Seeing diplomacy through bankers' eyes: The World Bank, the Anglo-Iranian oil crisis, and the Aswan High Dam

Diplomatic History

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 397-418

  Staples, Amy L S ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041806637     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-7709.00317     Document Type: Review

References (153)

1. The literature on the World Bank generally falls into one of three categories. The best examples of World Bank-sponsored histories of its activities and functions include Edward S. Mason and Robert E. Asher, The World Bank since Bretton Woods: The Origins, Policies, Operations, and Impact of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Others Members of the World Bank Group (Washington, DC, 1975); and Jochen Kraske with William H. Becker, William Diamond, and Louis Galambos, Bankers with a Mission: The Presidents of the World Bank, 1946-91 (Oxford, 1996). Social-science treatments that focus on specific aspects of the bank include Frederick T. Moore, "The World Bank and Its Economic Missions," Review of Economics and Statistics 42 (February 1960): 81-93; Samuel A. Bleicher, "UN v. IBRD: A Dilemma of Functionalism," International Organization 24 (Winter 1970): 31-47; and James Patrick Sewell, Functionalism and World Politics: A Study Based on United Nations Programs for Financing Economic Development (Princeton, NJ, 1966). Much of the recent literature consists of denunciations of the organization: Jyrki Käkönen, The World Bank: A Bridgehead of Imperialism (Tampere, Finland, 1975); Kevin Danaher, ed., 50 Years Is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (Boston, 1994); and Susan George and Fabrizio Sabelli, Faith and Credit: The World Bank's Secular Empire (Boulder, CO, 1994). Most of my discussion of the formation of identity is informed by Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London, 1991). Other works dealing with identity include David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System, 2d ed. (Baltimore, 1995); Nicholas Canny and Anthony Pagden, eds., Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500-1800 (Princeton, NJ, 1987); and Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, vol. 2, The Power of Identity (Boston, 1997).
2. The literature on the World Bank generally falls into one of three categories. The best examples of World Bank-sponsored histories of its activities and functions include Edward S. Mason and Robert E. Asher, The World Bank since Bretton Woods: The Origins, Policies, Operations, and Impact of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Others Members of the World Bank Group (Washington, DC, 1975); and Jochen Kraske with William H. Becker, William Diamond, and Louis Galambos, Bankers with a Mission: The Presidents of the World Bank, 1946-91 (Oxford, 1996). Social-science treatments that focus on specific aspects of the bank include Frederick T. Moore, "The World Bank and Its Economic Missions," Review of Economics and Statistics 42 (February 1960): 81-93; Samuel A. Bleicher, "UN v. IBRD: A Dilemma of Functionalism," International Organization 24 (Winter 1970): 31-47; and James Patrick Sewell, Functionalism and World Politics: A Study Based on United Nations Programs for Financing Economic Development (Princeton, NJ, 1966). Much of the recent literature consists of denunciations of the organization: Jyrki Käkönen, The World Bank: A Bridgehead of Imperialism (Tampere, Finland, 1975); Kevin Danaher, ed., 50 Years Is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (Boston, 1994); and Susan George and Fabrizio Sabelli, Faith and Credit: The World Bank's Secular Empire (Boulder, CO, 1994). Most of my discussion of the formation of identity is informed by Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London, 1991). Other works dealing with identity include David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System, 2d ed. (Baltimore, 1995); Nicholas Canny and Anthony Pagden, eds., Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500-1800 (Princeton, NJ, 1987); and Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, vol. 2, The Power of Identity (Boston, 1997).
3. The literature on the World Bank generally falls into one of three categories. The best examples of World Bank-sponsored histories of its activities and functions include Edward S. Mason and Robert E. Asher, The World Bank since Bretton Woods: The Origins, Policies, Operations, and Impact of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Others Members of the World Bank Group (Washington, DC, 1975); and Jochen Kraske with William H. Becker, William Diamond, and Louis Galambos, Bankers with a Mission: The Presidents of the World Bank, 1946-91 (Oxford, 1996). Social-science treatments that focus on specific aspects of the bank include Frederick T. Moore, "The World Bank and Its Economic Missions," Review of Economics and Statistics 42 (February 1960): 81-93; Samuel A. Bleicher, "UN v. IBRD: A Dilemma of Functionalism," International Organization 24 (Winter 1970): 31-47; and James Patrick Sewell, Functionalism and World Politics: A Study Based on United Nations Programs for Financing Economic Development (Princeton, NJ, 1966). Much of the recent literature consists of denunciations of the organization: Jyrki Käkönen, The World Bank: A Bridgehead of Imperialism (Tampere, Finland, 1975); Kevin Danaher, ed., 50 Years Is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (Boston, 1994); and Susan George and Fabrizio Sabelli, Faith and Credit: The World Bank's Secular Empire (Boulder, CO, 1994). Most of my discussion of the formation of identity is informed by Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London, 1991). Other works dealing with identity include David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System, 2d ed. (Baltimore, 1995); Nicholas Canny and Anthony Pagden, eds., Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500-1800 (Princeton, NJ, 1987); and Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, vol. 2, The Power of Identity (Boston, 1997).
4. The literature on the World Bank generally falls into one of three categories. The best examples of World Bank-sponsored histories of its activities and functions include Edward S. Mason and Robert E. Asher, The World Bank since Bretton Woods: The Origins, Policies, Operations, and Impact of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Others Members of the World Bank Group (Washington, DC, 1975); and Jochen Kraske with William H. Becker, William Diamond, and Louis Galambos, Bankers with a Mission: The Presidents of the World Bank, 1946-91 (Oxford, 1996). Social-science treatments that focus on specific aspects of the bank include Frederick T. Moore, "The World Bank and Its Economic Missions," Review of Economics and Statistics 42 (February 1960): 81-93; Samuel A. Bleicher, "UN v. IBRD: A Dilemma of Functionalism," International Organization 24 (Winter 1970): 31-47; and James Patrick Sewell, Functionalism and World Politics: A Study Based on United Nations Programs for Financing Economic Development (Princeton, NJ, 1966). Much of the recent literature consists of denunciations of the organization: Jyrki Käkönen, The World Bank: A Bridgehead of Imperialism (Tampere, Finland, 1975); Kevin Danaher, ed., 50 Years Is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (Boston, 1994); and Susan George and Fabrizio Sabelli, Faith and Credit: The World Bank's Secular Empire (Boulder, CO, 1994). Most of my discussion of the formation of identity is informed by Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London, 1991). Other works dealing with identity include David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System, 2d ed. (Baltimore, 1995); Nicholas Canny and Anthony Pagden, eds., Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500-1800 (Princeton, NJ, 1987); and Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, vol. 2, The Power of Identity (Boston, 1997).
5. The literature on the World Bank generally falls into one of three categories. The best examples of World Bank-sponsored histories of its activities and functions include Edward S. Mason and Robert E. Asher, The World Bank since Bretton Woods: The Origins, Policies, Operations, and Impact of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Others Members of the World Bank Group (Washington, DC, 1975); and Jochen Kraske with William H. Becker, William Diamond, and Louis Galambos, Bankers with a Mission: The Presidents of the World Bank, 1946-91 (Oxford, 1996). Social-science treatments that focus on specific aspects of the bank include Frederick T. Moore, "The World Bank and Its Economic Missions," Review of Economics and Statistics 42 (February 1960): 81-93; Samuel A. Bleicher, "UN v. IBRD: A Dilemma of Functionalism," International Organization 24 (Winter 1970): 31-47; and James Patrick Sewell, Functionalism and World Politics: A Study Based on United Nations Programs for Financing Economic Development (Princeton, NJ, 1966). Much of the recent literature consists of denunciations of the organization: Jyrki Käkönen, The World Bank: A Bridgehead of Imperialism (Tampere, Finland, 1975); Kevin Danaher, ed., 50 Years Is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (Boston, 1994); and Susan George and Fabrizio Sabelli, Faith and Credit: The World Bank's Secular Empire (Boulder, CO, 1994). Most of my discussion of the formation of identity is informed by Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London, 1991). Other works dealing with identity include David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System, 2d ed. (Baltimore, 1995); Nicholas Canny and Anthony Pagden, eds., Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500-1800 (Princeton, NJ, 1987); and Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, vol. 2, The Power of Identity (Boston, 1997).
