Isaac Newton lived here: Sites of memory and scientific heritage

British Journal for the History of Science

Volumn 33, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 407-426

  Fara, Patricia ^a  

^a CLARE COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 0041909580     PISSN: 00070874     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0007087400004192     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. This paper is based on my forthcoming book, Under Newton's Apple Tree (Picador Press).
2. Nature (1927), 119, 467 and supplement for 26 March; Grantham Journal, 26 March 1927, 4-8. The Times, 19 March 1927, 14.
3. Nature (1927), 119, 467 and supplement for 26 March; Grantham Journal, 26 March 1927, 4-8. The Times, 19 March 1927, 14.
4. Nature (1927), 119, 467 and supplement for 26 March; Grantham Journal, 26 March 1927, 4-8. The Times, 19 March 1927, 14.
5. P. Connerton, How Societies Remember, Cambridge, 1989; C. Healy, From the Ruins of Colonialism: History as Social Memory, Cambridge, 1997; P. Nora, Les Lieux de mémoire, Paris, 1997; R. Samuel, Theatres of Memory: Past and Present in Contemporary Culture, London, 1994; J. Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History, Cambridge, 1995; P. Wright, On Living in an Old Country: The National Past in Contemporary Britain, London, 1985; D. Lowenthal, The Past is a Foreign Country, Cambridge, 1985.
6. P. Connerton, How Societies Remember, Cambridge, 1989; C. Healy, From the Ruins of Colonialism: History as Social Memory, Cambridge, 1997; P. Nora, Les Lieux de mémoire, Paris, 1997; R. Samuel, Theatres of Memory: Past and Present in Contemporary Culture, London, 1994; J. Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History, Cambridge, 1995; P. Wright, On Living in an Old Country: The National Past in Contemporary Britain, London, 1985; D. Lowenthal, The Past is a Foreign Country, Cambridge, 1985.
7. P. Connerton, How Societies Remember, Cambridge, 1989; C. Healy, From the Ruins of Colonialism: History as Social Memory, Cambridge, 1997; P. Nora, Les Lieux de mémoire, Paris, 1997; R. Samuel, Theatres of Memory: Past and Present in Contemporary Culture, London, 1994; J. Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History, Cambridge, 1995; P. Wright, On Living in an Old Country: The National Past in Contemporary Britain, London, 1985; D. Lowenthal, The Past is a Foreign Country, Cambridge, 1985.
8. P. Connerton, How Societies Remember, Cambridge, 1989; C. Healy, From the Ruins of Colonialism: History as Social Memory, Cambridge, 1997; P. Nora, Les Lieux de mémoire, Paris, 1997; R. Samuel, Theatres of Memory: Past and Present in Contemporary Culture, London, 1994; J. Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History, Cambridge, 1995; P. Wright, On Living in an Old Country: The National Past in Contemporary Britain, London, 1985; D. Lowenthal, The Past is a Foreign Country, Cambridge, 1985.
9. P. Connerton, How Societies Remember, Cambridge, 1989; C. Healy, From the Ruins of Colonialism: History as Social Memory, Cambridge, 1997; P. Nora, Les Lieux de mémoire, Paris, 1997; R. Samuel, Theatres of Memory: Past and Present in Contemporary Culture, London, 1994; J. Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History, Cambridge, 1995; P. Wright, On Living in an Old Country: The National Past in Contemporary Britain, London, 1985; D. Lowenthal, The Past is a Foreign Country, Cambridge, 1985.
10. P. Connerton, How Societies Remember, Cambridge, 1989; C. Healy, From the Ruins of Colonialism: History as Social Memory, Cambridge, 1997; P. Nora, Les Lieux de mémoire, Paris, 1997; R. Samuel, Theatres of Memory: Past and Present in Contemporary Culture, London, 1994; J. Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History, Cambridge, 1995; P. Wright, On Living in an Old Country: The National Past in Contemporary Britain, London, 1985; D. Lowenthal, The Past is a Foreign Country, Cambridge, 1985.
11. P. Connerton, How Societies Remember, Cambridge, 1989; C. Healy, From the Ruins of Colonialism: History as Social Memory, Cambridge, 1997; P. Nora, Les Lieux de mémoire, Paris, 1997; R. Samuel, Theatres of Memory: Past and Present in Contemporary Culture, London, 1994; J. Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History, Cambridge, 1995; P. Wright, On Living in an Old Country: The National Past in Contemporary Britain, London, 1985; D. Lowenthal, The Past is a Foreign Country, Cambridge, 1985.
