Identity politics, political identities: Thoughts toward a multicultural politics

Frontiers

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 87-100

  Ackelsberg, Martha A ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041858026     PISSN: 01609009     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3346926     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. Remarks by the president at National Defense University, Fort McNair, July 19, 1993.
2. See, for example, Diana Fuss, Essentially Speaking (New York: Routledge, 1989), esp. chs. 5-6; Steven Epstein, "Gay Politics, Ethnic Identity: The Limits of Social Constructionism," Socialist Review 93/94 (May-August 1987): 48; and Shane Phelan, "(Be)Coming Out: Lesbian Identity and Politics," Signs 18:4 (Summer 1993): 773. Amelie Oksenberg Rorty raises a similar point about the contingent (and also sometimes oppressive) character of cultural groups in "The Hidden Politics of Cultural Identification," Political Theory 22:1 (February 1994): 152-166, especially 154-159.
3. See, for example, Diana Fuss, Essentially Speaking (New York: Routledge, 1989), esp. chs. 5-6; Steven Epstein, "Gay Politics, Ethnic Identity: The Limits of Social Constructionism," Socialist Review 93/94 (May-August 1987): 48; and Shane Phelan, "(Be)Coming Out: Lesbian Identity and Politics," Signs 18:4 (Summer 1993): 773. Amelie Oksenberg Rorty raises a similar point about the contingent (and also sometimes oppressive) character of cultural groups in "The Hidden Politics of Cultural Identification," Political Theory 22:1 (February 1994): 152-166, especially 154-159.
4. See, for example, Diana Fuss, Essentially Speaking (New York: Routledge, 1989), esp. chs. 5-6; Steven Epstein, "Gay Politics, Ethnic Identity: The Limits of Social Constructionism," Socialist Review 93/94 (May-August 1987): 48; and Shane Phelan, "(Be)Coming Out: Lesbian Identity and Politics," Signs 18:4 (Summer 1993): 773. Amelie Oksenberg Rorty raises a similar point about the contingent (and also sometimes oppressive) character of cultural groups in "The Hidden Politics of Cultural Identification," Political Theory 22:1 (February 1994): 152-166, especially 154-159.
5. See, for example, Diana Fuss, Essentially Speaking (New York: Routledge, 1989), esp. chs. 5-6; Steven Epstein, "Gay Politics, Ethnic Identity: The Limits of Social Constructionism," Socialist Review 93/94 (May-August 1987): 48; and Shane Phelan, "(Be)Coming Out: Lesbian Identity and Politics," Signs 18:4 (Summer 1993): 773. Amelie Oksenberg Rorty raises a similar point about the contingent (and also sometimes oppressive) character of cultural groups in "The Hidden Politics of Cultural Identification," Political Theory 22:1 (February 1994): 152-166, especially 154-159.
6. "The Combahee River Collective Statement," reprinted in Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist feminism, ed. Zillah Eisenstein (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979), 362-372, especially 365.
7. Letter to the Editor from Deborah Rosenfelt, Judith Stacey, et al., Ms. (February 1983): 13.
8. I have in mind, for example, Mary Daly, Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism (Boston: Beacon Press, 1978); Andrea Dworkin, Our Blood: Prophecies and Discourses on Sexual Politics (New York: Harper and Row, 1976); Catharine MacKinnon, Feminism Unmodified (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987); Susan Griffin, Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her (New York: Harper and Row, 1978).
9. I have in mind, for example, Mary Daly, Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism (Boston: Beacon Press, 1978); Andrea Dworkin, Our Blood: Prophecies and Discourses on Sexual Politics (New York: Harper and Row, 1976); Catharine MacKinnon, Feminism Unmodified (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987); Susan Griffin, Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her (New York: Harper and Row, 1978).