6. The literature on the World Bank generally falls into one of three categories. The best examples of World Bank-sponsored histories of its activities and functions include Edward S. Mason and Robert E. Asher, The World Bank since Bretton Woods: The Origins, Policies, Operations, and Impact of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Others Members of the World Bank Group (Washington, DC, 1975); and Jochen Kraske with William H. Becker, William Diamond, and Louis Galambos, Bankers with a Mission: The Presidents of the World Bank, 1946-91 (Oxford, 1996). Social-science treatments that focus on specific aspects of the bank include Frederick T. Moore, "The World Bank and Its Economic Missions," Review of Economics and Statistics 42 (February 1960): 81-93; Samuel A. Bleicher, "UN v. IBRD: A Dilemma of Functionalism," International Organization 24 (Winter 1970): 31-47; and James Patrick Sewell, Functionalism and World Politics: A Study Based on United Nations Programs for Financing Economic Development (Princeton, NJ, 1966). Much of the recent literature consists of denunciations of the organization: Jyrki Käkönen, The World Bank: A Bridgehead of Imperialism (Tampere, Finland, 1975); Kevin Danaher, ed., 50 Years Is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (Boston, 1994); and Susan George and Fabrizio Sabelli, Faith and Credit: The World Bank's Secular Empire (Boulder, CO, 1994). Most of my discussion of the formation of identity is informed by Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London, 1991). Other works dealing with identity include David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System, 2d ed. (Baltimore, 1995); Nicholas Canny and Anthony Pagden, eds., Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500-1800 (Princeton, NJ, 1987); and Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, vol. 2, The Power of Identity (Boston, 1997).
7. The literature on the World Bank generally falls into one of three categories. The best examples of World Bank-sponsored histories of its activities and functions include Edward S. Mason and Robert E. Asher, The World Bank since Bretton Woods: The Origins, Policies, Operations, and Impact of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Others Members of the World Bank Group (Washington, DC, 1975); and Jochen Kraske with William H. Becker, William Diamond, and Louis Galambos, Bankers with a Mission: The Presidents of the World Bank, 1946-91 (Oxford, 1996). Social-science treatments that focus on specific aspects of the bank include Frederick T. Moore, "The World Bank and Its Economic Missions," Review of Economics and Statistics 42 (February 1960): 81-93; Samuel A. Bleicher, "UN v. IBRD: A Dilemma of Functionalism," International Organization 24 (Winter 1970): 31-47; and James Patrick Sewell, Functionalism and World Politics: A Study Based on United Nations Programs for Financing Economic Development (Princeton, NJ, 1966). Much of the recent literature consists of denunciations of the organization: Jyrki Käkönen, The World Bank: A Bridgehead of Imperialism (Tampere, Finland, 1975); Kevin Danaher, ed., 50 Years Is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (Boston, 1994); and Susan George and Fabrizio Sabelli, Faith and Credit: The World Bank's Secular Empire (Boulder, CO, 1994). Most of my discussion of the formation of identity is informed by Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London, 1991). Other works dealing with identity include David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System, 2d ed. (Baltimore, 1995); Nicholas Canny and Anthony Pagden, eds., Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500-1800 (Princeton, NJ, 1987); and Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, vol. 2, The Power of Identity (Boston, 1997).
8. The literature on the World Bank generally falls into one of three categories. The best examples of World Bank-sponsored histories of its activities and functions include Edward S. Mason and Robert E. Asher, The World Bank since Bretton Woods: The Origins, Policies, Operations, and Impact of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Others Members of the World Bank Group (Washington, DC, 1975); and Jochen Kraske with William H. Becker, William Diamond, and Louis Galambos, Bankers with a Mission: The Presidents of the World Bank, 1946-91 (Oxford, 1996). Social-science treatments that focus on specific aspects of the bank include Frederick T. Moore, "The World Bank and Its Economic Missions," Review of Economics and Statistics 42 (February 1960): 81-93; Samuel A. Bleicher, "UN v. IBRD: A Dilemma of Functionalism," International Organization 24 (Winter 1970): 31-47; and James Patrick Sewell, Functionalism and World Politics: A Study Based on United Nations Programs for Financing Economic Development (Princeton, NJ, 1966). Much of the recent literature consists of denunciations of the organization: Jyrki Käkönen, The World Bank: A Bridgehead of Imperialism (Tampere, Finland, 1975); Kevin Danaher, ed., 50 Years Is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (Boston, 1994); and Susan George and Fabrizio Sabelli, Faith and Credit: The World Bank's Secular Empire (Boulder, CO, 1994). Most of my discussion of the formation of identity is informed by Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London, 1991). Other works dealing with identity include David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System, 2d ed. (Baltimore, 1995); Nicholas Canny and Anthony Pagden, eds., Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500-1800 (Princeton, NJ, 1987); and Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, vol. 2, The Power of Identity (Boston, 1997).
9. The literature on the World Bank generally falls into one of three categories. The best examples of World Bank-sponsored histories of its activities and functions include Edward S. Mason and Robert E. Asher, The World Bank since Bretton Woods: The Origins, Policies, Operations, and Impact of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Others Members of the World Bank Group (Washington, DC, 1975); and Jochen Kraske with William H. Becker, William Diamond, and Louis Galambos, Bankers with a Mission: The Presidents of the World Bank, 1946-91 (Oxford, 1996). Social-science treatments that focus on specific aspects of the bank include Frederick T. Moore, "The World Bank and Its Economic Missions," Review of Economics and Statistics 42 (February 1960): 81-93; Samuel A. Bleicher, "UN v. IBRD: A Dilemma of Functionalism," International Organization 24 (Winter 1970): 31-47; and James Patrick Sewell, Functionalism and World Politics: A Study Based on United Nations Programs for Financing Economic Development (Princeton, NJ, 1966). Much of the recent literature consists of denunciations of the organization: Jyrki Käkönen, The World Bank: A Bridgehead of Imperialism (Tampere, Finland, 1975); Kevin Danaher, ed., 50 Years Is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (Boston, 1994); and Susan George and Fabrizio Sabelli, Faith and Credit: The World Bank's Secular Empire (Boulder, CO, 1994). Most of my discussion of the formation of identity is informed by Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London, 1991). Other works dealing with identity include David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System, 2d ed. (Baltimore, 1995); Nicholas Canny and Anthony Pagden, eds., Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500-1800 (Princeton, NJ, 1987); and Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, vol. 2, The Power of Identity (Boston, 1997).
10. The literature on the World Bank generally falls into one of three categories. The best examples of World Bank-sponsored histories of its activities and functions include Edward S. Mason and Robert E. Asher, The World Bank since Bretton Woods: The Origins, Policies, Operations, and Impact of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Others Members of the World Bank Group (Washington, DC, 1975); and Jochen Kraske with William H. Becker, William Diamond, and Louis Galambos, Bankers with a Mission: The Presidents of the World Bank, 1946-91 (Oxford, 1996). Social-science treatments that focus on specific aspects of the bank include Frederick T. Moore, "The World Bank and Its Economic Missions," Review of Economics and Statistics 42 (February 1960): 81-93; Samuel A. Bleicher, "UN v. IBRD: A Dilemma of Functionalism," International Organization 24 (Winter 1970): 31-47; and James Patrick Sewell, Functionalism and World Politics: A Study Based on United Nations Programs for Financing Economic Development (Princeton, NJ, 1966). Much of the recent literature consists of denunciations of the organization: Jyrki Käkönen, The World Bank: A Bridgehead of Imperialism (Tampere, Finland, 1975); Kevin Danaher, ed., 50 Years Is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (Boston, 1994); and Susan George and Fabrizio Sabelli, Faith and Credit: The World Bank's Secular Empire (Boulder, CO, 1994). Most of my discussion of the formation of identity is informed by Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London, 1991). Other works dealing with identity include David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System, 2d ed. (Baltimore, 1995); Nicholas Canny and Anthony Pagden, eds., Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500-1800 (Princeton, NJ, 1987); and Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, vol. 2, The Power of Identity (Boston, 1997).