12. A. Yarrington, The Commemoration of the Hero 1800-1864: Monuments to the British Victors of the Napoleonic Wars, New York, 1988; P. Abir-Am, 'A historical ethnography of a scientific anniversary in molecular biology: the first protein X-ray photograph (1984, 1934)', Social Epistemology (1992), 6, 323-54; idem, 'How scientists view their heroes: some remarks on the mechanism of myth construction', Journal of the History of Biology (1982), 15, 281-315; M. McNeil, 'Newton as national hero', in Let Newton Be! (ed. J. Fauvel et al.), Oxford, 1988, 233-9.
13. A. Yarrington, The Commemoration of the Hero 1800-1864: Monuments to the British Victors of the Napoleonic Wars, New York, 1988; P. Abir-Am, 'A historical ethnography of a scientific anniversary in molecular biology: the first protein X-ray photograph (1984, 1934)', Social Epistemology (1992), 6, 323-54; idem, 'How scientists view their heroes: some remarks on the mechanism of myth construction', Journal of the History of Biology (1982), 15, 281-315; M. McNeil, 'Newton as national hero', in Let Newton Be! (ed. J. Fauvel et al.), Oxford, 1988, 233-9.
14. A. Yarrington, The Commemoration of the Hero 1800-1864: Monuments to the British Victors of the Napoleonic Wars, New York, 1988; P. Abir-Am, 'A historical ethnography of a scientific anniversary in molecular biology: the first protein X-ray photograph (1984, 1934)', Social Epistemology (1992), 6, 323-54; idem, 'How scientists view their heroes: some remarks on the mechanism of myth construction', Journal of the History of Biology (1982), 15, 281-315; M. McNeil, 'Newton as national hero', in Let Newton Be! (ed. J. Fauvel et al.), Oxford, 1988, 233-9.
15. A. Yarrington, The Commemoration of the Hero 1800-1864: Monuments to the British Victors of the Napoleonic Wars, New York, 1988; P. Abir-Am, 'A historical ethnography of a scientific anniversary in molecular biology: the first protein X-ray photograph (1984, 1934)', Social Epistemology (1992), 6, 323-54; idem, 'How scientists view their heroes: some remarks on the mechanism of myth construction', Journal of the History of Biology (1982), 15, 281-315; M. McNeil, 'Newton as national hero', in Let Newton Be! (ed. J. Fauvel et al.), Oxford, 1988, 233-9.
16. P. Brown, The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity, London, 1981; A. Pope, Epistles to Several Persons (Moral Essays) (ed. F. W. Bateson), London, 1951, 138-9 (from Epistle IV, to Richard Boyle, Earl of Burlington, first published 1731); W. Stukeley, Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton's Life, London, 1936, 86; European Magazine (1811), 60, 281.
17. P. Brown, The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity, London, 1981; A. Pope, Epistles to Several Persons (Moral Essays) (ed. F. W. Bateson), London, 1951, 138-9 (from Epistle IV, to Richard Boyle, Earl of Burlington, first published 1731); W. Stukeley, Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton's Life, London, 1936, 86; European Magazine (1811), 60, 281.
18. P. Brown, The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity, London, 1981; A. Pope, Epistles to Several Persons (Moral Essays) (ed. F. W. Bateson), London, 1951, 138-9 (from Epistle IV, to Richard Boyle, Earl of Burlington, first published 1731); W. Stukeley, Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton's Life, London, 1936, 86; European Magazine (1811), 60, 281.
19. P. Brown, The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity, London, 1981; A. Pope, Epistles to Several Persons (Moral Essays) (ed. F. W. Bateson), London, 1951, 138-9 (from Epistle IV, to Richard Boyle, Earl of Burlington, first published 1731); W. Stukeley, Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton's Life, London, 1936, 86; European Magazine (1811), 60, 281.
20. Royal Society MS657/item 11; P. Geary, 'Sacred commodities: the circulation of medieval relics', in The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective (ed. A. Appadurai), Cambridge, 1986, 169-91; J. Inwards, Phrenological Annotations, London, 1864; A. L. Vago, Orthodox Phrenology, London, 1871; D. Wattenberg, 'Eine Totenmaske Isaac Newtons?' Internationale Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, Technik und Medizin (1977), 14, 43-6.
21. Royal Society MS657/item 11; P. Geary, 'Sacred commodities: the circulation of medieval relics', in The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective (ed. A. Appadurai), Cambridge, 1986, 169-91; J. Inwards, Phrenological Annotations, London, 1864; A. L. Vago, Orthodox Phrenology, London, 1871; D. Wattenberg, 'Eine Totenmaske Isaac Newtons?' Internationale Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, Technik und Medizin (1977), 14, 43-6.