10. I have in mind, for example, Mary Daly, Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism (Boston: Beacon Press, 1978); Andrea Dworkin, Our Blood: Prophecies and Discourses on Sexual Politics (New York: Harper and Row, 1976); Catharine MacKinnon, Feminism Unmodified (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987); Susan Griffin, Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her (New York: Harper and Row, 1978).
11. I have in mind, for example, Mary Daly, Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism (Boston: Beacon Press, 1978); Andrea Dworkin, Our Blood: Prophecies and Discourses on Sexual Politics (New York: Harper and Row, 1976); Catharine MacKinnon, Feminism Unmodified (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987); Susan Griffin, Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her (New York: Harper and Row, 1978).
12. The titles here are too numerous to cite. Among the early influential ones are Diane K. Lewis, "A Response to Inequality: Black Women, Racism, and Sexism," Signs 3:2 (Winter 1977): 339-361; Margaret A. Simons, "Racism and Feminism: A Schism in the Sisterhood," Feminist Studies 5:2 (Summer 1979): 389-410; Bonnie Thornton Dill, "Race, Class and Gender: Prospects for an All-Inclusive Sisterhood," Feminist Studies 9:1 (Spring 1983): 131-150; Maria C. Lugones and Elizabeth V. Spelman, "Have We Got a Theory for You! Feminist Theory, Cultural Imperialism, and the Demand for "The Woman's Voice," Women's Studies International Forum 6:6 (1983): 573-581; Audre Lorde, Sister Outsider (Trumansburg, N.Y.: Crossing Press, 1984); Gloria T. Hull, Patricia Bell Scott, and Barbara Smith, ed., All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, but Some of Us Are Brave (Old Westbury:N.Y: Feminist Press, 1982); Marilyn Frye, The Politics of Reality (Trumansburg, N.Y.: Crossing Press, 1983) and the journals Conditions and Sinister Wisdom.
13. The titles here are too numerous to cite. Among the early influential ones are Diane K. Lewis, "A Response to Inequality: Black Women, Racism, and Sexism," Signs 3:2 (Winter 1977): 339-361; Margaret A. Simons, "Racism and Feminism: A Schism in the Sisterhood," Feminist Studies 5:2 (Summer 1979): 389-410; Bonnie Thornton Dill, "Race, Class and Gender: Prospects for an All-Inclusive Sisterhood," Feminist Studies 9:1 (Spring 1983): 131-150; Maria C. Lugones and Elizabeth V. Spelman, "Have We Got a Theory for You! Feminist Theory, Cultural Imperialism, and the Demand for "The Woman's Voice," Women's Studies International Forum 6:6 (1983): 573-581; Audre Lorde, Sister Outsider (Trumansburg, N.Y.: Crossing Press, 1984); Gloria T. Hull, Patricia Bell Scott, and Barbara Smith, ed., All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, but Some of Us Are Brave (Old Westbury:N.Y: Feminist Press, 1982); Marilyn Frye, The Politics of Reality (Trumansburg, N.Y.: Crossing Press, 1983) and the journals Conditions and Sinister Wisdom.
14. The titles here are too numerous to cite. Among the early influential ones are Diane K. Lewis, "A Response to Inequality: Black Women, Racism, and Sexism," Signs 3:2 (Winter 1977): 339-361; Margaret A. Simons, "Racism and Feminism: A Schism in the Sisterhood," Feminist Studies 5:2 (Summer 1979): 389-410; Bonnie Thornton Dill, "Race, Class and Gender: Prospects for an All-Inclusive Sisterhood," Feminist Studies 9:1 (Spring 1983): 131-150; Maria C. Lugones and Elizabeth V. Spelman, "Have We Got a Theory for You! Feminist Theory, Cultural Imperialism, and the Demand for "The Woman's Voice," Women's Studies International Forum 6:6 (1983): 573-581; Audre Lorde, Sister Outsider (Trumansburg, N.Y.: Crossing Press, 1984); Gloria T. Hull, Patricia Bell Scott, and Barbara Smith, ed., All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, but Some of Us Are Brave (Old Westbury:N.Y: Feminist Press, 1982); Marilyn Frye, The Politics of Reality (Trumansburg, N.Y.: Crossing Press, 1983) and the journals Conditions and Sinister Wisdom.
