The institutional design of forest certification standards initiatives and its influence on the role of science: The case of forest genetic resources

Journal of Environmental Management

Volumn 69, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 47-62

  Auld, Graeme ^a   Bull, Gary Q ^b  

^a Yale School of the Environment   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Decision making; Environmental policy; Forest; Forest certification; Gentic resources; Institutional design; Science and policy

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FORESTRY; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; TIMBER;

DECISION-MAKING PROCESS; DECISIONS MAKINGS; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; FOREST; FOREST CERTIFICATION; FOREST CERTIFICATION STANDARDS; GENETIC RESOURCES; GENTIC RESOURCE; INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN; SCIENCE AND POLICY;

DECISION MAKING;

DECISION MAKING; FOREST MANAGEMENT; GENETIC RESOURCE; INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK; STANDARD (REFERENCE);

AUTHORITY; DECISION MAKING; EMPIRICISM; FOREST MANAGEMENT; GENETIC RESOURCE; NORTH AMERICA; ORGANIZATION; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; REVIEW; SCIENCE; STANDARDIZATION;

NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 0041910817     PISSN: 03014797     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0301-4797(03)00118-X     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Abusow, K., Rotherham, T., 1998. Canadian progress toward SFM system certification. The Forestry Chronicle 74, 405-408.
2. American Forest and Paper Association, 1996. Sustainable Forestry for Tomorrow's World: First Annual Progress Report on the American Forest and Paper Association's Sustainable Forestry Initiative, American Forest and Paper Association, Washington, DC.
3. American Forest and Paper Association, 2002. 2002-2004 Edition Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) Program (Accessed: January 14, 2002) American Forest and Paper Association's Sustainable Forestry Initiative Program (Available from: http://www.afandpa.org/forestry/sfi/Standard_0204.pdf).
4. Auld, G., 2001. Explaining certification legitimacy: An examination of forest sector support for forest certification programs in the United States Pacific Coast, the United Kingdom, and British Columbia, Canada, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
5. Auld, G.S., Stead, J.W., Aitken, S.N., Bull, G.Q., 2002. Forest Genetics and Certification: Global and Local Issues Facing Tree Breeders, Policy-makers, and Forest Managers in British Columbia, Report prepared for the Forest Genetics Council of British Columbia and Forest Renewal British Columbia, Centre for Forest Gene Conservation, Department of Forest Science, at the University of British Columbia: Vancouver.
6. Bass, S., 1998. Forest Certification-The Debate About Standards, Network Paper 23b, Overseas Development Institute, Rural Development Forestry Network, London.
7. Bernstein, S., 2001. The Compromise of Liberal Environmentalism, Columbia University Press, New York.
8. Berry, J., Brewer, G.D., Gordon, J.C., Patton, D.R., 1998. Closing the gap between ecosystem management and ecosystem research. Policy Sciences 31, 55-80.
9. Bluman, A.G., 1995. Elementary Statistics: A Step-by-Step Approach, Wm. C. Brown Publishers, Dubuque, IA.
10. Boyle, T.J.B., 1996. CIFOR's Research Programme on Conservation of Tropical Forest Genetic Resources, Working Paper No. 9, Centre for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia.
11. Bunnell, F.L., 1998. Introduction. In: Bunnell, F.L., Johnson, J.F. (Eds.), Policy and Practices for Biodiversity in Managed Forests: The Living Dance, UBC Press, Vancouver.
12. Cabarle, B., Robert, J., Elliott, C., Synnott, T., 1995. Certification accreditation the need for credible claims. Journal of Forestry 93, 12-16.
13. Canadian Standards Association, 1996a. A Sustainable Forest Management System: Guidance Document, National Standard of Canada CAN/CSA-Z808-96, Canadian Standards Association, Etobicoke.
14. Canadian Standards Association, 1996b. A Sustainable Forest Management System: Specification Document, National Standard of Canada CAN/CSA-Z809-96, Canadian Standards Association, Etobicoke.
15. Canadian Standards Association, 2001. What does Consensus mean? (Accessed: December 17, 2001) Canada Standards Association, International (Available from: http://www.csa-international.org/faq/Detault.asp?articleD = 1331).
16. Canadian Standards Association, 2002. Sustainable Forest Management: Requirements and Guidance Document, CAN/CSA-Z809-2002, Canadian Standards Association, Mississauga, Ont.