22. Royal Society MS657/item 11; P. Geary, 'Sacred commodities: the circulation of medieval relics', in The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective (ed. A. Appadurai), Cambridge, 1986, 169-91; J. Inwards, Phrenological Annotations, London, 1864; A. L. Vago, Orthodox Phrenology, London, 1871; D. Wattenberg, 'Eine Totenmaske Isaac Newtons?' Internationale Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, Technik und Medizin (1977), 14, 43-6.
23. Royal Society MS657/item 11; P. Geary, 'Sacred commodities: the circulation of medieval relics', in The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective (ed. A. Appadurai), Cambridge, 1986, 169-91; J. Inwards, Phrenological Annotations, London, 1864; A. L. Vago, Orthodox Phrenology, London, 1871; D. Wattenberg, 'Eine Totenmaske Isaac Newtons?' Internationale Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, Technik und Medizin (1977), 14, 43-6.
24. Royal Society MS657/item 11; P. Geary, 'Sacred commodities: the circulation of medieval relics', in The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective (ed. A. Appadurai), Cambridge, 1986, 169-91; J. Inwards, Phrenological Annotations, London, 1864; A. L. Vago, Orthodox Phrenology, London, 1871; D. Wattenberg, 'Eine Totenmaske Isaac Newtons?' Internationale Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, Technik und Medizin (1977), 14, 43-6.
25. A. N. L. Munby, The History and Bibliography of Science in England: The First Phase, 1833-1845, Berkeley, 1968; idem, The Cult of the Autograph Letter in England, London, 1962; C. J. Smith, Historical and Literary Curiosities, Consisting of Fac-similes of Original Documents, London, 1840.
26. A. N. L. Munby, The History and Bibliography of Science in England: The First Phase, 1833-1845, Berkeley, 1968; idem, The Cult of the Autograph Letter in England, London, 1962; C. J. Smith, Historical and Literary Curiosities, Consisting of Fac-similes of Original Documents, London, 1840.
27. A. N. L. Munby, The History and Bibliography of Science in England: The First Phase, 1833-1845, Berkeley, 1968; idem, The Cult of the Autograph Letter in England, London, 1962; C. J. Smith, Historical and Literary Curiosities, Consisting of Fac-similes of Original Documents, London, 1840.
28. J. Bate, The Genius of Shakespeare, London, 1997, 82-8; M. Pointon, 'Shakespeare, portraiture and national identity', Shakespeare Jahrbuch (1997), 133, 29-53.
29. J. Bate, The Genius of Shakespeare, London, 1997, 82-8; M. Pointon, 'Shakespeare, portraiture and national identity', Shakespeare Jahrbuch (1997), 133, 29-53.
30. W. K. Thomas and W. U. Ober, A Mind for Ever Voyaging: Wordsworth at Work Portraying Newton and Science, Edmonton, 1989, 161-72; M. Baker, 'The portrait sculpture', in The Making of the Wren Library (ed. D. McKitterick), Cambridge, 1995, 110-37 and D. McKitterick, 'Introduction' in ibid., 1-27. D. A. Winstanley, Early Victorian Cambridge, Cambridge, 1940, 434. Newton lived in E3, Great Court, from 1683 to 1699, but the precise location of his earlier rooms is debated: see E. D. Adrian, 'Newton's rooms in Trinity', Notes and Records of the Royal Society (1963), 18, 17-24.
31. W. K. Thomas and W. U. Ober, A Mind for Ever Voyaging: Wordsworth at Work Portraying Newton and Science, Edmonton, 1989, 161-72; M. Baker, 'The portrait sculpture', in The Making of the Wren Library (ed. D. McKitterick), Cambridge, 1995, 110-37 and D. McKitterick, 'Introduction' in ibid., 1-27. D. A. Winstanley, Early Victorian Cambridge, Cambridge, 1940, 434. Newton lived in E3, Great Court, from 1683 to 1699, but the precise location of his earlier rooms is debated: see E. D. Adrian, 'Newton's rooms in Trinity', Notes and Records of the Royal Society (1963), 18, 17-24.
32. W. K. Thomas and W. U. Ober, A Mind for Ever Voyaging: Wordsworth at Work Portraying Newton and Science, Edmonton, 1989, 161-72; M. Baker, 'The portrait sculpture', in The Making of the Wren Library (ed. D. McKitterick), Cambridge, 1995, 110-37 and D. McKitterick, 'Introduction' in ibid., 1-27. D. A. Winstanley, Early Victorian Cambridge, Cambridge, 1940, 434. Newton lived in E3, Great Court, from 1683 to 1699, but the precise location of his earlier rooms is debated: see E. D. Adrian, 'Newton's rooms in Trinity', Notes and Records of the Royal Society (1963), 18, 17-24.
