To counter "the very devil" and more: The making of independent capitalist militia in the gilded age

American Journal of Sociology

Volumn 108, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 353-405+i

  Isaac, Larry ^a  

^a FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041832370     PISSN: 00029602     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/344810     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Abbott, Andrew. 1992. "From Causes to Events: Notes on Narrative Positivism." Sociological Methods and Research 20 (May): 428-55.
2. _. 1997. "On the Concept of Turning Point." Comparative Social Research 16: 85-105.
3. Abrams, Phillip. 1982. Historical Sociology. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
4. Alexander, Jeffrey C. 1992. "Citizen and Enemy as Symbolic Classification: On the Polarizing Discourse of Civil Society." Pp. 289-308 in Cultivating Differences: Symbolic Boundaries and the Making of Inequality, edited by Michele Lament and Marcel Fournier. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5. Banks, Olive. 1986. Faces of Feminism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
6. Bederman, Gail. 1995. Manliness and Civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
7. Beisel, Nicola. 1997. Imperiled Innocents. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
8. Bernstein, Samuel. 1973. "The Impact of the Paris Commune in the United States." Pp. 59-70 in Revolution and Reaction: The Paris Commune, 1871, edited by John Hicks and Robert Tucker. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
9. Bonnett, Clarence E. 1956. History of Employers' Associations in the United States. New York: Vantage Press.
10. Boyer, Paul. 1978. Urban Masses and Moral Order in America, 1820-1920. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
11. Brecher, Jeremy. 1997. Strike! rev. and updated ed. Boston: South End Press.
12. Bruce, Robert V. 1959. 1877: Year of Violence. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
13. Buechler, Steven M. 2000. Social Movements in Advanced Capitalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
14. Burawoy, Michael, et al. 1991. Ethnography Unbound: Power and Resistance in the Modern Metropolis. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
15. Burbank, David. 1966. Reign of the Rabble: The St. Louis General Strike of 1877. New York: Augustus Kelley.
16. Carnes, Mark C. 1990. "Middle-Class Men and the Solace of Fraternal Ritual." Pp. 37-52 in Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America, edited by Mark Carnes and Clyde Griffen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
17. Chernow, Ron. 1998. Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. New York: Random House.
18. Cigliano, Jan. 1978. The Euclid Avenue Elite, Cleveland, Ohio, 1860-1910: Work, Life, and Architecture. M.A. thesis. Case Western Reserve University, Department of History.
19. _. 1991. Showplace of America: Cleveland's Euclid Avenue, 1850-1910. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press.
20. Clemens, Elisabeth S. 1993. "Organizational Repertoires and Institutional Change: Women's Groups and the Transformation of U.S. Politics, 1890-1920." American Journal of Sociology 98 (4): 755-98.
21. _. 1996. "Organizational Form as Frame: Collective Identity and Political Strategy in the American Labor Movement, 1880-1920." Pp. 205-26 in Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements, edited by Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
22. _. 1997. The People's Lobby. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
23. Coates, William R. 1924. A History of Cuyahoga County and the City of Cleveland. Chicago: American Historical Society.
24. Cooper Jerry M. 1977. "The Army as Strikebreaker: The Railroad Strikes of 1877 and 1894." Labor History 18 (Spring): 179-96.
25. _. 1980. The Army and Civil Disorder: Federal Military Intervention in Labor Disputes, 1877-1900. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
26. _. 1997. The Rise of the National Guard. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
27. Couvares, Francis G. 1984. The Remaking of Pittsburgh: Class and Culture in an Industrializing City, 1877-1919. Albany: State University of New York Press.
28. Dacus, J. A. (1877) 1969. Annals of the Great Strike in the United States. New York: Arno Press and the New York Times.
29. Davis, Mike. 1986. Prisoners of the American Dream. London: Verso Press.
30. Della Porta, Donatella, and Mario Diani. 1999. Social Movements. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
31. Derthick, Martha. 1965. The National Guard in Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
32. DiMaggio, Paul. 1982. "Cultural Entrepreneurship in Nineteenth-Century Boston." Media, Culture, and Society 4:33-50.
33. Douglas, Ann. 1977. The Feminization of Culture. New York: Knopf.
34. Dulles, Foster R., and Melvyn Dubofsky. 1993. Labor in America, 5th ed. Wheeling, Ill.: Harlan Davidson.
35. Ellingson, Stephen. 1995. "Understanding the Dialectic of Discourse and Collective Action: Public Debate and Rioting in Antebellum Cincinnati. " American Journal of Sociology 101 (1): 100-44.
