Effects of rain on Ku-band backscatter from the ocean

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 108, Issue 5, 2003, Pages

  Contreras, Robert F ^a   Plant, William J ^a   Keller, William C ^a   Hayes, Kenneth ^a   Nystuen, Jeffrey ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Microwave backscatter; QuickSCAT; Rain; Scatterometer; TRMM

Indexed keywords

AIR-SEA INTERACTION; BACKSCATTER; RAINDROP; RAINFALL; SCATTEROMETER; WIND VELOCITY;

EID: 0041823247     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Atlas, D., Footprints of storms on the sea: A view from spaceborne synthetic aperture radar, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 7961-7969, 1994.
2. Bliven, L. F., P. W. Sobieski, and C. Craeye, Rain generated ring-waves: Measurement and modeling for remote sensing, Int. J. Remote Sens., 18(1), 221-228, 1997.
3. Braun, N., M. Gade, and P. A. Lange, Radar backscattering measurements of artificial rain impinging on a water surface at different wind speeds, paper presented at 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Inst. of Elect. and Elect. Eng., New York, 1999.
4. Businger, J. A., J. C. Wyngaard, Y. Izumi, and E. F. Bradley, Flux profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer, J. Appl. Meteorol., 28, 181-189, 1971.
5. Capolino, F., L. Facheris, D. Giuli, and F. Sottili, The determination of the sea surface NRCS when corrugated by blowing wind and rainfall: An application of rainfall rate measurements over sea, paper presented at 10th International Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Inst. of Elect. Eng., London, 1997.
6. Dyer, A. J., A review of the flux-profile relationships, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 7, 363-372, 1974.
7. Gade, M., N. Braun, and P. A. Lange, Laboratory measurements of artificial rain impinging on a wind-roughened water surface, paper presented at 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Inst. of Elect. and Elect. Eng., New York, 1998.
8. Garratt, J. R., The Atmospheric Boundary Layer, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1992.
9. Gunn, R., and G. D. Kinzer, The terminal velocity of fall for water drops in stagnant air, J. Meteorol., 6, 243-248, 1949.
10. Haddad, Z. S., A. R. Jameson, E. Im, and L. Durden, Improved coupled Z-R and k-R relations and the resulting ambiguities in the determination of the vertical distribution of rain from the radar backscatter and the integrated attenuation, J. Appl. Meteorol., 34, 2680-2688, 1995.
11. Hansen, J. P., Rain backscatter tests dispel old theories, Microwaves RF, 6, 97-102, 1986.
12. Hasse, L., M. Grossklaus, K. Uhlig, and P. Timm, A ship rain gauge for use in high wind speeds, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 380-386, 1998.
13. Marshall, J. S., and W. M. Palmer, The distribution of raindrops with size, J. Meteorol., 5, 165-166, 1948.
14. Méhauté, B. L., Gravity-capillary rings generated by water drops, J. Fluid Mech., 197, 415-427, 1988.
15. Melsheimer, C., W. Alpers, and M. Gade, Investigation of multifrequency/ multipolarization radar signatures of rain cells over the ocean using SIRC/ X-SAR data, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 18,867-18,884, 1998.
16. Miller, S., C. Friehe, T. Hristov, J. Edson, and S. Wetzel, Wind and turbulence profiles in the surface layer over ocean waves, in Wind-Over-Wave Couplings: Perspectives and Prospects, Salford University, England, Salford Univ., Southend-on-Sea, England, 1997.
17. Moore, R. K., Y. S. Yu, A. K. Fung, D. Kaneko, G. J. Dome, and R. E. Werp, Preliminary study of rain effects on radar scattering from water surfaces, IEEE J. Oceanic Eng., 4(1), 31-32, 1979.
18. Nystuen, J. A., A note on the attenuation of surface gravity waves by rainfall, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 18,353-18,355, 1990.
19. Plant, W. J., E. A. Terray, J. Robert, A. Petitt, and W. C. Keller, The dependence of microwave backscatter from the sea on illuminated area: Correlation times and lenghts. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 9705-9723, 1994.
20. Plant, W. J., W. C. Keller, V. Hesany, K. Hayes, K. W. Hoppel, and T. V. Blanc, Measurements of the marine boundary layer from an airship, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 1433-1458, 1998.
21. Smith, M. J., E. M. Poulter, and J. A. McGregor, Doppler radar backscatter from ring waves, Int. J. Remote Sens., 19(2), 295-305, 1998.
22. Sobieski, P. W., C. Craeye, and L. F. Bliven, Scatterometric signatures of multivariate drop impacts on fresh and salt water surfaces. Int. J. Remote Sens., 20(11), 2149-2166, 1999.
23. Tsimplis, M. N., The effect of rain in calming the sea, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 404-412, 1992.
24. Wentz, F. J., S. Peteherych, and L. A. Thomas, A model function for ocean radar cross sections at 14.6 GHz, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 3689-3704, 1984.
25. Wetzel, L. B., On the theory of electromagnetic scattering from a raindrop splash, Radio Sci., 25(6), 1183-1197, 1990.
26. Worthington, A. M., A Study of Splashes, Including His 1894 Lecture: The Splash of a Drop and Allied Phenomena, Macmillan, New York, 1963.
27. Yang, Z., S. Tang, and J. Wu, An experimental study of rain effects on fine structure of wind waves, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 419-430, 1997.