33. W. K. Thomas and W. U. Ober, A Mind for Ever Voyaging: Wordsworth at Work Portraying Newton and Science, Edmonton, 1989, 161-72; M. Baker, 'The portrait sculpture', in The Making of the Wren Library (ed. D. McKitterick), Cambridge, 1995, 110-37 and D. McKitterick, 'Introduction' in ibid., 1-27. D. A. Winstanley, Early Victorian Cambridge, Cambridge, 1940, 434. Newton lived in E3, Great Court, from 1683 to 1699, but the precise location of his earlier rooms is debated: see E. D. Adrian, 'Newton's rooms in Trinity', Notes and Records of the Royal Society (1963), 18, 17-24.
34. W. K. Thomas and W. U. Ober, A Mind for Ever Voyaging: Wordsworth at Work Portraying Newton and Science, Edmonton, 1989, 161-72; M. Baker, 'The portrait sculpture', in The Making of the Wren Library (ed. D. McKitterick), Cambridge, 1995, 110-37 and D. McKitterick, 'Introduction' in ibid., 1-27. D. A. Winstanley, Early Victorian Cambridge, Cambridge, 1940, 434. Newton lived in E3, Great Court, from 1683 to 1699, but the precise location of his earlier rooms is debated: see E. D. Adrian, 'Newton's rooms in Trinity', Notes and Records of the Royal Society (1963), 18, 17-24.
35. P. Jalland, Death in the Victorian Family, Oxford, 1996, 265-83; E. King, A Biographical Sketch of Isaac Newton, Grantham, 1858, 101.
36. P. Jalland, Death in the Victorian Family, Oxford, 1996, 265-83; E. King, A Biographical Sketch of Isaac Newton, Grantham, 1858, 101.
37. R. Yeo, 'Genius, method and morality: images of Newton in Britain, 1760-1860', Science in Context (1988), 2, 257-84; idem, Defining Science: William Whewell, Natural Knowledge and Public Debate in Early Victorian Britain, Cambridge, 1993, 116-44.
38. R. Yeo, 'Genius, method and morality: images of Newton in Britain, 1760-1860', Science in Context (1988), 2, 257-84; idem, Defining Science: William Whewell, Natural Knowledge and Public Debate in Early Victorian Britain, Cambridge, 1993, 116-44.
39. King, op. cit. (10), 101; C. Prowett, 'The English universities and their reforms', Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine (1849), 65, 235-44, 236-7.
40. King, op. cit. (10), 101; C. Prowett, 'The English universities and their reforms', Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine (1849), 65, 235-44, 236-7.
41. G. Dening, The Death of William Gooch: A History's Anthropology, Melbourne, 1995, 75-111. Ben Okri, 'Newtonian enigmas', Trinity College, Add.Ms.c.242.
42. G. Dening, The Death of William Gooch: A History's Anthropology, Melbourne, 1995, 75-111. Ben Okri, 'Newtonian enigmas', Trinity College, Add.Ms.c.242.
43. J. Brewer, The Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the Eighteenth Century, London, 1997, 325-489; G. Holderness, 'Bardolatry: or, the cultural materialist's guide to Stratford-upon-Avon', in The Shakespeare Myth (ed. Graham Holderness), Manchester, 1988, 2-15; T. Maude, Viator, a Poem, London, 1782, p. vii; and idem, Wensley-dale, London, 1780, 30.
44. J. Brewer, The Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the Eighteenth Century, London, 1997, 325-489; G. Holderness, 'Bardolatry: or, the cultural materialist's guide to Stratford-upon-Avon', in The Shakespeare Myth (ed. Graham Holderness), Manchester, 1988, 2-15; T. Maude, Viator, a Poem, London, 1782, p. vii; and idem, Wensley-dale, London, 1780, 30.
45. J. Brewer, The Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the Eighteenth Century, London, 1997, 325-489; G. Holderness, 'Bardolatry: or, the cultural materialist's guide to Stratford-upon-Avon', in The Shakespeare Myth (ed. Graham Holderness), Manchester, 1988, 2-15; T. Maude, Viator, a Poem, London, 1782, p. vii; and idem, Wensley-dale, London, 1780, 30.
46. J. Brewer, The Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the Eighteenth Century, London, 1997, 325-489; G. Holderness, 'Bardolatry: or, the cultural materialist's guide to Stratford-upon-Avon', in The Shakespeare Myth (ed. Graham Holderness), Manchester, 1988, 2-15; T. Maude, Viator, a Poem, London, 1782, p. vii; and idem, Wensley-dale, London, 1780, 30.