11. The literature on the World Bank generally falls into one of three categories. The best examples of World Bank-sponsored histories of its activities and functions include Edward S. Mason and Robert E. Asher, The World Bank since Bretton Woods: The Origins, Policies, Operations, and Impact of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Others Members of the World Bank Group (Washington, DC, 1975); and Jochen Kraske with William H. Becker, William Diamond, and Louis Galambos, Bankers with a Mission: The Presidents of the World Bank, 1946-91 (Oxford, 1996). Social-science treatments that focus on specific aspects of the bank include Frederick T. Moore, "The World Bank and Its Economic Missions," Review of Economics and Statistics 42 (February 1960): 81-93; Samuel A. Bleicher, "UN v. IBRD: A Dilemma of Functionalism," International Organization 24 (Winter 1970): 31-47; and James Patrick Sewell, Functionalism and World Politics: A Study Based on United Nations Programs for Financing Economic Development (Princeton, NJ, 1966). Much of the recent literature consists of denunciations of the organization: Jyrki Käkönen, The World Bank: A Bridgehead of Imperialism (Tampere, Finland, 1975); Kevin Danaher, ed., 50 Years Is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (Boston, 1994); and Susan George and Fabrizio Sabelli, Faith and Credit: The World Bank's Secular Empire (Boulder, CO, 1994). Most of my discussion of the formation of identity is informed by Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London, 1991). Other works dealing with identity include David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System, 2d ed. (Baltimore, 1995); Nicholas Canny and Anthony Pagden, eds., Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500-1800 (Princeton, NJ, 1987); and Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, vol. 2, The Power of Identity (Boston, 1997).
12. The literature on the World Bank generally falls into one of three categories. The best examples of World Bank-sponsored histories of its activities and functions include Edward S. Mason and Robert E. Asher, The World Bank since Bretton Woods: The Origins, Policies, Operations, and Impact of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Others Members of the World Bank Group (Washington, DC, 1975); and Jochen Kraske with William H. Becker, William Diamond, and Louis Galambos, Bankers with a Mission: The Presidents of the World Bank, 1946-91 (Oxford, 1996). Social-science treatments that focus on specific aspects of the bank include Frederick T. Moore, "The World Bank and Its Economic Missions," Review of Economics and Statistics 42 (February 1960): 81-93; Samuel A. Bleicher, "UN v. IBRD: A Dilemma of Functionalism," International Organization 24 (Winter 1970): 31-47; and James Patrick Sewell, Functionalism and World Politics: A Study Based on United Nations Programs for Financing Economic Development (Princeton, NJ, 1966). Much of the recent literature consists of denunciations of the organization: Jyrki Käkönen, The World Bank: A Bridgehead of Imperialism (Tampere, Finland, 1975); Kevin Danaher, ed., 50 Years Is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (Boston, 1994); and Susan George and Fabrizio Sabelli, Faith and Credit: The World Bank's Secular Empire (Boulder, CO, 1994). Most of my discussion of the formation of identity is informed by Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London, 1991). Other works dealing with identity include David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System, 2d ed. (Baltimore, 1995); Nicholas Canny and Anthony Pagden, eds., Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500-1800 (Princeton, NJ, 1987); and Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, vol. 2, The Power of Identity (Boston, 1997).
13. The literature on the World Bank generally falls into one of three categories. The best examples of World Bank-sponsored histories of its activities and functions include Edward S. Mason and Robert E. Asher, The World Bank since Bretton Woods: The Origins, Policies, Operations, and Impact of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Others Members of the World Bank Group (Washington, DC, 1975); and Jochen Kraske with William H. Becker, William Diamond, and Louis Galambos, Bankers with a Mission: The Presidents of the World Bank, 1946-91 (Oxford, 1996). Social-science treatments that focus on specific aspects of the bank include Frederick T. Moore, "The World Bank and Its Economic Missions," Review of Economics and Statistics 42 (February 1960): 81-93; Samuel A. Bleicher, "UN v. IBRD: A Dilemma of Functionalism," International Organization 24 (Winter 1970): 31-47; and James Patrick Sewell, Functionalism and World Politics: A Study Based on United Nations Programs for Financing Economic Development (Princeton, NJ, 1966). Much of the recent literature consists of denunciations of the organization: Jyrki Käkönen, The World Bank: A Bridgehead of Imperialism (Tampere, Finland, 1975); Kevin Danaher, ed., 50 Years Is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (Boston, 1994); and Susan George and Fabrizio Sabelli, Faith and Credit: The World Bank's Secular Empire (Boulder, CO, 1994). Most of my discussion of the formation of identity is informed by Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London, 1991). Other works dealing with identity include David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, 1992); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System, 2d ed. (Baltimore, 1995); Nicholas Canny and Anthony Pagden, eds., Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500-1800 (Princeton, NJ, 1987); and Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, vol. 2, The Power of Identity (Boston, 1997).
14. In the 1950s, World Bank membership was largely identical to UN membership, with the exception of communist countries, most of which chose not to join the bank.
15. Historical works focusing on nongovernmental organizations acting on the global stage include Akira Iriye, Cultural Interna Internationalism and World Order (Baltimore, 1997); John Boli and George M. Thomas, eds., Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875 (Stanford, CA, 1999); Leila J. Rupp, World of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement (Princeton, NJ, 1997); Edward H. Berman, The Ideology of Philanthropy: The Influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American Foreign Policy (Albany, NY, 1983); Elisabeth Crawford, "The Universe of International Science, 1880-1939," in Solomon's House Revisited: The Organization and Institutionalization of Science, ed. Tore Frängsmyr (Canton, MA, 1990), 259-60; John Hoberman, "Toward a Theory of Olympic Internationalism," Journal of Sport History 22 (Spring 1995): 1-37; Gregg Andrews, Shoulder to Shoulder?: The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1924 (Berkeley, 1991); Egon Larsen, A Flame in Barbed Wire: The Story of Amnesty International (London, 1978); and Kurk Dorsey, "Scientists, Citizens, and Statesmen: U.S.-Canadian Wildlife Protection Treaties in the Progressive Era," Diplomatic History 19 (Summer 1995): 407-29. Historical works focusing on intergovernmental organizations (excluding monographs on the League of Nations, the United Nations Organization, and the World Bank) include David Armstrong, Lorna Lloyd, and John Redmond, From Versailles to Maastricht: International Organisation in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1996); Neville M. Goodman, International Health Organizations and Their Work (London, 1952); Sergio Marchisio and Antonietta di Blase, The food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1991); Asher Hobson, The International Institute of Agriculture: An Historical and Critical Analysis of its Origins, Activities, and Policies of Administration (Berkeley, 1931); Erich Roll, The Combined Food Board: A Study in Wartime International Planning (Stanford, CA, 1956); and Paul Weindling, ed., International Health Organisations and Movements, 1918-1939 (Cambridge, U.K., 1995).
16. Historical works focusing on nongovernmental organizations acting on the global stage include Akira Iriye, Cultural Interna Internationalism and World Order (Baltimore, 1997); John Boli and George M. Thomas, eds., Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875 (Stanford, CA, 1999); Leila J. Rupp, World of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement (Princeton, NJ, 1997); Edward H. Berman, The Ideology of Philanthropy: The Influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American Foreign Policy (Albany, NY, 1983); Elisabeth Crawford, "The Universe of International Science, 1880-1939," in Solomon's House Revisited: The Organization and Institutionalization of Science, ed. Tore Frängsmyr (Canton, MA, 1990), 259-60; John Hoberman, "Toward a Theory of Olympic Internationalism," Journal of Sport History 22 (Spring 1995): 1-37; Gregg Andrews, Shoulder to Shoulder?: The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1924 (Berkeley, 1991); Egon Larsen, A Flame in Barbed Wire: The Story of Amnesty International (London, 1978); and Kurk Dorsey, "Scientists, Citizens, and Statesmen: U.S.-Canadian Wildlife Protection Treaties in the Progressive Era," Diplomatic History 19 (Summer 1995): 407-29. Historical works focusing on intergovernmental organizations (excluding monographs on the League of Nations, the United Nations Organization, and the World Bank) include David Armstrong, Lorna Lloyd, and John Redmond, From Versailles to Maastricht: International Organisation in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1996); Neville M. Goodman, International Health Organizations and Their Work (London, 1952); Sergio Marchisio and Antonietta di Blase, The food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1991); Asher Hobson, The International Institute of Agriculture: An Historical and Critical Analysis of its Origins, Activities, and Policies of Administration (Berkeley, 1931); Erich Roll, The Combined Food Board: A Study in Wartime International Planning (Stanford, CA, 1956); and Paul Weindling, ed., International Health Organisations and Movements, 1918-1939 (Cambridge, U.K., 1995).