15. The titles here are too numerous to cite. Among the early influential ones are Diane K. Lewis, "A Response to Inequality: Black Women, Racism, and Sexism," Signs 3:2 (Winter 1977): 339-361; Margaret A. Simons, "Racism and Feminism: A Schism in the Sisterhood," Feminist Studies 5:2 (Summer 1979): 389-410; Bonnie Thornton Dill, "Race, Class and Gender: Prospects for an All-Inclusive Sisterhood," Feminist Studies 9:1 (Spring 1983): 131-150; Maria C. Lugones and Elizabeth V. Spelman, "Have We Got a Theory for You! Feminist Theory, Cultural Imperialism, and the Demand for "The Woman's Voice," Women's Studies International Forum 6:6 (1983): 573-581; Audre Lorde, Sister Outsider (Trumansburg, N.Y.: Crossing Press, 1984); Gloria T. Hull, Patricia Bell Scott, and Barbara Smith, ed., All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, but Some of Us Are Brave (Old Westbury:N.Y: Feminist Press, 1982); Marilyn Frye, The Politics of Reality (Trumansburg, N.Y.: Crossing Press, 1983) and the journals Conditions and Sinister Wisdom.
16. The titles here are too numerous to cite. Among the early influential ones are Diane K. Lewis, "A Response to Inequality: Black Women, Racism, and Sexism," Signs 3:2 (Winter 1977): 339-361; Margaret A. Simons, "Racism and Feminism: A Schism in the Sisterhood," Feminist Studies 5:2 (Summer 1979): 389-410; Bonnie Thornton Dill, "Race, Class and Gender: Prospects for an All-Inclusive Sisterhood," Feminist Studies 9:1 (Spring 1983): 131-150; Maria C. Lugones and Elizabeth V. Spelman, "Have We Got a Theory for You! Feminist Theory, Cultural Imperialism, and the Demand for "The Woman's Voice," Women's Studies International Forum 6:6 (1983): 573-581; Audre Lorde, Sister Outsider (Trumansburg, N.Y.: Crossing Press, 1984); Gloria T. Hull, Patricia Bell Scott, and Barbara Smith, ed., All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, but Some of Us Are Brave (Old Westbury:N.Y: Feminist Press, 1982); Marilyn Frye, The Politics of Reality (Trumansburg, N.Y.: Crossing Press, 1983) and the journals Conditions and Sinister Wisdom.
17. The titles here are too numerous to cite. Among the early influential ones are Diane K. Lewis, "A Response to Inequality: Black Women, Racism, and Sexism," Signs 3:2 (Winter 1977): 339-361; Margaret A. Simons, "Racism and Feminism: A Schism in the Sisterhood," Feminist Studies 5:2 (Summer 1979): 389-410; Bonnie Thornton Dill, "Race, Class and Gender: Prospects for an All-Inclusive Sisterhood," Feminist Studies 9:1 (Spring 1983): 131-150; Maria C. Lugones and Elizabeth V. Spelman, "Have We Got a Theory for You! Feminist Theory, Cultural Imperialism, and the Demand for "The Woman's Voice," Women's Studies International Forum 6:6 (1983): 573-581; Audre Lorde, Sister Outsider (Trumansburg, N.Y.: Crossing Press, 1984); Gloria T. Hull, Patricia Bell Scott, and Barbara Smith, ed., All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, but Some of Us Are Brave (Old Westbury:N.Y: Feminist Press, 1982); Marilyn Frye, The Politics of Reality (Trumansburg, N.Y.: Crossing Press, 1983) and the journals Conditions and Sinister Wisdom.
