Forgan, S.1
  • 86
    • 0041539209 scopus 로고
    • Sir Humphry Davy and his audience at the Royal Institution
    • For a more complete list of contemporary responses to women's presence at Davy's Royal Institution lectures, see G. A. Foote, 'Sir Humphry Davy and his audience at the Royal Institution', Isis (1952), 43, 6-12. All of the examples provided express their concern with women's 'frivolous' presence.
    • (1952) Isis , vol.43 , pp. 6-12
    • Foote, G.A.1
  • 87
    • 0041539222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cited
    • Cited in Paris, op. cit. (62), 77.
    • Isis , Issue.62 , pp. 77
    • Paris1
  • 88
    • 0042541279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Humphry Davy's sexual chemistry
    • See also J. Golinski, 'Humphry Davy's sexual chemistry', Configurations (1999), 7, 15-41, which relates this tension to the sexual ambivalence attributed to Davy's public persona and to the problems surrounding the emerging 'scientific hero'.
    • (1999) Configurations , vol.7 , pp. 15-41
    • Golinski, J.1
  • 89
    • 0022804468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In what follows, I limit my examples to Geneva-born men who had close ties with Alexandre's family. I do so because the particularity of Geneva's political and intellectual elite allows me to highlight the question of authority in the Napoleonic era. These examples could be multiplied by mentioning Dr Edward Jenner, promoter of the smallpox vaccine (see Miller, op. cit. (48), 87) and Jacob Berzelius, the Swedish chemist (see H. G. Söderbaum (ed.), Jac. Berzelius Bref Correspondance entre Berzelius et Alexandre Marcel (1812-1822), 3 vols., Upsala, 1913, iii, 15). J. Crellin, 'Mrs Marcet's Conversations on Chemistry', Journal of Chemical Education (1979), 56, 459-60 also mentions the help that Marcet received from her husband's British colleagues. Alexandre Marcet's private notebooks provide further names. They also indicate that his wife often attended dinners with members of the exclusive Chemical Society. See AM/FGP, AMN # 4, entry for 12 January 1806. On the Chemical Society, which counted Humphry Davy amongst its highly select adherents, see G. Averly, 'The "social chemists": English chemical societies in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century', Ambix (1986), 33, 99-128.
    • Configurations , Issue.48 , pp. 87
    • Miller1
  • 90
    • 0022804468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • H. G. Söderbaum (ed.), 3 vols., Upsala
    • In what follows, I limit my examples to Geneva-born men who had close ties with Alexandre's family. I do so because the particularity of Geneva's political and intellectual elite allows me to highlight the question of authority in the Napoleonic era. These examples could be multiplied by mentioning Dr Edward Jenner, promoter of the smallpox vaccine (see Miller, op. cit. (48), 87) and Jacob Berzelius, the Swedish chemist (see H. G. Söderbaum (ed.), Jac. Berzelius Bref Correspondance entre Berzelius et Alexandre Marcel (1812-1822), 3 vols., Upsala, 1913, iii, 15). J. Crellin, 'Mrs Marcet's Conversations on Chemistry', Journal of Chemical Education (1979), 56, 459-60 also mentions the help that Marcet received from her husband's British colleagues. Alexandre Marcet's private notebooks provide further names. They also indicate that his wife often attended dinners with members of the exclusive Chemical Society. See AM/FGP, AMN # 4, entry for 12 January 1806. On the Chemical Society, which counted Humphry Davy amongst its highly select adherents, see G. Averly, 'The "social chemists": English chemical societies in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century', Ambix (1986), 33, 99-128.