36. Eggert, Gerald. 1990. "Railroad Strikes of 1877." Pp. 441-46 in Labor Conflict in the United States, edited by Ronald Filippelli. New York: Garland.
37. Finegold, Kenneth. 1995. Experts and Politicians: Reform Challenges to Machine Politics in New York, Cleveland, and Chicago. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
38. Fogelson, Robert M. 1989. America's Armories:Architecture, Society, and Public Order. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
39. Foner, Philip S. 1947. First Facts of American Labor. New York: Monad Press.
40. _. 1977. The Great Labor Uprising of 1877. New York: Monad Press.
41. Friedman, Gerald. 1991. "Worker Militancy and Its Consequences: Political Responses to Labor Unrest in the United States, 1877-1914." International Labour and Working-Class History 40 (Fall): 5-17.
42. Fusfield, Daniel. 1984. "Government and the Suppression of Radical Labor, 1877-1918." Pp. 344-77 in Statemaking and Social Movements, edited by Charles Bright and Susan Harding. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
43. Gamson, William A. 1975. The Strategy of Social Protest. Chicago: Dorsey Press.
44. _. 1995. "Constructing Social Protest." Pp. 85-106 in Social Movements and Culture, edited by Hank Johnston and Bert Klandermans. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
45. Goodman, Jeff, James Jasper, and Francesca Polletta, eds. 2001. Passionate Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
46. Grabowski, John J. 1986. "Social Reform and Philanthropic Order in Cleveland, 1896-1920." Pp. 29-49 in Cleveland: A Tradition of Reform, edited by David D. Van Tassel and John J. Grabowski. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press.
47. Griffin, Larry, Michael Wallace, and Beth Rubin. 1986. "Capitalist Resistance to the Organization of Labor Before the New Deal: Why? How? Success? American Sociological Review 51 (April): 147-67.
48. _. 1992. "Temporality, Events, and Explanation in Historical Sociology." Sociological Methods and Research 20 (May): 403-27.
49. Guha, Ranajit. 1994. "The Prose of Counter-Insurgency." Pp. 336-71 in Culture/Power/History, edited by Nicholas B. Dirks, Geoff Eley, and Sherry B. Ortner. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
50. Hall, Virginius C. 1969. "Richard M. Bishop 1878-1880." Pp. 108-11 in The Governors of Ohio, edited by the Ohio Historical Society. Columbus: Ohio Historical Society.
51. Hatcher, Harlan. 1950. A Century of Iron and Men. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co.
52. Hattam, Victoria C. 1993. Labor Visions and State Power. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
53. Hay, John. (1883) 1967. The Bread-Winners. Ridgewood, N.J.: Gregg Press.
54. Haydu, Jeffrey. 1998. "Making Use of the Past: Time Periods as Cases to Compare and as Sequences of Problem Solving." American Journal of Sociology 104 (2): 339-71.
55. _. 1999. "Counter Action Frames: Employer Repertoires and the Union Menace in the Late Nineteenth Century." Social Problems 46 (August): 313-31.
56. Hinshaw, John. 2002. Steel and Steelworkers: Race and Class Struggle in Twentieth-Century Pittsburgh. Albany: State University of New York Press.
57. Hough, Leslie S. 1977. "The Turbulent Spirit: Violence and Coaction among Cleveland Workers, 1877-1899." Ph.D. dissertation. University of Virginia, Department of History.
58. Isaac, Larry. 1997. "Transforming Localities: Reflections on Time, Causality, and Narrative in Contemporary Historical Sociology." Historical Methods 30 (Winter): 4-12.
59. Jacobs, Ronald N. 2000. Race, Media and the Crisis of Civil Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
60. Johnson, Crisfield. 1879. History of Cuyahoga County, Ohio. Cleveland: D. W. Ensign.
61. Katznelson, Ira. 1986. "Working-Class Formation: Constructing Cases and Comparisons." Chap. 1 in Working-Class Formation, edited by Ira Katznelson and Aristide R. Zolberg. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
62. Kaufman, Stuart B., ed. 1986. The Samuel Gompers Papers, vol. 1. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
63. Kimeldorf, Howard, and Judith Stepan-Norris. 1992. "Historical Studies of Labor Movements in the United States." Annual Review of Sociology 18:495-517.