17. Historical works focusing on nongovernmental organizations acting on the global stage include Akira Iriye, Cultural Interna Internationalism and World Order (Baltimore, 1997); John Boli and George M. Thomas, eds., Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875 (Stanford, CA, 1999); Leila J. Rupp, World of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement (Princeton, NJ, 1997); Edward H. Berman, The Ideology of Philanthropy: The Influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American Foreign Policy (Albany, NY, 1983); Elisabeth Crawford, "The Universe of International Science, 1880-1939," in Solomon's House Revisited: The Organization and Institutionalization of Science, ed. Tore Frängsmyr (Canton, MA, 1990), 259-60; John Hoberman, "Toward a Theory of Olympic Internationalism," Journal of Sport History 22 (Spring 1995): 1-37; Gregg Andrews, Shoulder to Shoulder?: The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1924 (Berkeley, 1991); Egon Larsen, A Flame in Barbed Wire: The Story of Amnesty International (London, 1978); and Kurk Dorsey, "Scientists, Citizens, and Statesmen: U.S.-Canadian Wildlife Protection Treaties in the Progressive Era," Diplomatic History 19 (Summer 1995): 407-29. Historical works focusing on intergovernmental organizations (excluding monographs on the League of Nations, the United Nations Organization, and the World Bank) include David Armstrong, Lorna Lloyd, and John Redmond, From Versailles to Maastricht: International Organisation in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1996); Neville M. Goodman, International Health Organizations and Their Work (London, 1952); Sergio Marchisio and Antonietta di Blase, The food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1991); Asher Hobson, The International Institute of Agriculture: An Historical and Critical Analysis of its Origins, Activities, and Policies of Administration (Berkeley, 1931); Erich Roll, The Combined Food Board: A Study in Wartime International Planning (Stanford, CA, 1956); and Paul Weindling, ed., International Health Organisations and Movements, 1918-1939 (Cambridge, U.K., 1995).
18. Historical works focusing on nongovernmental organizations acting on the global stage include Akira Iriye, Cultural Interna Internationalism and World Order (Baltimore, 1997); John Boli and George M. Thomas, eds., Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875 (Stanford, CA, 1999); Leila J. Rupp, World of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement (Princeton, NJ, 1997); Edward H. Berman, The Ideology of Philanthropy: The Influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American Foreign Policy (Albany, NY, 1983); Elisabeth Crawford, "The Universe of International Science, 1880-1939," in Solomon's House Revisited: The Organization and Institutionalization of Science, ed. Tore Frängsmyr (Canton, MA, 1990), 259-60; John Hoberman, "Toward a Theory of Olympic Internationalism," Journal of Sport History 22 (Spring 1995): 1-37; Gregg Andrews, Shoulder to Shoulder?: The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1924 (Berkeley, 1991); Egon Larsen, A Flame in Barbed Wire: The Story of Amnesty International (London, 1978); and Kurk Dorsey, "Scientists, Citizens, and Statesmen: U.S.-Canadian Wildlife Protection Treaties in the Progressive Era," Diplomatic History 19 (Summer 1995): 407-29. Historical works focusing on intergovernmental organizations (excluding monographs on the League of Nations, the United Nations Organization, and the World Bank) include David Armstrong, Lorna Lloyd, and John Redmond, From Versailles to Maastricht: International Organisation in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1996); Neville M. Goodman, International Health Organizations and Their Work (London, 1952); Sergio Marchisio and Antonietta di Blase, The food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1991); Asher Hobson, The International Institute of Agriculture: An Historical and Critical Analysis of its Origins, Activities, and Policies of Administration (Berkeley, 1931); Erich Roll, The Combined Food Board: A Study in Wartime International Planning (Stanford, CA, 1956); and Paul Weindling, ed., International Health Organisations and Movements, 1918-1939 (Cambridge, U.K., 1995).
19. Historical works focusing on nongovernmental organizations acting on the global stage include Akira Iriye, Cultural Interna Internationalism and World Order (Baltimore, 1997); John Boli and George M. Thomas, eds., Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875 (Stanford, CA, 1999); Leila J. Rupp, World of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement (Princeton, NJ, 1997); Edward H. Berman, The Ideology of Philanthropy: The Influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American Foreign Policy (Albany, NY, 1983); Elisabeth Crawford, "The Universe of International Science, 1880-1939," in Solomon's House Revisited: The Organization and Institutionalization of Science, ed. Tore Frängsmyr (Canton, MA, 1990), 259-60; John Hoberman, "Toward a Theory of Olympic Internationalism," Journal of Sport History 22 (Spring 1995): 1-37; Gregg Andrews, Shoulder to Shoulder?: The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1924 (Berkeley, 1991); Egon Larsen, A Flame in Barbed Wire: The Story of Amnesty International (London, 1978); and Kurk Dorsey, "Scientists, Citizens, and Statesmen: U.S.-Canadian Wildlife Protection Treaties in the Progressive Era," Diplomatic History 19 (Summer 1995): 407-29. Historical works focusing on intergovernmental organizations (excluding monographs on the League of Nations, the United Nations Organization, and the World Bank) include David Armstrong, Lorna Lloyd, and John Redmond, From Versailles to Maastricht: International Organisation in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1996); Neville M. Goodman, International Health Organizations and Their Work (London, 1952); Sergio Marchisio and Antonietta di Blase, The food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1991); Asher Hobson, The International Institute of Agriculture: An Historical and Critical Analysis of its Origins, Activities, and Policies of Administration (Berkeley, 1931); Erich Roll, The Combined Food Board: A Study in Wartime International Planning (Stanford, CA, 1956); and Paul Weindling, ed., International Health Organisations and Movements, 1918-1939 (Cambridge, U.K., 1995).
20. Historical works focusing on nongovernmental organizations acting on the global stage include Akira Iriye, Cultural Interna Internationalism and World Order (Baltimore, 1997); John Boli and George M. Thomas, eds., Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875 (Stanford, CA, 1999); Leila J. Rupp, World of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement (Princeton, NJ, 1997); Edward H. Berman, The Ideology of Philanthropy: The Influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American Foreign Policy (Albany, NY, 1983); Elisabeth Crawford, "The Universe of International Science, 1880-1939," in Solomon's House Revisited: The Organization and Institutionalization of Science, ed. Tore Frängsmyr (Canton, MA, 1990), 259-60; John Hoberman, "Toward a Theory of Olympic Internationalism," Journal of Sport History 22 (Spring 1995): 1-37; Gregg Andrews, Shoulder to Shoulder?: The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1924 (Berkeley, 1991); Egon Larsen, A Flame in Barbed Wire: The Story of Amnesty International (London, 1978); and Kurk Dorsey, "Scientists, Citizens, and Statesmen: U.S.-Canadian Wildlife Protection Treaties in the Progressive Era," Diplomatic History 19 (Summer 1995): 407-29. Historical works focusing on intergovernmental organizations (excluding monographs on the League of Nations, the United Nations Organization, and the World Bank) include David Armstrong, Lorna Lloyd, and John Redmond, From Versailles to Maastricht: International Organisation in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1996); Neville M. Goodman, International Health Organizations and Their Work (London, 1952); Sergio Marchisio and Antonietta di Blase, The food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1991); Asher Hobson, The International Institute of Agriculture: An Historical and Critical Analysis of its Origins, Activities, and Policies of Administration (Berkeley, 1931); Erich Roll, The Combined Food Board: A Study in Wartime International Planning (Stanford, CA, 1956); and Paul Weindling, ed., International Health Organisations and Movements, 1918-1939 (Cambridge, U.K., 1995).