    • (1913) Jac. Berzelius Bref Correspondance Entre Berzelius et Alexandre Marcel (1812-1822) , vol.3 , pp. 15
    • Berzelius, J.1
  • 91
    • 0042541282 scopus 로고
    • Mrs Marcet's conversations on chemistry
    • In what follows, I limit my examples to Geneva-born men who had close ties with Alexandre's family. I do so because the particularity of Geneva's political and intellectual elite allows me to highlight the question of authority in the Napoleonic era. These examples could be multiplied by mentioning Dr Edward Jenner, promoter of the smallpox vaccine (see Miller, op. cit. (48), 87) and Jacob Berzelius, the Swedish chemist (see H. G. Söderbaum (ed.), Jac. Berzelius Bref Correspondance entre Berzelius et Alexandre Marcel (1812-1822), 3 vols., Upsala, 1913, iii, 15). J. Crellin, 'Mrs Marcet's Conversations on Chemistry', Journal of Chemical Education (1979), 56, 459-60 also mentions the help that Marcet received from her husband's British colleagues. Alexandre Marcet's private notebooks provide further names. They also indicate that his wife often attended dinners with members of the exclusive Chemical Society. See AM/FGP, AMN # 4, entry for 12 January 1806. On the Chemical Society, which counted Humphry Davy amongst its highly select adherents, see G. Averly, 'The "social chemists": English chemical societies in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century', Ambix (1986), 33, 99-128.
    • (1979) Journal of Chemical Education , vol.56 , pp. 459-460
    • Crellin, J.1
  • 92
    • 0022804468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In what follows, I limit my examples to Geneva-born men who had close ties with Alexandre's family. I do so because the particularity of Geneva's political and intellectual elite allows me to highlight the question of authority in the Napoleonic era. These examples could be multiplied by mentioning Dr Edward Jenner, promoter of the smallpox vaccine (see Miller, op. cit. (48), 87) and Jacob Berzelius, the Swedish chemist (see H. G. Söderbaum (ed.), Jac. Berzelius Bref Correspondance entre Berzelius et Alexandre Marcel (1812-1822), 3 vols., Upsala, 1913, iii, 15). J. Crellin, 'Mrs Marcet's Conversations on Chemistry', Journal of Chemical Education (1979), 56, 459-60 also mentions the help that Marcet received from her husband's British colleagues. Alexandre Marcet's private notebooks provide further names. They also indicate that his wife often attended dinners with members of the exclusive Chemical Society. See AM/FGP, AMN # 4, entry for 12 January 1806. On the Chemical Society, which counted Humphry Davy amongst its highly select adherents, see G. Averly, 'The "social chemists": English chemical societies in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century', Ambix (1986), 33, 99-128.
    • AMN , vol.4
  • 93
    • 0022804468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The "social chemists": English chemical societies in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century
    • In what follows, I limit my examples to Geneva-born men who had close ties with Alexandre's family. I do so because the particularity of Geneva's political and intellectual elite allows me to highlight the question of authority in the Napoleonic era. These examples could be multiplied by mentioning Dr Edward Jenner, promoter of the smallpox vaccine (see Miller, op. cit. (48), 87) and Jacob Berzelius, the Swedish chemist (see H. G. Söderbaum (ed.), Jac. Berzelius Bref Correspondance entre Berzelius et Alexandre Marcel (1812-1822), 3 vols., Upsala, 1913, iii, 15). J. Crellin, 'Mrs Marcet's Conversations on Chemistry', Journal of Chemical Education (1979), 56, 459-60 also mentions the help that Marcet received from her husband's British colleagues. Alexandre Marcet's private notebooks provide further names. They also indicate that his wife often attended dinners with members of the exclusive Chemical Society. See AM/FGP, AMN # 4, entry for 12 January 1806. On the Chemical Society, which counted Humphry Davy amongst its highly select adherents, see G. Averly, 'The "social chemists": English chemical societies in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century', Ambix (1986), 33, 99-128.
    • (1986) Ambix , vol.33 , pp. 99-128
    • Averly, G.1
  • 94
    • 84906133709 scopus 로고
    • Romanticism in Switzerland
    • ed. R. Porter and M. Teich, Cambridge
    • C. Campbell Orr, 'Romanticism in Switzerland', in Romanticism in National Context (ed. R. Porter and M. Teich), Cambridge, 1988, 134-71, 157. Interestingly, Davy is often identified as the prototype.
    • (1988) Romanticism in National Context , pp. 134-171
    • Campbell Orr, C.1
  • 95
    • 0041539223 scopus 로고
    • See AM/FGP, AMN # 4, entry for 7 October 1805.