17. Cash, D., Clark, W., Alcock, F., Dickson, N., Eckley, N., Jager, J., 2002. Salience, Credibility, Legitimacy and Boundaries: Linking Research, Assessment and Decision Making, Faculty Research Working Paper RWP02-046, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
18. Cashore, B., 1997. Governing Forestry: Environmental Group Influence in British Columbia and the US Pacific Northwest, Political Science, University of Toronto, Toronto.
19. Cashore, B., Auld, G., Newsom, D., Forthcoming-a. Forest certification (eco-labeling) programs and their policy-making authority: explaining divergence among North American and European case studies. Forest Policy and Economics.
20. Cashore, B., Auld, G., Newsom, D., Forthcoming-b. Governing Through Markets: Forest Certification and the Emergence of Non-state Authority Yale University Press: New Haven, CT.
21. Cashore, B., 2002. Legitimacy and the privatization of environmental governance: how non state market-driven (NSMD) governance systems gain rule making authority. Governance 15, 503-529.
22. Clark, R.N., Meidinger, E.E., Miller, G., Rayner, J., Layseca, M., Monreal, S., Fernandez, J., Shannon, M.A., 1998. Integrating science and policy in natural resource management: Lessons and opportunities from North America, General Technical Report PNW-GTR-441, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.
23. Clark, W., Mitchell, R., Cash, D., Alcock, F., 2002. Information as influence: How institutions mediate the impact of scientific assessments on global environmental affairs, Faculty Research Working Paper Series RWP02-044, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
24. Coventry, P., 2001. Forest Certification and Genetically Engineered Trees: Will the two ever be compatible?, O.F.I. Occasional Papers No. 53, Oxford Forestry Institute, Oxford.
25. Elliott, C., 1999. Forest Certification: Analysis from a Policy Network Perspective, Department de genie rural, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
26. Elliott, C., 2000. Forest Certification: A Policy Network. Perspective Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
27. Elliott, C., Schlaepfer, R., 2001. The advocacy coalition framework: application to the policy process for the development of forest certification. Sweden Journal of European Public Policy 8, 642-661.
28. Evans, P., 1997. The eclipse of the state? reflections on stateness in an era of globalization. World Politics 50, 62-87.
29. Evison, I.J., 1998. FSC National Initiatives Manual First Secretariat Draft, Forest Stewardship Council, Oaxaca, Mexico.
30. Finlayson, C.A., 1994. Fishing for Truth: A Sociological Analysis of Northern Cod Stock Assessments From 1977 to 1990, vol. 52. Institute of Social and Economic Research, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Nfld.
31. Forest Stewardship Council, 1999. FSC Principles and Criteria, Document 1.2 (Accessed: February 09, 2001). Forest Stewardship Council (Available from: http://www.fscoax.org/principal.htm)
32. Forest Stewardship Council, 1999b. Forest Stewardship Council A.C. By-Laws, Document 1.1 (Accessed: February 09, 2001) Forest Stewardship Council (Available from: http://www.fscoax.org/principal.htm)
33. Forest Stewardship Council, 2000a. Forest Stewardship Council A.C. By∧ws (Accessed: April 22, 2002) Forest Stewardship Council (Available from: http://www.fscoax.org/download/doc1-1.pdf)
34. Forest Stewardship Council, 2000b. FSC-BC Steering Committee Meeting-Minutes, Forest Stewardship Council British Columbia Regional Initiative, Vancouver, BC.
35. Forest Stewardship Council, R.M.W.G., 2001. Draft #3-FSC-US Rocky Mountain Regional Standards (Accessed: October 22, 2001) Forest Stewardship Council, United States (Available from: www.fscstandards.org)
36. Franklin, J.F., 1993. The fundamentals of ecosystem management with applications in the Pacific Northwest. In: Aplet, G.H., Johnson, N., Olson, J.T., Sample, V.A. (Eds.), Defining Sustainable Forestry, Island Press, Washington, DC.
37. Franz, E.H., 2001. Ecology, values and policy. BioScience 51, 469-475.
38. Gereffi, G., Garcia-Johnson, R., Sasser, E., 2001. The NGO-industrial complex. Foreign Policy, 56-65.
39. Greenpeace, 2000. Pulp fiction: genetically engineered trees (Accessed: August 8, 2002) Greenpeace (Available from: http://www.greenpeace.org/multimedia/download/1/9018/0/ge_trees.pdf)
40. Greenpeace, 2002. Environment (Accessed: August 8, 2002) Greenpeace (Available from: http://www.greenpeace.org/campaigns/intro?campaign_id=3997)
41. Haas, P.M., 1992. Introduction:epistemic communities and international policy coordination. International Organization 46, 1-35.
42. Haas, P.M. (Ed.), 1993. Institutions for Earth: Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