64. Kimmel, Michael. 1996. Manhood in America: A Cultural History. New York: Free Press.
65. Lamont, Michele. 1992. Money, Morals, and Manners. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
66. Leach, Eugene E. 1994. "Chaining the Tiger: The Mob Stigma and the Working Class, 1863-1894." Labor History 35 (Spring): 187-215.
67. Lens, Sidney. 1974. The Labor Wars. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books.
68. Licht, Walter. 1983. Working for the Railroad: The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
69. Lieberman, Sima. 1986. Labor Movements and Labor Thought. New York: Praeger.
70. Livesay, Harold. 1988. "From Steeples to Smokestacks: The Birth of the Modern Corporation in Cleveland." Pp. 54-70 in The Birth of Modern Cleveland, 1865-1930, edited by Thomas F. Campbell and Edward M. Miggins. Cleveland: Western Reserve Historical Society.
71. Lo, Clarence Y. H. 1982. "Countermovements and Conservative Movements in the Contemporary U.S." Annual Review of Sociology 8:107-34.
72. Mahon, John K. 1983. History of the Militia and the National Guard. New York: Macmillan.
73. Martin, Edward Winslow [James Dabney McCabe]. (1877) 1971. The History of the Great Riots. New York: Augustus M. Kelley.
74. McAdam, Doug. 1983. "Tactical Innovation and the Pace of Insurgency," American Sociological Review 48 (December): 735-54.
75. _. 1996. "The Framing Function of Movement Tactics: Strategic Dramaturgy in the American Civil Rights Movement." Pp. 338-55 in Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements, edited by Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press.
76. McAdam, Doug, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald. 1996. "Introduction: Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Framing Processes - Towards a Synthetic, Comparative Perspective on Social Movements." Pp. 1-20 in Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements, edited by Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
77. McCammon, Holly. 1993. "'Government by Injunction': The U.S. Judiciary and Strike Action in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries." Work and Occupations 20 (May): 174-204.
78. Meyer, David S., and Suzanne Staggenborg. 1996. "Movements, Countermovements, and the Structure of Political Opportunity." American Journal of Sociology 101 (May): 1628-60.
79. Miller, Carol P., and Robert A. Wheeler. 1997. Cleveland: A Concise History, 1796-1990. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
80. Montgomery, David. 1980. "Strikes in Nineteenth-Century America." Social Science History 4 (February): 81-104.
81. _. 1993. Citizen/Worker: The Experience of Workers in the United States with Democracy and the Free Market during the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
82. Morton, Marian J. 1986. "Temperance Reform in the 'Provincial Environment,' Cleveland, 1830-1934." Pp. 50-66 in Cleveland: A Tradition of Reform, edited by David D. Van Tassel and John J. Grabowski. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press.
83. Mottl, Tahi. 1980. "The Analysis of Countermovements." Social Problems 27 (June): 620-35.
84. Padover, Saul K. 1979. The Letters of Karl Marx. New York: Prentice-Hall.
85. Painter, Nell Irvin. 1987. Standing at Armageddon: The united States, 1877-1919. New York: W.W. Norton.
86. Pinkerton, Allan. (1878) 1969. Strikers, Communists, Tramps, and Detectives. New York: Arno Press and the New York Times.
87. Quadagno, Jill, and Stan J. Knapp. 1992. "Have Historical Sociologists Forsaken Theory? Thoughts on the History/Theory Relationship. " Sociological Methods and Research 20 (May): 481-507.
88. Reinders, Robert. 1977. "Militia and Public Order in Nineteenth-Century America." Journal of American Studies 11 (1): 81-101.
89. Rose, William G. 1950. Cleveland: The Making of a City. Cleveland: World Publishing.
90. Ross, Stephen J. 1985. Workers on the Edge. New York: Columbia University Press.
91. Roy, William. 1997. Socializing Capital. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
92. Salvatore, Nick. 1980. "Railroad Workers and the Great Strike of 1877: The View from a Small Midwest City." Labor History 21 (Fall): 522-45.