21. Historical works focusing on nongovernmental organizations acting on the global stage include Akira Iriye, Cultural Interna Internationalism and World Order (Baltimore, 1997); John Boli and George M. Thomas, eds., Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875 (Stanford, CA, 1999); Leila J. Rupp, World of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement (Princeton, NJ, 1997); Edward H. Berman, The Ideology of Philanthropy: The Influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American Foreign Policy (Albany, NY, 1983); Elisabeth Crawford, "The Universe of International Science, 1880-1939," in Solomon's House Revisited: The Organization and Institutionalization of Science, ed. Tore Frängsmyr (Canton, MA, 1990), 259-60; John Hoberman, "Toward a Theory of Olympic Internationalism," Journal of Sport History 22 (Spring 1995): 1-37; Gregg Andrews, Shoulder to Shoulder?: The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1924 (Berkeley, 1991); Egon Larsen, A Flame in Barbed Wire: The Story of Amnesty International (London, 1978); and Kurk Dorsey, "Scientists, Citizens, and Statesmen: U.S.-Canadian Wildlife Protection Treaties in the Progressive Era," Diplomatic History 19 (Summer 1995): 407-29. Historical works focusing on intergovernmental organizations (excluding monographs on the League of Nations, the United Nations Organization, and the World Bank) include David Armstrong, Lorna Lloyd, and John Redmond, From Versailles to Maastricht: International Organisation in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1996); Neville M. Goodman, International Health Organizations and Their Work (London, 1952); Sergio Marchisio and Antonietta di Blase, The food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1991); Asher Hobson, The International Institute of Agriculture: An Historical and Critical Analysis of its Origins, Activities, and Policies of Administration (Berkeley, 1931); Erich Roll, The Combined Food Board: A Study in Wartime International Planning (Stanford, CA, 1956); and Paul Weindling, ed., International Health Organisations and Movements, 1918-1939 (Cambridge, U.K., 1995).
22. Historical works focusing on nongovernmental organizations acting on the global stage include Akira Iriye, Cultural Interna Internationalism and World Order (Baltimore, 1997); John Boli and George M. Thomas, eds., Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875 (Stanford, CA, 1999); Leila J. Rupp, World of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement (Princeton, NJ, 1997); Edward H. Berman, The Ideology of Philanthropy: The Influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American Foreign Policy (Albany, NY, 1983); Elisabeth Crawford, "The Universe of International Science, 1880-1939," in Solomon's House Revisited: The Organization and Institutionalization of Science, ed. Tore Frängsmyr (Canton, MA, 1990), 259-60; John Hoberman, "Toward a Theory of Olympic Internationalism," Journal of Sport History 22 (Spring 1995): 1-37; Gregg Andrews, Shoulder to Shoulder?: The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1924 (Berkeley, 1991); Egon Larsen, A Flame in Barbed Wire: The Story of Amnesty International (London, 1978); and Kurk Dorsey, "Scientists, Citizens, and Statesmen: U.S.-Canadian Wildlife Protection Treaties in the Progressive Era," Diplomatic History 19 (Summer 1995): 407-29. Historical works focusing on intergovernmental organizations (excluding monographs on the League of Nations, the United Nations Organization, and the World Bank) include David Armstrong, Lorna Lloyd, and John Redmond, From Versailles to Maastricht: International Organisation in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1996); Neville M. Goodman, International Health Organizations and Their Work (London, 1952); Sergio Marchisio and Antonietta di Blase, The food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1991); Asher Hobson, The International Institute of Agriculture: An Historical and Critical Analysis of its Origins, Activities, and Policies of Administration (Berkeley, 1931); Erich Roll, The Combined Food Board: A Study in Wartime International Planning (Stanford, CA, 1956); and Paul Weindling, ed., International Health Organisations and Movements, 1918-1939 (Cambridge, U.K., 1995).
23. Historical works focusing on nongovernmental organizations acting on the global stage include Akira Iriye, Cultural Interna Internationalism and World Order (Baltimore, 1997); John Boli and George M. Thomas, eds., Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875 (Stanford, CA, 1999); Leila J. Rupp, World of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement (Princeton, NJ, 1997); Edward H. Berman, The Ideology of Philanthropy: The Influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American Foreign Policy (Albany, NY, 1983); Elisabeth Crawford, "The Universe of International Science, 1880-1939," in Solomon's House Revisited: The Organization and Institutionalization of Science, ed. Tore Frängsmyr (Canton, MA, 1990), 259-60; John Hoberman, "Toward a Theory of Olympic Internationalism," Journal of Sport History 22 (Spring 1995): 1-37; Gregg Andrews, Shoulder to Shoulder?: The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1924 (Berkeley, 1991); Egon Larsen, A Flame in Barbed Wire: The Story of Amnesty International (London, 1978); and Kurk Dorsey, "Scientists, Citizens, and Statesmen: U.S.-Canadian Wildlife Protection Treaties in the Progressive Era," Diplomatic History 19 (Summer 1995): 407-29. Historical works focusing on intergovernmental organizations (excluding monographs on the League of Nations, the United Nations Organization, and the World Bank) include David Armstrong, Lorna Lloyd, and John Redmond, From Versailles to Maastricht: International Organisation in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1996); Neville M. Goodman, International Health Organizations and Their Work (London, 1952); Sergio Marchisio and Antonietta di Blase, The food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1991); Asher Hobson, The International Institute of Agriculture: An Historical and Critical Analysis of its Origins, Activities, and Policies of Administration (Berkeley, 1931); Erich Roll, The Combined Food Board: A Study in Wartime International Planning (Stanford, CA, 1956); and Paul Weindling, ed., International Health Organisations and Movements, 1918-1939 (Cambridge, U.K., 1995).
24. Historical works focusing on nongovernmental organizations acting on the global stage include Akira Iriye, Cultural Interna Internationalism and World Order (Baltimore, 1997); John Boli and George M. Thomas, eds., Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875 (Stanford, CA, 1999); Leila J. Rupp, World of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement (Princeton, NJ, 1997); Edward H. Berman, The Ideology of Philanthropy: The Influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American Foreign Policy (Albany, NY, 1983); Elisabeth Crawford, "The Universe of International Science, 1880-1939," in Solomon's House Revisited: The Organization and Institutionalization of Science, ed. Tore Frängsmyr (Canton, MA, 1990), 259-60; John Hoberman, "Toward a Theory of Olympic Internationalism," Journal of Sport History 22 (Spring 1995): 1-37; Gregg Andrews, Shoulder to Shoulder?: The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1924 (Berkeley, 1991); Egon Larsen, A Flame in Barbed Wire: The Story of Amnesty International (London, 1978); and Kurk Dorsey, "Scientists, Citizens, and Statesmen: U.S.-Canadian Wildlife Protection Treaties in the Progressive Era," Diplomatic History 19 (Summer 1995): 407-29. Historical works focusing on intergovernmental organizations (excluding monographs on the League of Nations, the United Nations Organization, and the World Bank) include David Armstrong, Lorna Lloyd, and John Redmond, From Versailles to Maastricht: International Organisation in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1996); Neville M. Goodman, International Health Organizations and Their Work (London, 1952); Sergio Marchisio and Antonietta di Blase, The food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1991); Asher Hobson, The International Institute of Agriculture: An Historical and Critical Analysis of its Origins, Activities, and Policies of Administration (Berkeley, 1931); Erich Roll, The Combined Food Board: A Study in Wartime International Planning (Stanford, CA, 1956); and Paul Weindling, ed., International Health Organisations and Movements, 1918-1939 (Cambridge, U.K., 1995).
25. Historical works focusing on nongovernmental organizations acting on the global stage include Akira Iriye, Cultural Interna Internationalism and World Order (Baltimore, 1997); John Boli and George M. Thomas, eds., Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875 (Stanford, CA, 1999); Leila J. Rupp, World of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement (Princeton, NJ, 1997); Edward H. Berman, The Ideology of Philanthropy: The Influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American Foreign Policy (Albany, NY, 1983); Elisabeth Crawford, "The Universe of International Science, 1880-1939," in Solomon's House Revisited: The Organization and Institutionalization of Science, ed. Tore Frängsmyr (Canton, MA, 1990), 259-60; John Hoberman, "Toward a Theory of Olympic Internationalism," Journal of Sport History 22 (Spring 1995): 1-37; Gregg Andrews, Shoulder to Shoulder?: The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1924 (Berkeley, 1991); Egon Larsen, A Flame in Barbed Wire: The Story of Amnesty International (London, 1978); and Kurk Dorsey, "Scientists, Citizens, and Statesmen: U.S.-Canadian Wildlife Protection Treaties in the Progressive Era," Diplomatic History 19 (Summer 1995): 407-29. Historical works focusing on intergovernmental organizations (excluding monographs on the League of Nations, the United Nations Organization, and the World Bank) include David Armstrong, Lorna Lloyd, and John Redmond, From Versailles to Maastricht: International Organisation in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1996); Neville M. Goodman, International Health Organizations and Their Work (London, 1952); Sergio Marchisio and Antonietta di Blase, The food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1991); Asher Hobson, The International Institute of Agriculture: An Historical and Critical Analysis of its Origins, Activities, and Policies of Administration (Berkeley, 1931); Erich Roll, The Combined Food Board: A Study in Wartime International Planning (Stanford, CA, 1956); and Paul Weindling, ed., International Health Organisations and Movements, 1918-1939 (Cambridge, U.K., 1995).