18. The titles here are too numerous to cite. Among the early influential ones are Diane K. Lewis, "A Response to Inequality: Black Women, Racism, and Sexism," Signs 3:2 (Winter 1977): 339-361; Margaret A. Simons, "Racism and Feminism: A Schism in the Sisterhood," Feminist Studies 5:2 (Summer 1979): 389-410; Bonnie Thornton Dill, "Race, Class and Gender: Prospects for an All-Inclusive Sisterhood," Feminist Studies 9:1 (Spring 1983): 131-150; Maria C. Lugones and Elizabeth V. Spelman, "Have We Got a Theory for You! Feminist Theory, Cultural Imperialism, and the Demand for "The Woman's Voice," Women's Studies International Forum 6:6 (1983): 573-581; Audre Lorde, Sister Outsider (Trumansburg, N.Y.: Crossing Press, 1984); Gloria T. Hull, Patricia Bell Scott, and Barbara Smith, ed., All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, but Some of Us Are Brave (Old Westbury:N.Y: Feminist Press, 1982); Marilyn Frye, The Politics of Reality (Trumansburg, N.Y.: Crossing Press, 1983) and the journals Conditions and Sinister Wisdom.
19. On these movements, see Sara Evans, Personal Politics (New York: Vintage, 1980); Alice Echols, Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989); Shane Phelan, Identity Politics (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989); Fuss, Essentially Speaking; Harry Boyte and Sara Evans, Free Spaces (New York: Harper and Row, 1986).
20. On these movements, see Sara Evans, Personal Politics (New York: Vintage, 1980); Alice Echols, Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989); Shane Phelan, Identity Politics (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989); Fuss, Essentially Speaking; Harry Boyte and Sara Evans, Free Spaces (New York: Harper and Row, 1986).
21. On these movements, see Sara Evans, Personal Politics (New York: Vintage, 1980); Alice Echols, Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989); Shane Phelan, Identity Politics (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989); Fuss, Essentially Speaking; Harry Boyte and Sara Evans, Free Spaces (New York: Harper and Row, 1986).
22. On these movements, see Sara Evans, Personal Politics (New York: Vintage, 1980); Alice Echols, Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989); Shane Phelan, Identity Politics (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989); Fuss, Essentially Speaking; Harry Boyte and Sara Evans, Free Spaces (New York: Harper and Row, 1986).
23. On these movements, see Sara Evans, Personal Politics (New York: Vintage, 1980); Alice Echols, Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989); Shane Phelan, Identity Politics (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989); Fuss, Essentially Speaking; Harry Boyte and Sara Evans, Free Spaces (New York: Harper and Row, 1986).
24. Phelan, Identity Politics, 56.
25. Among the key texts here were This Bridge Catted My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color, ed. Cherríe Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa (Watertown: Mass.: Persephone Press, 1981); Hull, Scott, and Smith, All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, but Some of Us Are Brave ; bell hooks, Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (Boston: South End Press, 1984); and Elly Bulkin, Minnie Bruce Pratt, and Barbara Smith, Yours in Struggle: Three Feminist Perspectives on Anti-Semitism and Racism (Brooklyn: Long Haul Press, 1984). In addition to these written texts, many meetings of the National Women's Studies Association, especially between 1983 and 1989, became the field on which such battles were waged - and where important initial steps were taken toward moving beyond the stalemate.
26. Among the key texts here were This Bridge Catted My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color, ed. Cherríe Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa (Watertown: Mass.: Persephone Press, 1981); Hull, Scott, and Smith, All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, but Some of Us Are Brave ; bell hooks, Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (Boston: South End Press, 1984); and Elly Bulkin, Minnie Bruce Pratt, and Barbara Smith, Yours in Struggle: Three Feminist Perspectives on Anti-Semitism and Racism (Brooklyn: Long Haul Press, 1984). In addition to these written texts, many meetings of the National Women's Studies Association, especially between 1983 and 1989, became the field on which such battles were waged - and where important initial steps were taken toward moving beyond the stalemate.