    • (1805) AMN , vol.4
  • 96
    • 0042040413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • '[J]oli et utile travail'. Letter to Alexandre Marcet, 3 October 1801, Smithsonian Institution, Mss 1142A. This document is to be included in a forthcoming volume on Marc-Auguste Pictet's British correspondence as part of a four-volume series on his scientific and technical correspondence. I am grateful to René Sigrist for making his work in progress available to me
    • '[J]oli et utile travail'. Letter to Alexandre Marcet, 3 October 1801, Smithsonian Institution, Mss 1142A. This document is to be included in a forthcoming volume on Marc-Auguste Pictet's British correspondence as part of a four-volume series on his scientific and technical correspondence. I am grateful to René Sigrist for making his work in progress available to me.
  • 98
    • 0043042066 scopus 로고
    • MS Fr 666
    • 'Je...fais un Cours de chimie à ma façon...tiré de celui de Mme Marcet, et j ai plus de 80 auditeurs.' Letter to Alexandre Marcet, 12 August 1804, BPU/Ge, MS Fr 666, ff. 149-50.
    • (1804) BPU/Ge , pp. 149-150
  • 99
    • 0042040412 scopus 로고
    • MS Fr 666
    • '[D]esire beaucoup de voir quelques expériences de chymie à tout hasard, je prends la liberté de vous le mener à diner aujourd'hui, pour le préparer à devenir amoureux de Caroline ou d'Emilie'. Letter to Mrs Marcet, 16 March 1802, BPU/Ge, MS Fr 666, ff. 27-8.
    • (1802) BPU/Ge , pp. 27-28
  • 100
    • 0042541240 scopus 로고
    • 'Il n'apprendra rien aux chimistes; mais il est fait pour développer le goût de la science chez tous ceux qui en ont le germe. Il peut suffir à l'instruction des simples amateurs, et préparer utilement celle des personnes qui voudront aller plus loin.' 'Conversations on chemistry, etc.', Bibliothèque britannique (1806), 32, 363-83, 382-3.
    • (1806) Bibliothèque Britannique , vol.32 , pp. 363-383
  • 101
    • 0042040422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contributions to the Bibliothèque britannique were unsigned. Assuming that the preface was co-written by both of its editors, the Pictet brothers, I refer to them here as joint authors. Marc-Auguste was nevertheless more actively involved in the scientific work, Charles in the more literary sections. See Bickerton, op. cit. (21).
    • Bibliothèque Britannique , Issue.21
    • Bickerton1
  • 102
    • 33748370543 scopus 로고
    • Préface
    • '[C]abinets des savants et cultivés par le génie seul'. In Marc-Auguste-Pictet [Anonymous], 'Préface', Bibliothèque britannique (1796): 1-10, 3.
    • (1796) Bibliothèque Britannique , pp. 1-10
    • Marc-Auguste-Pictet1
  • 104
    • 0043042076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Nous trouverions même un plaisir piquant et nouveau, à faire descendre de la sublimité des Mathématiques, des vérités jusqu'alors inaccessibles à d'autres qu'aux Mathématiciens; à extraire des profondeurs de la Physique ou de la Chimie, des notions qu'on regardoit comme appartenant exclusivement aux savans, et qui inspiroient du respect et comme une sorte d'effroi, nul intérêt par conséquent, parce qu'on désespéroit d'y jamais atteindre.' Pictet, op. cit. (76), 5.
    • Bibliothèque Britannique , Issue.76 , pp. 5
    • Pictet1
  • 105
    • 0043042071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Original emphasis
    • 'Le principe d'UTILITE, qui sera notre boussole constante, ne nous permet point au reste, de mettre toutes les sciences sur la même ligne; l'agriculture tient à nos yeux le premier rang, elle est aussi pour nous le premier des arts. Il est encore une science dont nous désirons particulièrement de propager les principes, c'est celle dont les ouvrages des Moralistes Anglais et Ecossais renferment les précieuses leçons: personne, mieux que ces Philosophes, n'a su développer et cultiver cet instinct de justice, et diriger ce désir ardent et aveugle de bonheur auquel tendent tous les ressorts secrets, du coeur humain.' Pictet, op. cit. (76), 6-7. Original emphasis.
    • Bibliothèque Britannique , Issue.76 , pp. 6-7
    • Pictet1
  • 106
    • 0041539218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • '[L]es erreurs d'une fausse philosophie, et les maux dont l'humanité est affligée'. Pictet, op. cit. (76).
    • Bibliothèque Britannique , Issue.76
    • Pictet1


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