26. Historical works focusing on nongovernmental organizations acting on the global stage include Akira Iriye, Cultural Interna Internationalism and World Order (Baltimore, 1997); John Boli and George M. Thomas, eds., Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875 (Stanford, CA, 1999); Leila J. Rupp, World of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement (Princeton, NJ, 1997); Edward H. Berman, The Ideology of Philanthropy: The Influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American Foreign Policy (Albany, NY, 1983); Elisabeth Crawford, "The Universe of International Science, 1880-1939," in Solomon's House Revisited: The Organization and Institutionalization of Science, ed. Tore Frängsmyr (Canton, MA, 1990), 259-60; John Hoberman, "Toward a Theory of Olympic Internationalism," Journal of Sport History 22 (Spring 1995): 1-37; Gregg Andrews, Shoulder to Shoulder?: The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1924 (Berkeley, 1991); Egon Larsen, A Flame in Barbed Wire: The Story of Amnesty International (London, 1978); and Kurk Dorsey, "Scientists, Citizens, and Statesmen: U.S.-Canadian Wildlife Protection Treaties in the Progressive Era," Diplomatic History 19 (Summer 1995): 407-29. Historical works focusing on intergovernmental organizations (excluding monographs on the League of Nations, the United Nations Organization, and the World Bank) include David Armstrong, Lorna Lloyd, and John Redmond, From Versailles to Maastricht: International Organisation in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1996); Neville M. Goodman, International Health Organizations and Their Work (London, 1952); Sergio Marchisio and Antonietta di Blase, The food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1991); Asher Hobson, The International Institute of Agriculture: An Historical and Critical Analysis of its Origins, Activities, and Policies of Administration (Berkeley, 1931); Erich Roll, The Combined Food Board: A Study in Wartime International Planning (Stanford, CA, 1956); and Paul Weindling, ed., International Health Organisations and Movements, 1918-1939 (Cambridge, U.K., 1995).
27. Historical works focusing on nongovernmental organizations acting on the global stage include Akira Iriye, Cultural Interna Internationalism and World Order (Baltimore, 1997); John Boli and George M. Thomas, eds., Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875 (Stanford, CA, 1999); Leila J. Rupp, World of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement (Princeton, NJ, 1997); Edward H. Berman, The Ideology of Philanthropy: The Influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American Foreign Policy (Albany, NY, 1983); Elisabeth Crawford, "The Universe of International Science, 1880-1939," in Solomon's House Revisited: The Organization and Institutionalization of Science, ed. Tore Frängsmyr (Canton, MA, 1990), 259-60; John Hoberman, "Toward a Theory of Olympic Internationalism," Journal of Sport History 22 (Spring 1995): 1-37; Gregg Andrews, Shoulder to Shoulder?: The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1924 (Berkeley, 1991); Egon Larsen, A Flame in Barbed Wire: The Story of Amnesty International (London, 1978); and Kurk Dorsey, "Scientists, Citizens, and Statesmen: U.S.-Canadian Wildlife Protection Treaties in the Progressive Era," Diplomatic History 19 (Summer 1995): 407-29. Historical works focusing on intergovernmental organizations (excluding monographs on the League of Nations, the United Nations Organization, and the World Bank) include David Armstrong, Lorna Lloyd, and John Redmond, From Versailles to Maastricht: International Organisation in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1996); Neville M. Goodman, International Health Organizations and Their Work (London, 1952); Sergio Marchisio and Antonietta di Blase, The food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1991); Asher Hobson, The International Institute of Agriculture: An Historical and Critical Analysis of its Origins, Activities, and Policies of Administration (Berkeley, 1931); Erich Roll, The Combined Food Board: A Study in Wartime International Planning (Stanford, CA, 1956); and Paul Weindling, ed., International Health Organisations and Movements, 1918-1939 (Cambridge, U.K., 1995).
28. Historical works focusing on nongovernmental organizations acting on the global stage include Akira Iriye, Cultural Interna Internationalism and World Order (Baltimore, 1997); John Boli and George M. Thomas, eds., Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875 (Stanford, CA, 1999); Leila J. Rupp, World of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement (Princeton, NJ, 1997); Edward H. Berman, The Ideology of Philanthropy: The Influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American Foreign Policy (Albany, NY, 1983); Elisabeth Crawford, "The Universe of International Science, 1880-1939," in Solomon's House Revisited: The Organization and Institutionalization of Science, ed. Tore Frängsmyr (Canton, MA, 1990), 259-60; John Hoberman, "Toward a Theory of Olympic Internationalism," Journal of Sport History 22 (Spring 1995): 1-37; Gregg Andrews, Shoulder to Shoulder?: The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1924 (Berkeley, 1991); Egon Larsen, A Flame in Barbed Wire: The Story of Amnesty International (London, 1978); and Kurk Dorsey, "Scientists, Citizens, and Statesmen: U.S.-Canadian Wildlife Protection Treaties in the Progressive Era," Diplomatic History 19 (Summer 1995): 407-29. Historical works focusing on intergovernmental organizations (excluding monographs on the League of Nations, the United Nations Organization, and the World Bank) include David Armstrong, Lorna Lloyd, and John Redmond, From Versailles to Maastricht: International Organisation in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1996); Neville M. Goodman, International Health Organizations and Their Work (London, 1952); Sergio Marchisio and Antonietta di Blase, The food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1991); Asher Hobson, The International Institute of Agriculture: An Historical and Critical Analysis of its Origins, Activities, and Policies of Administration (Berkeley, 1931); Erich Roll, The Combined Food Board: A Study in Wartime International Planning (Stanford, CA, 1956); and Paul Weindling, ed., International Health Organisations and Movements, 1918-1939 (Cambridge, U.K., 1995).
29. Historical works focusing on nongovernmental organizations acting on the global stage include Akira Iriye, Cultural Interna Internationalism and World Order (Baltimore, 1997); John Boli and George M. Thomas, eds., Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875 (Stanford, CA, 1999); Leila J. Rupp, World of Women: The Making of an International Women's Movement (Princeton, NJ, 1997); Edward H. Berman, The Ideology of Philanthropy: The Influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American Foreign Policy (Albany, NY, 1983); Elisabeth Crawford, "The Universe of International Science, 1880-1939," in Solomon's House Revisited: The Organization and Institutionalization of Science, ed. Tore Frängsmyr (Canton, MA, 1990), 259-60; John Hoberman, "Toward a Theory of Olympic Internationalism," Journal of Sport History 22 (Spring 1995): 1-37; Gregg Andrews, Shoulder to Shoulder?: The American Federation of Labor, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1924 (Berkeley, 1991); Egon Larsen, A Flame in Barbed Wire: The Story of Amnesty International (London, 1978); and Kurk Dorsey, "Scientists, Citizens, and Statesmen: U.S.-Canadian Wildlife Protection Treaties in the Progressive Era," Diplomatic History 19 (Summer 1995): 407-29. Historical works focusing on intergovernmental organizations (excluding monographs on the League of Nations, the United Nations Organization, and the World Bank) include David Armstrong, Lorna Lloyd, and John Redmond, From Versailles to Maastricht: International Organisation in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1996); Neville M. Goodman, International Health Organizations and Their Work (London, 1952); Sergio Marchisio and Antonietta di Blase, The food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1991); Asher Hobson, The International Institute of Agriculture: An Historical and Critical Analysis of its Origins, Activities, and Policies of Administration (Berkeley, 1931); Erich Roll, The Combined Food Board: A Study in Wartime International Planning (Stanford, CA, 1956); and Paul Weindling, ed., International Health Organisations and Movements, 1918-1939 (Cambridge, U.K., 1995).