27. Among the key texts here were This Bridge Catted My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color, ed. Cherríe Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa (Watertown: Mass.: Persephone Press, 1981); Hull, Scott, and Smith, All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, but Some of Us Are Brave ; bell hooks, Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (Boston: South End Press, 1984); and Elly Bulkin, Minnie Bruce Pratt, and Barbara Smith, Yours in Struggle: Three Feminist Perspectives on Anti-Semitism and Racism (Brooklyn: Long Haul Press, 1984). In addition to these written texts, many meetings of the National Women's Studies Association, especially between 1983 and 1989, became the field on which such battles were waged - and where important initial steps were taken toward moving beyond the stalemate.
28. Among the key texts here were This Bridge Catted My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color, ed. Cherríe Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa (Watertown: Mass.: Persephone Press, 1981); Hull, Scott, and Smith, All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, but Some of Us Are Brave ; bell hooks, Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (Boston: South End Press, 1984); and Elly Bulkin, Minnie Bruce Pratt, and Barbara Smith, Yours in Struggle: Three Feminist Perspectives on Anti-Semitism and Racism (Brooklyn: Long Haul Press, 1984). In addition to these written texts, many meetings of the National Women's Studies Association, especially between 1983 and 1989, became the field on which such battles were waged - and where important initial steps were taken toward moving beyond the stalemate.
29. I realize that these two are not necessarily separate; but, especially since the early years of the women's movement, neither have they always been the same.
30. "Dilemmas of Difference: Feminism, Modernity, and Postmodernism," in Feminism/Postmodernism, ed. Linda Nicholson (New York: Routledge, 1990), 76.
31. "Foucault on Power: A Theory for Women?" in Feminism/Postmodernism, 160.
32. The claim that the two positions are not incompatible is made by, among others, Fuss, Essentially Speaking; Phelan, Identity Politics; Donna Haraway, "A Manifesto for Cyborgs," in Feminism/Postmodernism; and Gayatri Spivack, The Post-Colonial Critic (New York: Routledge, 1990).
33. The claim that the two positions are not incompatible is made by, among others, Fuss, Essentially Speaking; Phelan, Identity Politics; Donna Haraway, "A Manifesto for Cyborgs," in Feminism/Postmodernism; and Gayatri Spivack, The Post-Colonial Critic (New York: Routledge, 1990).
34. The claim that the two positions are not incompatible is made by, among others, Fuss, Essentially Speaking; Phelan, Identity Politics; Donna Haraway, "A Manifesto for Cyborgs," in Feminism/Postmodernism; and Gayatri Spivack, The Post-Colonial Critic (New York: Routledge, 1990).
35. The claim that the two positions are not incompatible is made by, among others, Fuss, Essentially Speaking; Phelan, Identity Politics; Donna Haraway, "A Manifesto for Cyborgs," in Feminism/Postmodernism; and Gayatri Spivack, The Post-Colonial Critic (New York: Routledge, 1990).
36. Quoted in Letty Cottin Pogrebin, "Anti-Semitism in the Women's Movement," Ms. (June 1982): 46.
37. "The Master's Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master's House," in Sister Outsider (Trumansburg, N.Y: Crossing Press, 1984), 112. See also "Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Confronting Difference," and "Eye to Eye: Black Women, Hatred, and Anger," both in Sister Outsider. Virtually all of Lorde's work, until her recent death, focused on that theme.
38. "The Master's Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master's House," in Sister Outsider (Trumansburg, N.Y: Crossing Press, 1984), 112. See also "Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Confronting Difference," and "Eye to Eye: Black Women, Hatred, and Anger," both in Sister Outsider. Virtually all of Lorde's work, until her recent death, focused on that theme.
39. "Purity, Impurity, and Separation," Signs 19:2 (Winter 1994): 458-479.