47. E. Turnor, Collections for the History of the Town and Soke of Grantham, London, 1806, 157-86.
48. J. Spence, Observations, Anecdotes, and Characters of Books and Men collected from Conversation (ed. J. M. Osborn), 2 vols., Oxford, 1966, i, 351-2.
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50. J. B. Biot, 'Newton', tr. Howard C. Elphinstone, in J. B. Biot, John E. Drinkwater, John A. Roebuck et al., Lives of Eminent Persons, London, 1833, 265n; M. Gordon, The Home Life of Sir David Brewster, Edinburgh, 1869, 260; A. de Morgan, A Budget of Paradoxes, 2 vols., New York, 1915, i, 137.
51. J. B. Biot, 'Newton', tr. Howard C. Elphinstone, in J. B. Biot, John E. Drinkwater, John A. Roebuck et al., Lives of Eminent Persons, London, 1833, 265n; M. Gordon, The Home Life of Sir David Brewster, Edinburgh, 1869, 260; A. de Morgan, A Budget of Paradoxes, 2 vols., New York, 1915, i, 137.
52. S. P. B. Mais, 'Isaac Newton at Woolsthorpe', Country Life (1942), 92, 1224-5. J. Gaze, Figures in a Landscape: A History of the National Trust, 1988, 158-64. Notes and Records of the Royal Society (1947), 5, 34-6.
53. S. P. B. Mais, 'Isaac Newton at Woolsthorpe', Country Life (1942), 92, 1224-5. J. Gaze, Figures in a Landscape: A History of the National Trust, 1988, 158-64. Notes and Records of the Royal Society (1947), 5, 34-6.
54. S. P. B. Mais, 'Isaac Newton at Woolsthorpe', Country Life (1942), 92, 1224-5. J. Gaze, Figures in a Landscape: A History of the National Trust, 1988, 158-64. Notes and Records of the Royal Society (1947), 5, 34-6.
55. G. Cantor, 'Where the statue stood: celebrations of Faraday, 1867-1931', unpublished paper presented at the Royal Institution, 22 September 1994; J. Moore, 'Charles Darwin lies in Westminster Abbey', Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (1982), 17, 97-113.
56. G. Cantor, 'Where the statue stood: celebrations of Faraday, 1867-1931', unpublished paper presented at the Royal Institution, 22 September 1994; J. Moore, 'Charles Darwin lies in Westminster Abbey', Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (1982), 17, 97-113.
57. Quarterly Review (1861), 11, 433-5; Yarrington, op. cit. (4); Art Journal (1858), 4, 243, 372. Quoted in Gordon, op. cit. (17), 147.
58. Quarterly Review (1861), 11, 433-5; Yarrington, op. cit. (4); Art Journal (1858), 4, 243, 372. Quoted in Gordon, op. cit. (17), 147.
59. Quarterly Review (1861), 11, 433-5; Yarrington, op. cit. (4); Art Journal (1858), 4, 243, 372. Quoted in Gordon, op. cit. (17), 147.
60. Quarterly Review (1861), 11, 433-5; Yarrington, op. cit. (4); Art Journal (1858), 4, 243, 372. Quoted in Gordon, op. cit. (17), 147.
61. Unidentified newspaper article, Royal Society Box MS 657/9. Quarterly Review (1861), 11, 435; The Times, 16 September 1858, 12c and 23 September 1858, 8c. Extract printed in The Times, 25 September 1858, 10e. See also London Journal (1858), 28, 133-4.
62. Unidentified newspaper article, Royal Society Box MS 657/9. Quarterly Review (1861), 11, 435; The Times, 16 September 1858, 12c and 23 September 1858, 8c. Extract printed in The Times, 25 September 1858, 10e. See also London Journal (1858), 28, 133-4.
63. Unidentified newspaper article, Royal Society Box MS 657/9. Quarterly Review (1861), 11, 435; The Times, 16 September 1858, 12c and 23 September 1858, 8c. Extract printed in The Times, 25 September 1858, 10e. See also London Journal (1858), 28, 133-4.
64. Unidentified newspaper article, Royal Society Box MS 657/9. Quarterly Review (1861), 11, 435; The Times, 16 September 1858, 12c and 23 September 1858, 8c. Extract printed in The Times, 25 September 1858, 10e. See also London Journal (1858), 28, 133-4.
65. The Times, 21 January 1854, 6d. Royal Society Council Minutes, Volume 2, 250-1 (26 May 1853; see also MM.XIV.10) and 449 (28 October 1858); Royal Society Box MS 657/9.