30. For the professional development of international economics see, for example, Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy, 1900-1930 (Cambridge, MA, 1999); John Maloney, Marshall, Orthodoxy, and the Professionalisation of Economics (Cambridge, U.K., 1985); A. W. Bob Coats, British and American Economic Essays, vol. 1, On the History of Economic Thought (London, 1992); György Péteri, "Central Bank Diplomacy: Montagu Norman and Central Europe's Monetary Reconstruction after World War I," Contemporary European History 1 (November 1992): 233-58; Lester V. Chandler, Benjamin Strong, Central Banker (Washington, DC, 1958); John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London, 1919); Mary O. Furner and Barry Supple, eds., The State and Economic Knowledge: The American and British Experiences (New York, 1990); Richard N. Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy: Anglo-American Collaboration in the Reconstruction of Multilateral Trade (Oxford, 1956); and Georg Schild,
31. For the professional development of international economics see, for example, Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy, 1900-1930 (Cambridge, MA, 1999); John Maloney, Marshall, Orthodoxy, and the Professionalisation of Economics (Cambridge, U.K., 1985); A. W. Bob Coats, British and American Economic Essays, vol. 1, On the History of Economic Thought (London, 1992); György Péteri, "Central Bank Diplomacy: Montagu Norman and Central Europe's Monetary Reconstruction after World War I," Contemporary European History 1 (November 1992): 233-58; Lester V. Chandler, Benjamin Strong, Central Banker (Washington, DC, 1958); John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London, 1919); Mary O. Furner and Barry Supple, eds., The State and Economic Knowledge: The American and British Experiences (New York, 1990); Richard N. Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy: Anglo-American Collaboration in the Reconstruction of Multilateral Trade (Oxford, 1956); and Georg Schild, Bretton Woods and Dumbarton Oaks: American Economic and Political Postwar Planning in the Summer of 1944 (New York, 1995).
32. For the professional development of international economics see, for example, Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy, 1900-1930 (Cambridge, MA, 1999); John Maloney, Marshall, Orthodoxy, and the Professionalisation of Economics (Cambridge, U.K., 1985); A. W. Bob Coats, British and American Economic Essays, vol. 1, On the History of Economic Thought (London, 1992); György Péteri, "Central Bank Diplomacy: Montagu Norman and Central Europe's Monetary Reconstruction after World War I," Contemporary European History 1 (November 1992): 233-58; Lester V. Chandler, Benjamin Strong, Central Banker (Washington, DC, 1958); John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London, 1919); Mary O. Furner and Barry Supple, eds., The State and Economic Knowledge: The American and British Experiences (New York, 1990); Richard N. Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy: Anglo-American Collaboration in the Reconstruction of Multilateral Trade (Oxford, 1956); and Georg Schild, Bretton Woods and Dumbarton Oaks: American Economic and Political Postwar Planning in the Summer of 1944 (New York, 1995).
33. For the professional development of international economics see, for example, Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy, 1900-1930 (Cambridge, MA, 1999); John Maloney, Marshall, Orthodoxy, and the Professionalisation of Economics (Cambridge, U.K., 1985); A. W. Bob Coats, British and American Economic Essays, vol. 1, On the History of Economic Thought (London, 1992); György Péteri, "Central Bank Diplomacy: Montagu Norman and Central Europe's Monetary Reconstruction after World War I," Contemporary European History 1 (November 1992): 233-58; Lester V. Chandler, Benjamin Strong, Central Banker (Washington, DC, 1958); John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London, 1919); Mary O. Furner and Barry Supple, eds., The State and Economic Knowledge: The American and British Experiences (New York, 1990); Richard N. Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy: Anglo-American Collaboration in the Reconstruction of Multilateral Trade (Oxford, 1956); and Georg Schild, Bretton Woods and Dumbarton Oaks: American Economic and Political Postwar Planning in the Summer of 1944 (New York, 1995).
34. For the professional development of international economics see, for example, Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy, 1900-1930 (Cambridge, MA, 1999); John Maloney, Marshall, Orthodoxy, and the Professionalisation of Economics (Cambridge, U.K., 1985); A. W. Bob Coats, British and American Economic Essays, vol. 1, On the History of Economic Thought (London, 1992); György Péteri, "Central Bank Diplomacy: Montagu Norman and Central Europe's Monetary Reconstruction after World War I," Contemporary European History 1 (November 1992): 233-58; Lester V. Chandler, Benjamin Strong, Central Banker (Washington, DC, 1958); John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London, 1919); Mary O. Furner and Barry Supple, eds., The State and Economic Knowledge: The American and British Experiences (New York, 1990); Richard N. Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy: Anglo-American Collaboration in the Reconstruction of Multilateral Trade (Oxford, 1956); and Georg Schild, Bretton Woods and Dumbarton Oaks: American Economic and Political Postwar Planning in the Summer of 1944 (New York, 1995).
35. For the professional development of international economics see, for example, Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy, 1900-1930 (Cambridge, MA, 1999); John Maloney, Marshall, Orthodoxy, and the Professionalisation of Economics (Cambridge, U.K., 1985); A. W. Bob Coats, British and American Economic Essays, vol. 1, On the History of Economic Thought (London, 1992); György Péteri, "Central Bank Diplomacy: Montagu Norman and Central Europe's Monetary Reconstruction after World War I," Contemporary European History 1 (November 1992): 233-58; Lester V. Chandler, Benjamin Strong, Central Banker (Washington, DC, 1958); John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London, 1919); Mary O. Furner and Barry Supple, eds., The State and Economic Knowledge: The American and British Experiences (New York, 1990); Richard N. Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy: Anglo-American Collaboration in the Reconstruction of Multilateral Trade (Oxford, 1956); and Georg Schild, Bretton Woods and Dumbarton Oaks: American Economic and Political Postwar Planning in the Summer of 1944 (New York, 1995).
36. For the professional development of international economics see, for example, Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy, 1900-1930 (Cambridge, MA, 1999); John Maloney, Marshall, Orthodoxy, and the Professionalisation of Economics (Cambridge, U.K., 1985); A. W. Bob Coats, British and American Economic Essays, vol. 1, On the History of Economic Thought (London, 1992); György Péteri, "Central Bank Diplomacy: Montagu Norman and Central Europe's Monetary Reconstruction after World War I," Contemporary European History 1 (November 1992): 233-58; Lester V. Chandler, Benjamin Strong, Central Banker (Washington, DC, 1958); John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London, 1919); Mary O. Furner and Barry Supple, eds., The State and Economic Knowledge: The American and British Experiences (New York, 1990); Richard N. Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy: Anglo-American Collaboration in the Reconstruction of Multilateral Trade (Oxford, 1956); and Georg Schild, Bretton Woods and Dumbarton Oaks: American Economic and Political Postwar Planning in the Summer of 1944 (New York, 1995).
37. For the professional development of international economics see, for example, Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy, 1900-1930 (Cambridge, MA, 1999); John Maloney, Marshall, Orthodoxy, and the Professionalisation of Economics (Cambridge, U.K., 1985); A. W. Bob Coats, British and American Economic Essays, vol. 1, On the History of Economic Thought (London, 1992); György Péteri, "Central Bank Diplomacy: Montagu Norman and Central Europe's Monetary Reconstruction after World War I," Contemporary European History 1 (November 1992): 233-58; Lester V. Chandler, Benjamin Strong, Central Banker (Washington, DC, 1958); John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London, 1919); Mary O. Furner and Barry Supple, eds., The State and Economic Knowledge: The American and British Experiences (New York, 1990); Richard N. Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy: Anglo-American Collaboration in the Reconstruction of Multilateral Trade (Oxford, 1956); and Georg Schild, Bretton Woods and Dumbarton Oaks: American Economic and Political Postwar Planning in the Summer of 1944 (New York, 1995).
38. For the professional development of international economics see, for example, Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy, 1900-1930 (Cambridge, MA, 1999); John Maloney, Marshall, Orthodoxy, and the Professionalisation of Economics (Cambridge, U.K., 1985); A. W. Bob Coats, British and American Economic Essays, vol. 1, On the History of Economic Thought (London, 1992); György Péteri, "Central Bank Diplomacy: Montagu Norman and Central Europe's Monetary Reconstruction after World War I," Contemporary European History 1 (November 1992): 233-58; Lester V. Chandler, Benjamin Strong, Central Banker (Washington, DC, 1958); John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London, 1919); Mary O. Furner and Barry Supple, eds., The State and Economic Knowledge: The American and British Experiences (New York, 1990); Richard N. Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy: Anglo-American Collaboration in the Reconstruction of Multilateral Trade (Oxford, 1956); and Georg Schild, Bretton Woods and Dumbarton Oaks: American Economic and Political Postwar Planning in the Summer of 1944 (New York, 1995).