40. Phelan, Identity Politics, 167, iting W. Connolly, "Taylor, Foucault, and Otherness," Political Theory 13:3 (August 1985): 375.
41. Phelan, Identity Politics, 167, iting W. Connolly, "Taylor, Foucault, and Otherness," Political Theory 13:3 (August 1985): 375.
42. Z. D. Gurevitch, "The Other Side of Dialogue: On Making the Other Strange and the Experience of Otherness," American Journal of Sociology 93:5 (March 1988): 1179-1199, ted in Bernard T. Adeney, "Cross-Cultural Ethics: Communication and the Gift of Strangeness" (Paper presented to the Ethics Section, American Academy of Religion, Chicago, Ill., November 1994), 7.
43. Z. D. Gurevitch, "The Other Side of Dialogue: On Making the Other Strange and the Experience of Otherness," American Journal of Sociology 93:5 (March 1988): 1179-1199, ted in Bernard T. Adeney, "Cross-Cultural Ethics: Communication and the Gift of Strangeness" (Paper presented to the Ethics Section, American Academy of Religion, Chicago, Ill., November 1994), 7.
44. Donna Haraway presents the tension clearly in "A Manifesto for Cyborgs," in Feminism/Postmodernism, 199.
45. Butler, Gender Trouble, 148.
46. "Feminist Politics: What's Home Got to Do With It?" in Feminist Studies, Critical Studies, ed. Teresa de Lauretis (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), 210. Pratt's essay, originally delivered at a plenary session of the NWSA in 1983, appeared in Yours in Struggle.
47. "Making It Perfectly Queer," Socialist Review 22:1 (January-March 1992): 26.
48. "(Be)Coming Out," 778 , 783-784. See also Iris Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990), especially chs. 4, 6.
49. "(Be)Coming Out," 778 , 783-784. See also Iris Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990), especially chs. 4, 6.
50. "(Be)Coming Out," 779. On this point, note also Arlene Stein's assertion that "identities are always simultaneously enabling and constraining" (Stein, "Sisters and Queers: The Decentering of Lesbian Feminism," Socialist Review 22:1 [January-March 1992]: 52) , and Butler's claim that "construction is not opposed to agency; it is the necessary scene of agency" (Gender Trouble, 147).
51. "(Be)Coming Out," 779. On this point, note also Arlene Stein's assertion that "identities are always simultaneously enabling and constraining" (Stein, "Sisters and Queers: The Decentering of Lesbian Feminism," Socialist Review 22:1 [January-March 1992]: 52) , and Butler's claim that "construction is not opposed to agency; it is the necessary scene of agency" (Gender Trouble, 147).
52. "(Be)Coming Out," 779. On this point, note also Arlene Stein's assertion that "identities are always simultaneously enabling and constraining" (Stein, "Sisters and Queers: The Decentering of Lesbian Feminism," Socialist Review 22:1 [January-March 1992]: 52) , and Butler's claim that "construction is not opposed to agency; it is the necessary scene of agency" (Gender Trouble, 147).
53. In Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology, ed. Barbara Smith (New York: Kitchen Table/Women of Color Press, 1983), 356-368.
54. Smith, Home Girls, 358.
55. Smith, Home Girls, 359.
56. Eisenstein, Capitalist Patriarchy, 365.
57. On gender conflicts among Spanish anarchists see my Free Women of Spain: Anarchism and the Struggle for the Emancipation of Women (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991), especially chs. 1-2.
58. Eisenstein, Capitalist Patriarchy, 365. I discuss the difficulties European socialist women faced along similar lines in Free Women of Spain, especially "Conclusion"; see also Socialist Women: European Socialist Feminism in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries, ed. Marilyn J. Boxer and Jean H. Quataert (New York: Elsevier, 1978) and European Women on the Left, ed. Jane Slaughter and Robert Kern (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1981).