43. Hansen, E., Forsyth, K., Juslin, H., 1999. A Forest Certification Update for the ECE Region, Update Report, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Timber Section: Geneva, Switzerland
44. Hansen, E., Juslin, H., 1999. The Status of Forest Certification in the ECE Region Geneva Timber and Forest Discussion Papers ECE/TIM/DP/14, United Nations, Timber Section, Trade Division, UN-Economic Commission for Europe: New York and Geneva
45. Harrison, K., 2002. Ideas and environmental standard-setting: a comparative study of regulation of the pulp and paper industry. Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions 15, 65-96.
46. Hoberg, G., 2000. In: Alper, D., Salazar, D. (Eds.), How the Way we Make Policy Governs the Policy we Choose, UBC Press, Vancouver.
47. Honey, M. (Ed.), 2002. Ecotourism and certification: setting standards in practice, Island Press, Washington, DC.
48. Howlett, M., Ramesh, M., 1995. Studying Public Policy, Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems, Oxford University Press, Toronto.
49. Howlett, M., 2002. Do networks matter? Linking policy network structure to policy outcomes: evidence from four Canadian policy sectors 1990-2000. Canadian Journal of Political Science 35, 235-267.
50. ISO, 2001. The ISO Survey of ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 Certificates, Tenth Cycle: up to an including 31 December 2000, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
51. Jasanoff, S., 1987. Contested boundaries in policy-relevant science. Social Studies and Science 17, 195-230.
52. Jasanoff, S., 1990. The fifth branch: Science advisors as policy makers, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
53. Jasanoff, S., 1992. Pluralism and Convergence in International Science Policy in Science and Sustainability: Selected Papers on IIASA's 20th Anniversary, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis: Laxenburg, Austria
54. Jasanoff, S., 1995. Science at the bar: law, science, and technology in America, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
55. Jasanoff, S., 1996. The dilemma of environmental democracy. Issues in Science and Technology 13, 63-71.
56. Kraft, M.E., 1996. Environmental Policy and Politics, HarperCollins, Washington, DC.
57. Kuhn, T.S., 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
58. Maini, J.S., 1998. Forest policy, management, and biodiversity. In: Bunnell, F.L., Johnson, J.F. (Eds.), Policy and Practices for Biodiversity in Managed Forests: The Living Dance, UBC Press, Vancouver.
59. Meridian Institute, 2001a. Comparative Analysis of the Forest Stewardship Council and Sustainable Forestry Initiative Certification Programs, Description of the Forest Stewardship Council Program Report, vol. II. Meridian Institute, Washington, DC.
60. Meridian Institute, 2001b. Comparative Analysis of the Forest Stewardship Council and Sustainable Forestry Initiative Certification Programs, Description of the Sutainable Forestry Initiative Program Report, vol. III. Meridian Institute, Washington, DC.
61. Meridian Institute, 2001c. Comparative Analysis of the Forest Stewardship Council and Sustainable Forestry Initiative Certification Programs, Introduction and Consensus Statement on Similarities and Differences Between the Two Programs Report, vol. I. Meridian Institute, Washington, DC.
62. Mirbach, M.v., 2001. Can Intensive Forestry Help Promote Forest Conservation?, A Sierra Club of Canada Discussion Paper, Sierra Club of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
63. Moffat, A.C., 1998. Forest Certification: An Examination of the Comptability of the Canadian Standards Association and Forest Stewardship Council Systems, Maritime Region in Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
64. Namkoong, G., Boyle, T., Gregorius, H.-R., Joly, H., Savolainen, O., Ratnam, W., Young, A., 1996. Testing Criteria and Indicators for Assessing the Sustainability of Forest Management: Genetic Criteria and Indicators, vol. 10. Centre for International Forestry Research, Bogor Barat, Indonesia.
65. Namkoong, G., 1998. Genetic diversity for forest policy and management. In: Bunnell, F.L., Johnson, J.F. (Eds.), Policy and Practices for Biodiversity in Managed Forests, UBC Press, Vancouver.
66. Nelkin, D., 1977. Scientists and professional responsibility: the experience of American ecologists. Social Studies of Science 7, 75-95.
67. Noss, R.F., 1993. Sustainable Forestry or Sustainable Forests?. In: Aplet, G.H., Johnson, N., Olson, J.T., Sample, V.A. (Eds.), Defining Sustainable Forestry, Island Press, Washington, DC.