66. The Times, 21 January 1854, 6d. Royal Society Council Minutes, Volume 2, 250-1 (26 May 1853; see also MM.XIV.10) and 449 (28 October 1858); Royal Society Box MS 657/9.
67. The Times, 22 September 1858, 7b and 23 September 1858, 8c; see also 9 September 1858, 10b, 10 September 1858, 7e. Brewster did not attend, probably because he was convalescing from bronchitis. Gordon, op. cit. (17), 165-6.
68. The Times, 22 September 1858, 7b and 23 September 1858, 8c; see also 9 September 1858, 10b, 10 September 1858, 7e. Brewster did not attend, probably because he was convalescing from bronchitis. Gordon, op. cit. (17), 165-6.
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70. C. Bell, Ritual: Perspectives and Dimensions, Oxford, 1997, 91-169; Illustrated London News, 25 September 1858, 284 and 288 and 2 October 1858, 315-16.
71. H. Brougham, Addresses on Popular Literature, and on the Monument to Sir Isaac Newton, London, 1858, 51.
72. W. White, The Journals of Walter White, London, 1898, 119; King, op. cit. (10), 109-12, 111; R. MacLeod, 'Whigs and savants: reflections on the reform movement in the Royal Society, 1830-48', in Metropolis and Province: Science in British Culture, 1780-1850 (ed. I. Inkster and J. Morrell), London, 1983, 55-90.
73. W. White, The Journals of Walter White, London, 1898, 119; King, op. cit. (10), 109-12, 111; R. MacLeod, 'Whigs and savants: reflections on the reform movement in the Royal Society, 1830-48', in Metropolis and Province: Science in British Culture, 1780-1850 (ed. I. Inkster and J. Morrell), London, 1983, 55-90.
74. W. White, The Journals of Walter White, London, 1898, 119; King, op. cit. (10), 109-12, 111; R. MacLeod, 'Whigs and savants: reflections on the reform movement in the Royal Society, 1830-48', in Metropolis and Province: Science in British Culture, 1780-1850 (ed. I. Inkster and J. Morrell), London, 1983, 55-90.
75. King, op. cit. (10), 117, 100-6.
76. Illustrated London News, 2 October 1858, 316; London Journal (1858), 28, 133. See also The Times, 16 September 1858, 12c.
77. Illustrated London News, 2 October 1858, 316; London Journal (1858), 28, 133. See also The Times, 16 September 1858, 12c.
78. Illustrated London News, 2 October 1858, 316; London Journal (1858), 28, 133. See also The Times, 16 September 1858, 12c.
79. C. MacLeod, 'James Watt, heroic invention and the idea of the industrial revolution', in Technological Revolutions in Europe: Historical Perspectives (ed. M. Berg and K. Bruland), Cheltenham, 1998, 96-116; Art Journal (1858), 4, 372; Illustrated London News, 10 March 1877, 233; Illustrated London News, 8 August 1874, 129.
80. C. MacLeod, 'James Watt, heroic invention and the idea of the industrial revolution', in Technological Revolutions in Europe: Historical Perspectives (ed. M. Berg and K. Bruland), Cheltenham, 1998, 96-116; Art Journal (1858), 4, 372; Illustrated London News, 10 March 1877, 233; Illustrated London News, 8 August 1874, 129.
81. C. MacLeod, 'James Watt, heroic invention and the idea of the industrial revolution', in Technological Revolutions in Europe: Historical Perspectives (ed. M. Berg and K. Bruland), Cheltenham, 1998, 96-116; Art Journal (1858), 4, 372; Illustrated London News, 10 March 1877, 233; Illustrated London News, 8 August 1874, 129.
82. C. MacLeod, 'James Watt, heroic invention and the idea of the industrial revolution', in Technological Revolutions in Europe: Historical Perspectives (ed. M. Berg and K. Bruland), Cheltenham, 1998, 96-116; Art Journal (1858), 4, 372; Illustrated London News, 10 March 1877, 233; Illustrated London News, 8 August 1874, 129.
83. Cantor, op. cit. (19).
84. H. Acland and J. Ruskin, The Oxford Museum, London, 1893, 79-81.
85. By W. Calder Marshall, erected with Shakespeare and busts of three other local residents in 1874. There is a small head of Newton in the archway to Somerset House.
86. Letters to The Times, 1, 10, 13 and 20 August 1992 and to the Times Literary Supplement, 19 March and 9 April 1993.
87. Sir Isaac Newton: Man of Science and Officer of the Royal Mint, London, 1992.
88. J. Jopling, 'Newton's Home in the Year 1727', Leisure Hour (1862), 11, 584-7; Leisure Hour (1852), 1, 634-7; The Times, 9 August 1873, 12c and 3 August 1870, 10f; H. Ellison, Stones from the Quarry; Or, Moods of Mind, London, 1875, 99; T. Steele, The Times, 25 June 1834, 2e; European Magazine (1811), 60, 281-3; Notes and Queries (1934), 167, 164-5, 223.