59. Eisenstein, Capitalist Patriarchy, 365. I discuss the difficulties European socialist women faced along similar lines in Free Women of Spain, especially "Conclusion"; see also Socialist Women: European Socialist Feminism in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries, ed. Marilyn J. Boxer and Jean H. Quataert (New York: Elsevier, 1978) and European Women on the Left, ed. Jane Slaughter and Robert Kern (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1981).
60. Eisenstein, Capitalist Patriarchy, 365. I discuss the difficulties European socialist women faced along similar lines in Free Women of Spain, especially "Conclusion"; see also Socialist Women: European Socialist Feminism in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries, ed. Marilyn J. Boxer and Jean H. Quataert (New York: Elsevier, 1978) and European Women on the Left, ed. Jane Slaughter and Robert Kern (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1981).
61. There are some beginnings in a number of recent anthologies, e.g. Women and the Politics of Empowerment, ed. Ann Bookman and Sandra Morgen (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988); Louise Tilly and Patricia Gurin, Women, Politics and Change (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1990); Guida West and Rhoda Lois Blumberg, Women and Social Protest (New York: Oxford, 1990); Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State, and Welfare (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990). See also Celene Krauss, "Waste and Toxic Waste Protests: Race, Class and Gender as Resources of Resistance" (Paper presented at "A Celebration of Our Work," Douglass College, May 1993). Bridges to Power: Women's Multicultural Alliances, ed. Lisa Albrecht and Rose M. Brewer (Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, 1990), published in cooperation with the National Women's Studies Association, offers essays and reports on coalition-and alliance-building among contemporary women's groups. Manuel Castells, The City and the Grassroots (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), was an early effort at case studies of a variety of locally based resistance movements.
62. There are some beginnings in a number of recent anthologies, e.g. Women and the Politics of Empowerment, ed. Ann Bookman and Sandra Morgen (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988); Louise Tilly and Patricia Gurin, Women, Politics and Change (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1990); Guida West and Rhoda Lois Blumberg, Women and Social Protest (New York: Oxford, 1990); Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State, and Welfare (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990). See also Celene Krauss, "Waste and Toxic Waste Protests: Race, Class and Gender as Resources of Resistance" (Paper presented at "A Celebration of Our Work," Douglass College, May 1993). Bridges to Power: Women's Multicultural Alliances, ed. Lisa Albrecht and Rose M. Brewer (Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, 1990), published in cooperation with the National Women's Studies Association, offers essays and reports on coalition-and alliance-building among contemporary women's groups. Manuel Castells, The City and the Grassroots (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), was an early effort at case studies of a variety of locally based resistance movements.
63. There are some beginnings in a number of recent anthologies, e.g. Women and the Politics of Empowerment, ed. Ann Bookman and Sandra Morgen (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988); Louise Tilly and Patricia Gurin, Women, Politics and Change (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1990); Guida West and Rhoda Lois Blumberg, Women and Social Protest (New York: Oxford, 1990); Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State, and Welfare (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990). See also Celene Krauss, "Waste and Toxic Waste Protests: Race, Class and Gender as Resources of Resistance" (Paper presented at "A Celebration of Our Work," Douglass College, May 1993). Bridges to Power: Women's Multicultural Alliances, ed. Lisa Albrecht and Rose M. Brewer (Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, 1990), published in cooperation with the National Women's Studies Association, offers essays and reports on coalition-and alliance-building among contemporary women's groups. Manuel Castells, The City and the Grassroots (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), was an early effort at case studies of a variety of locally based resistance movements.