68. Nyland, R.D., 1996. Silviculture: Concepts and Applications, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, New York.
69. Oliver, C.D., 2001. Policies and practice: options for pursuing forest sustainability. The Forestry Chronicle 77, 49-60.
70. Owusu, R.A., 1999. GM technology in the forest sector: A scoping study for WWF (Accessed: January 28, 2002) World Wildlife Fund (Available from: http://www.panda.org/resources/publications/forest/gm/).
71. Ozawa, C.P., 1991. Recasting Science: Consensual Procedures in Public Policy Making, Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
72. Ozinga, S., 2001. Behind the Logo, an environmental and social assessment of forest certification schemes case study, Fern, based on case studies by WWF France, Taiga Consulting, Taiga Rescue Network, Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC), Fern, Finish Natural League, and Greenpeace: Moreton-in-Marsh.
73. Pouyat, R., 1999. Policy forum: science and environmental policy - making them compatible. BioScience 49, 281-286.
74. Rametsteiner, E., 2002. The role of governments in forest certification - a normative analysis based on new institutional economics theories. Forest Policy and Economics 4, 163-173.
75. Rivera, J., 2002. Assessing a Voluntary Environmental Initiative in the Developing World: The Costa Rican Certification for Sustainable Tourism Policy Science 35, 333-360.
76. Sasser, E.N., 2003. Gaining leverage: NGO influence on certification institutions in the forest products sector. In: Teeter, L., Cashore, B., Zhang, D. (Eds.), Forest Policy for Private Forestry, CAB International, Oxon.
77. Sedjo, R.A., Botkin, D., 1997. Using forest plantations to spare natural forests. Environment 39, 14-22.
78. Sedjo, R.A., 1999. Biotechnology and planted forests: assessment of potential and possibilities (Accessed: November 6, 2001) Resources for the Future (Available from: http://www.rff.org/CFDOCS/disc_papers/PDF_files/0006.pdf)
79. Simula, M., 1998. Timber Certification: Progress and Issues, Commissioned report TS-15, International Tropical Timber Organization, Yokohama.
80. Stanbury, W.T., 2000. Environmental Groups and the International Conflict Over the Forest of British Columbia 1990 to 2000, SFU-UBC Centre for the Study of Government and Business, Vancouver.
81. Strauss, S.H., Campbell, M.M., Pryor, S.N., Coventry, P., Burley, J., 2001a. Plantation certification and genetic engineering: FSC's ban on research is counterproductive. Journal of Forestry 99, 4-7.
82. Strauss, S.H., Coventry, P., Campbell, M.M., Pryor, S.N., Burley, J., 2001b. Certification of genetically modified plantations. The International Forestry Review 3, 87-104.
83. Stryker, R., 1994. Rules, resources, and legitimacy processes: some implications for social conflict, order, and change. American Journal of Sociology 99, 847-910.
84. Suseno, S.O.H.i., Thielges, B.A., 2001. Genetic Conservation and Plantations: Plantation forestry owes its success to biodiversity and must play a role in conserving it, Tropical Forest Update: A Newsletter from the International Tropical Timber Organization to Promote Conservation and Sustainable Development of Tropical Forests, vol. 11.
85. Taylor, B.L., Dizon, A.E., 1999. First policy then science: why a management unit based solely on genetic criteria cannot work. Molecular Ecology, S11-S16.
86. Teisl, M.F., Roe, B., Hicks, R.L., 2002. Can eco-labels tune a market? Evidence from dolphin-safe labeling. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 43, 339-359.
87. Timothy, J.S., 1999. GMO's: Genetically Modified Organisms: Interpretation for FSC (Accessed: October, 2001) Forest Stewardship Council (Available from: http://www.fscoax.org)
88. Tripp, D., Nixon, A., Dunlop, R., 1992. The Application and Effectiveness of the Coastal Fisheries Forestry Guidelines in Selected Cut Blocks on Vancouver Island D Tripp Biological Consultants Ltd. Prepared for the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks: Nanaimo, BC
89. Viana, V., Ervin, J., Donovan, R., Elliott, C., Gholz, H., 1996. Certification of Forest Products: Issues and Perspectives, Island Press, Washington, DC.
90. Victor, D.G., Ausubel, J.H., 2000. Restoring the forests. Foreign Affairs 79, 127-144.
91. Wallinger, S., 1995. A commitment to the future: AFPA's sustainable forestry initiative. Journal of Forestry 93, 16-19.
92. Wilson, J., 1990. Wilderness politics in BC.: the business dominated state and the containment of environmentalism. In: Coleman, W.D., Skogstad, G. (Eds.), Policy Communities in Canada: A Structural Approach, Copp Clark Pitman Ltd, Mississauga, ON.
93. Wilson, J., 1998. Talk and log: wilderness politics in British Columbia, University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.