93. Scharf, Lois. 1986. "The Women's Movement in Cleveland from 1850." Pp. 67-90 in Cleveland: A Tradition of Reform, edited by David D. Van Tassel and John J. Grabowski. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press.
94. Scott, Thomas A. 1877. "The Recent Strikes." North American Review (September): 351-62.
95. Sewell, William H., Jr. 1996a. "Historical Events as Transformations of Structures: Inventing Revolution at the Bastille." Theory and Society 25 (December): 841-81.
96. _. 1996b. "Three Temporalities: Toward an Eventful Sociology." Pp. 245-80 in The Historic Turn in the Human Sciences, edited by Terrence J. McDonald. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
97. Shefter, Martin. 1986. "Trade Unions and Political Machines: The Organization and Disorganization of the American Working Class in the Late Nineteenth Century." Pp. 197-276 in Working-Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States, edited by Ira Katznelson and Aristide Zolberg. Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press.
98. Skowronek, Stephen. 1982. Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877-1920. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
99. Smith, Robert. 1993. "Spies against Labor: Industrial Espionage Agencies, 1855-1940." Labor's Heritage 5 (Summer): 65-77.
100. Snow, David A., E. Burke Rochford, Jr., Steven K. Worden, and Robert D. Benford. 1986. "Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation." American Sociological Review 51 (August): 464-81.
101. Stapleton, Darwin H. 1988. "The City Industrious: How Technology Transformed Cleveland." Pp. 71-95 in The Birth of Modern Cleveland, 1865-1930, edited by T. F. Campbell and E. M. Miggins. Cleveland: Western Reserve Historical Society.
102. Stowell, David O. 1999. Streets, Railroads, and the Great Strike of 1877. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
103. Stromquist, Shelton. 1987. A Generation of Boomers: The Pattern of Railroad Labor Conflict in Nineteenth-Century America. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
104. Swidler, Ann. 1986. "Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies." American Sociological Review 51:273-86.
105. Tarrow, Sidney. 1998. Power in Movement, 2d ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
106. Thayer, William Roscoe. 1915. The Life and Letters of John Hay, vol. 2. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
107. Tilly, Charles. 1977. "Getting It Together in Burgundy." Theory and Society 4:479-504.
108. Tomlins, Christopher. 1985. The State and the Unions. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
109. Trachtenberg, Alan. 1982. The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age. New York: Hill & Wang.
110. Turnbaugh, Roy. 1979. "Ethnicity, Civic Pride, and Commitment: The Evolution of the Chicago Militia." Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 72:111-22.
111. Van Tassel, David D., and John J. Grabowski, eds. 1996a. The Dictionary of Cleveland Biography. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
112. _. 1996b. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
113. Vourlojianis, George N. 2002. The Cleveland Grays. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press.
114. Whipple, James B. 1951. Cleveland in Conflict: A Study in Urban Adolescence, 1876-1900. Ph.D. dissertation. Western Reserve University, Department of History.
115. _. 1953. "Municipal Government in an Average City: Cleveland, 1876-1900." Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 62 (January): 1-24.
116. Wiebe, Robert H. 1967. The Search for Order, 1877-1920. New York: Hill & Wang.
117. Wilentz, Sean. 1989. "The Rise of the American Working Class, 1776-1877."Pp. 83-151 in Perspectives on American Labor History, edited by J. Carroll Moody and Alice Kessler-Harris. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press.
118. Wilson, Ella Grant. 1932. Famous Old Euclid Avenue of Cleveland, vol. 1. Cleveland, Ohio.
119. _. 1937. Famous Old Euclid Avenue of Cleveland, vol. 2. Cleveland, Ohio.
120. Zald, Mayer N. 1996. "Culture, Ideology, and Strategic Framing." Pp. 261-74 in Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements, edited by Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press.
121. Zald, Mayer N., and Bert Useem, 1987. "Movement and Countermovement Interaction: Mobilization Tactics, and State Involvement." Pp. 247-72 in Social Movements in an Organizational Society, edited by M. Zald and J. McCarthy. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books.
122. Zinn, Howard. 1995. A Peoples' History of the United States, 1492-present, rev. ed. New York: Harper.