64. There are some beginnings in a number of recent anthologies, e.g. Women and the Politics of Empowerment, ed. Ann Bookman and Sandra Morgen (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988); Louise Tilly and Patricia Gurin, Women, Politics and Change (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1990); Guida West and Rhoda Lois Blumberg, Women and Social Protest (New York: Oxford, 1990); Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State, and Welfare (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990). See also Celene Krauss, "Waste and Toxic Waste Protests: Race, Class and Gender as Resources of Resistance" (Paper presented at "A Celebration of Our Work," Douglass College, May 1993). Bridges to Power: Women's Multicultural Alliances, ed. Lisa Albrecht and Rose M. Brewer (Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, 1990), published in cooperation with the National Women's Studies Association, offers essays and reports on coalition-and alliance-building among contemporary women's groups. Manuel Castells, The City and the Grassroots (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), was an early effort at case studies of a variety of locally based resistance movements.
65. There are some beginnings in a number of recent anthologies, e.g. Women and the Politics of Empowerment, ed. Ann Bookman and Sandra Morgen (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988); Louise Tilly and Patricia Gurin, Women, Politics and Change (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1990); Guida West and Rhoda Lois Blumberg, Women and Social Protest (New York: Oxford, 1990); Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State, and Welfare (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990). See also Celene Krauss, "Waste and Toxic Waste Protests: Race, Class and Gender as Resources of Resistance" (Paper presented at "A Celebration of Our Work," Douglass College, May 1993). Bridges to Power: Women's Multicultural Alliances, ed. Lisa Albrecht and Rose M. Brewer (Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, 1990), published in cooperation with the National Women's Studies Association, offers essays and reports on coalition-and alliance-building among contemporary women's groups. Manuel Castells, The City and the Grassroots (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), was an early effort at case studies of a variety of locally based resistance movements.
66. There are some beginnings in a number of recent anthologies, e.g. Women and the Politics of Empowerment, ed. Ann Bookman and Sandra Morgen (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988); Louise Tilly and Patricia Gurin, Women, Politics and Change (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1990); Guida West and Rhoda Lois Blumberg, Women and Social Protest (New York: Oxford, 1990); Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State, and Welfare (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990). See also Celene Krauss, "Waste and Toxic Waste Protests: Race, Class and Gender as Resources of Resistance" (Paper presented at "A Celebration of Our Work," Douglass College, May 1993). Bridges to Power: Women's Multicultural Alliances, ed. Lisa Albrecht and Rose M. Brewer (Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, 1990), published in cooperation with the National Women's Studies Association, offers essays and reports on coalition-and alliance-building among contemporary women's groups. Manuel Castells, The City and the Grassroots (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), was an early effort at case studies of a variety of locally based resistance movements.
67. There are some beginnings in a number of recent anthologies, e.g. Women and the Politics of Empowerment, ed. Ann Bookman and Sandra Morgen (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988); Louise Tilly and Patricia Gurin, Women, Politics and Change (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1990); Guida West and Rhoda Lois Blumberg, Women and Social Protest (New York: Oxford, 1990); Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State, and Welfare (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990). See also Celene Krauss, "Waste and Toxic Waste Protests: Race, Class and Gender as Resources of Resistance" (Paper presented at "A Celebration of Our Work," Douglass College, May 1993). Bridges to Power: Women's Multicultural Alliances, ed. Lisa Albrecht and Rose M. Brewer (Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, 1990), published in cooperation with the National Women's Studies Association, offers essays and reports on coalition-and alliance-building among contemporary women's groups. Manuel Castells, The City and the Grassroots (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), was an early effort at case studies of a variety of locally based resistance movements.
68. On the welfare rights movement, see Guida West, The National Welfare Rights Movement: The Social Protest of Poor Women (New York: Praeger, 1981); on DSNI see Peter Medoff and Holly Sklar, Streets of Hope: The Fall and Rise of an Urban Neighborhood (Boston: South End Press, 1994).
69. On the welfare rights movement, see Guida West, The National Welfare Rights Movement: The Social Protest of Poor Women (New York: Praeger, 1981); on DSNI see Peter Medoff and Holly Sklar, Streets of Hope: The Fall and Rise of an Urban Neighborhood (Boston: South End Press, 1994).