89. J. Jopling, 'Newton's Home in the Year 1727', Leisure Hour (1862), 11, 584-7; Leisure Hour (1852), 1, 634-7; The Times, 9 August 1873, 12c and 3 August 1870, 10f; H. Ellison, Stones from the Quarry; Or, Moods of Mind, London, 1875, 99; T. Steele, The Times, 25 June 1834, 2e; European Magazine (1811), 60, 281-3; Notes and Queries (1934), 167, 164-5, 223.
90. J. Jopling, 'Newton's Home in the Year 1727', Leisure Hour (1862), 11, 584-7; Leisure Hour (1852), 1, 634-7; The Times, 9 August 1873, 12c and 3 August 1870, 10f; H. Ellison, Stones from the Quarry; Or, Moods of Mind, London, 1875, 99; T. Steele, The Times, 25 June 1834, 2e; European Magazine (1811), 60, 281-3; Notes and Queries (1934), 167, 164-5, 223.
91. J. Jopling, 'Newton's Home in the Year 1727', Leisure Hour (1862), 11, 584-7; Leisure Hour (1852), 1, 634-7; The Times, 9 August 1873, 12c and 3 August 1870, 10f; H. Ellison, Stones from the Quarry; Or, Moods of Mind, London, 1875, 99; T. Steele, The Times, 25 June 1834, 2e; European Magazine (1811), 60, 281-3; Notes and Queries (1934), 167, 164-5, 223.
92. J. Jopling, 'Newton's Home in the Year 1727', Leisure Hour (1862), 11, 584-7; Leisure Hour (1852), 1, 634-7; The Times, 9 August 1873, 12c and 3 August 1870, 10f; H. Ellison, Stones from the Quarry; Or, Moods of Mind, London, 1875, 99; T. Steele, The Times, 25 June 1834, 2e; European Magazine (1811), 60, 281-3; Notes and Queries (1934), 167, 164-5, 223.
93. J. Jopling, 'Newton's Home in the Year 1727', Leisure Hour (1862), 11, 584-7; Leisure Hour (1852), 1, 634-7; The Times, 9 August 1873, 12c and 3 August 1870, 10f; H. Ellison, Stones from the Quarry; Or, Moods of Mind, London, 1875, 99; T. Steele, The Times, 25 June 1834, 2e; European Magazine (1811), 60, 281-3; Notes and Queries (1934), 167, 164-5, 223.
94. J. Jopling, 'Newton's Home in the Year 1727', Leisure Hour (1862), 11, 584-7; Leisure Hour (1852), 1, 634-7; The Times, 9 August 1873, 12c and 3 August 1870, 10f; H. Ellison, Stones from the Quarry; Or, Moods of Mind, London, 1875, 99; T. Steele, The Times, 25 June 1834, 2e; European Magazine (1811), 60, 281-3; Notes and Queries (1934), 167, 164-5, 223.
95. The Times, 26 April 1866, 9a and 27 April 1866, 11b. This was the house in Kensington in which Newton died; it was demolished in the 1890s, and the only commemoration is a window in a nearby church.
96. J. T. Smith, An Antiquarian Ramble in the Streets of London, with Anecdotes of their Most Celebrated Residents, 2 vols., London, 1846, i, 24; W. Masters, The Huguenot Church and Sir Isaac Newton's House, 1910, 170; Isaac Hartill, Recollections of Isaac Newton, London, 1914; E. King, Ten Thousand Wonderful Things, London, 1859, 10-12.
97. J. T. Smith, An Antiquarian Ramble in the Streets of London, with Anecdotes of their Most Celebrated Residents, 2 vols., London, 1846, i, 24; W. Masters, The Huguenot Church and Sir Isaac Newton's House, 1910, 170; Isaac Hartill, Recollections of Isaac Newton, London, 1914; E. King, Ten Thousand Wonderful Things, London, 1859, 10-12.
98. J. T. Smith, An Antiquarian Ramble in the Streets of London, with Anecdotes of their Most Celebrated Residents, 2 vols., London, 1846, i, 24; W. Masters, The Huguenot Church and Sir Isaac Newton's House, 1910, 170; Isaac Hartill, Recollections of Isaac Newton, London, 1914; E. King, Ten Thousand Wonderful Things, London, 1859, 10-12.
99. J. T. Smith, An Antiquarian Ramble in the Streets of London, with Anecdotes of their Most Celebrated Residents, 2 vols., London, 1846, i, 24; W. Masters, The Huguenot Church and Sir Isaac Newton's House, 1910, 170; Isaac Hartill, Recollections of Isaac Newton, London, 1914; E. King, Ten Thousand Wonderful Things, London, 1859, 10-12.
100. Healy, op. cit. (3), 33; G. Babson, A Portion of Sir Isaac Newton's home (1710-1725) Re-erected in the United States, 1939.
101. Healy, op. cit. (3), 33; G. Babson, A Portion of Sir Isaac Newton's home (1710-1725) Re-erected in the United States, 1939.
102. E. L. Smith, Yankee Genius: A Biography of Roger W. Babson - Pioneer in Investment Counseling and Business Forecasting Who Capitalized on Investment Patience, New York, 1954; M. Bal, 'Telling objects: a natrative perspective on collecting', in The Cultures of Collecting (ed. J. Elsner and R. Cardinal), London, 1994, 97-115.
103. E. L. Smith, Yankee Genius: A Biography of Roger W. Babson - Pioneer in Investment Counseling and Business Forecasting Who Capitalized on Investment Patience, New York, 1954; M. Bal, 'Telling objects: a natrative perspective on collecting', in The Cultures of Collecting (ed. J. Elsner and R. Cardinal), London, 1994, 97-115.
104. Healy, op. cit. (3), 130-2; Nature (1927), 119, 467; I. B. Cohen, 'Commemorations and memorials: Isaac Newton 1727-1977', Vistas in Astronomy (1979), 22, 381-94.
105. Healy, op. cit. (3), 130-2; Nature (1927), 119, 467; I. B. Cohen, 'Commemorations and memorials: Isaac Newton 1727-1977', Vistas in Astronomy (1979), 22, 381-94.
106. Healy, op. cit. (3), 130-2; Nature (1927), 119, 467; I. B. Cohen, 'Commemorations and memorials: Isaac Newton 1727-1977', Vistas in Astronomy (1979), 22, 381-94.
107. Abir-Am, op. cit. (4); B. Bensaude-Vincent, 'Between history and memory: centennnial and bicentennial images of Lavoisier', Isis (1996), 87, 48-199; Bell, op. cit. (24).
108. Abir-Am, op. cit. (4); B. Bensaude-Vincent, 'Between history and memory: centennnial and bicentennial images of Lavoisier', Isis (1996), 87, 48-199; Bell, op. cit. (24).
109. Abir-Am, op. cit. (4); B. Bensaude-Vincent, 'Between history and memory: centennnial and bicentennial images of Lavoisier', Isis (1996), 87, 48-199; Bell, op. cit. (24).
110. R. Llewellyn, The Art of Death: Visual Culture in the English Death Ritual c. 1500-c. 1800, London, 1991; Jalland, op. cit. (10).
111. R. Llewellyn, The Art of Death: Visual Culture in the English Death Ritual c. 1500-c. 1800, London, 1991; Jalland, op. cit. (10).
112. R. Quinault, 'The cult of the centenary, c. 1784-1914', Historical Research (1998), 71, 303-23, 320 (quotation from the Pall Mall Gazette, 1866). Because of the calendar change in 1752, Newton's commemorative dates show some variations; for instance, in England he was born on Christmas Day 1642 when in France it was already 4 January 1643.
113. R. Hahn, private communication. Quinault, op. cit. (42), 306.
114. R. Hahn, private communication. Quinault, op. cit. (42), 306.
115. Nature (1927), 119, 467.
116. Stamford Mercury, 24 June 1988;
117. Grantham Journal, 10 July 1987;
118. Sunday Times, 22 March 1987, 31a.
119. Bate, op. cit. (8), 65-100; Mais, op. cit. (18), 1225. The 1942 commemorations were eclipsed by the War.
120. Bate, op. cit. (8), 65-100; Mais, op. cit. (18), 1225. The 1942 commemorations were eclipsed by the War.
121. McNeil, op. cit. (4), 236-9. Samuel, op. cit. (3); Wright, op. cit. (3); Lowenthal, op. cit. (3).
122. McNeil, op. cit. (4), 236-9. Samuel, op. cit. (3); Wright, op. cit. (3); Lowenthal, op. cit. (3).
123. McNeil, op. cit. (4), 236-9. Samuel, op. cit. (3); Wright, op. cit. (3); Lowenthal, op. cit. (3).
124. McNeil, op. cit. (4), 236-9. Samuel, op. cit. (3); Wright, op. cit. (3); Lowenthal, op. cit. (3).