39. Richard Demuth, World Bank Vice President, statement to the Third Latin American Conference, 18 June 1951, Articles and Speeches File (hereafter cited as ASF), box 8, folder 2, World Bank Group Archives, Washington, DC (hereafter cited as WBGA); "Ventures in World Order," address by World Bank President Eugene R. Black Jr. at Princeton, 1962, Eugene R. Black Jr. Papers, box 4, folder 4, University of Georgia Archives, Athens, Georgia (hereafter cited as UGA); Black address to the Southern Industrial Editors Institute, 4 November 1949, Black Papers, box 3, folder 1, UGA.
40. Demuth address to the University of Missouri School of Business and Public Administration, 14 April 1950, ASF, box 8, folder 2, WBGA. See also Black address to the Southern Industrial Editors Institute.
41. U.S. Senator Alexander Wiley, Senate Judiciary Committee, to Black, 15 February 1952, Robert Garner, World Bank Vice President, to Wiley, 4 March 1952, and Wiley to Garner, 8 March 1952, all Central Files, 1946-1971: Operational Correspondence, Iran (hereafter cited as CF:OCI), box 52, folder 1, WBGA; Ellsworth Clark, World Bank Legal Department, file memorandum on Iranian oil, 5 January 1954, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 7, WBGA; Harold N. Graves Jr., "The Bank as International Mediator: Three Episodes," in Mason and Asher, The World Bank since Bretton Woods, 600.
42. U.S. Senator Alexander Wiley, Senate Judiciary Committee, to Black, 15 February 1952, Robert Garner, World Bank Vice President, to Wiley, 4 March 1952, and Wiley to Garner, 8 March 1952, all Central Files, 1946-1971: Operational Correspondence, Iran (hereafter cited as CF:OCI), box 52, folder 1, WBGA; Ellsworth Clark, World Bank Legal Department, file memorandum on Iranian oil, 5 January 1954, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 7, WBGA; Harold N. Graves Jr., "The Bank as International Mediator: Three Episodes," in Mason and Asher, The World Bank since Bretton Woods, 600.
43. For fuller discussions of the events leading up to the nationalization of the AIOC see, for example, Mary Ann Heiss, Empire and Nationhood: The United States, Great Britain, and Iranian Oil, 1950-1954 (New York, 1997); James F. Goode, The United States and Iran: In the Shadow of Musaddiq (New York, 1997); James F. Goode, The United States and Iran, 1946-51: The Diplomacy of Neglect (New York, 1989); Fakhreddin Azimi, Iran: The Crisis of Democracy (London, 1989); Mostafa Elm, Oil, Power, and Principle: Iran's Oil Nationalization and Its Aftermath (Syracuse, NY, 1992), 81-309; Homa Katouzian, Musaddiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran (London, 1990); Homa Katouzian, The Political Economy of Modern Iran: Despotism and Pseudo-Modernism, 1926-1979 (New York, 1981); and Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York, 1991), especially chs. 23-24.
44. For fuller discussions of the events leading up to the nationalization of the AIOC see, for example, Mary Ann Heiss, Empire and Nationhood: The United States, Great Britain, and Iranian Oil, 1950-1954 (New York, 1997); James F. Goode, The United States and Iran: In the Shadow of Musaddiq (New York, 1997); James F. Goode, The United States and Iran, 1946-51: The Diplomacy of Neglect (New York, 1989); Fakhreddin Azimi, Iran: The Crisis of Democracy (London, 1989); Mostafa Elm, Oil, Power, and Principle: Iran's Oil Nationalization and Its Aftermath (Syracuse, NY, 1992), 81-309; Homa Katouzian, Musaddiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran (London, 1990); Homa Katouzian, The Political Economy of Modern Iran: Despotism and Pseudo-Modernism, 1926-1979 (New York, 1981); and Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York, 1991), especially chs. 23-24.
45. For fuller discussions of the events leading up to the nationalization of the AIOC see, for example, Mary Ann Heiss, Empire and Nationhood: The United States, Great Britain, and Iranian Oil, 1950-1954 (New York, 1997); James F. Goode, The United States and Iran: In the Shadow of Musaddiq (New York, 1997); James F. Goode, The United States and Iran, 1946-51: The Diplomacy of Neglect (New York, 1989); Fakhreddin Azimi, Iran: The Crisis of Democracy (London, 1989); Mostafa Elm, Oil, Power, and Principle: Iran's Oil Nationalization and Its Aftermath (Syracuse, NY, 1992), 81-309; Homa Katouzian, Musaddiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran (London, 1990); Homa Katouzian, The Political Economy of Modern Iran: Despotism and Pseudo-Modernism, 1926-1979 (New York, 1981); and Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York, 1991), especially chs. 23-24.
46. For fuller discussions of the events leading up to the nationalization of the AIOC see, for example, Mary Ann Heiss, Empire and Nationhood: The United States, Great Britain, and Iranian Oil, 1950-1954 (New York, 1997); James F. Goode, The United States and Iran: In the Shadow of Musaddiq (New York, 1997); James F. Goode, The United States and Iran, 1946-51: The Diplomacy of Neglect (New York, 1989); Fakhreddin Azimi, Iran: The Crisis of Democracy (London, 1989); Mostafa Elm, Oil, Power, and Principle: Iran's Oil Nationalization and Its Aftermath (Syracuse, NY, 1992), 81-309; Homa Katouzian, Musaddiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran (London, 1990); Homa Katouzian, The Political Economy of Modern Iran: Despotism and Pseudo-Modernism, 1926-1979 (New York, 1981); and Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York, 1991), especially chs. 23-24.
47. For fuller discussions of the events leading up to the nationalization of the AIOC see, for example, Mary Ann Heiss, Empire and Nationhood: The United States, Great Britain, and Iranian Oil, 1950-1954 (New York, 1997); James F. Goode, The United States and Iran: In the Shadow of Musaddiq (New York, 1997); James F. Goode, The United States and Iran, 1946-51: The Diplomacy of Neglect (New York, 1989); Fakhreddin Azimi, Iran: The Crisis of Democracy (London, 1989); Mostafa Elm, Oil, Power, and Principle: Iran's Oil Nationalization and Its Aftermath (Syracuse, NY, 1992), 81-309; Homa Katouzian, Musaddiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran (London, 1990); Homa Katouzian, The Political Economy of Modern Iran: Despotism and Pseudo-Modernism, 1926-1979 (New York, 1981); and Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York, 1991), especially chs. 23-24.
48. For fuller discussions of the events leading up to the nationalization of the AIOC see, for example, Mary Ann Heiss, Empire and Nationhood: The United States, Great Britain, and Iranian Oil, 1950-1954 (New York, 1997); James F. Goode, The United States and Iran: In the Shadow of Musaddiq (New York, 1997); James F. Goode, The United States and Iran, 1946-51: The Diplomacy of Neglect (New York, 1989); Fakhreddin Azimi, Iran: The Crisis of Democracy (London, 1989); Mostafa Elm, Oil, Power, and Principle: Iran's Oil Nationalization and Its Aftermath (Syracuse, NY, 1992), 81-309; Homa Katouzian, Musaddiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran (London, 1990); Homa Katouzian, The Political Economy of Modern Iran: Despotism and Pseudo-Modernism, 1926-1979 (New York, 1981); and Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York, 1991), especially chs. 23-24.
49. For fuller discussions of the events leading up to the nationalization of the AIOC see, for example, Mary Ann Heiss, Empire and Nationhood: The United States, Great Britain, and Iranian Oil, 1950-1954 (New York, 1997); James F. Goode, The United States and Iran: In the Shadow of Musaddiq (New York, 1997); James F. Goode, The United States and Iran, 1946-51: The Diplomacy of Neglect (New York, 1989); Fakhreddin Azimi, Iran: The Crisis of Democracy (London, 1989); Mostafa Elm, Oil, Power, and Principle: Iran's Oil Nationalization and Its Aftermath (Syracuse, NY, 1992), 81-309; Homa Katouzian, Musaddiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran (London, 1990); Homa Katouzian, The Political Economy of Modern Iran: Despotism and Pseudo-Modernism, 1926-1979 (New York, 1981); and Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York, 1991), especially chs. 23-24.
50. For fuller discussions of the events leading up to the nationalization of the AIOC see, for example, Mary Ann Heiss, Empire and Nationhood: The United States, Great Britain, and Iranian Oil, 1950-1954 (New York, 1997); James F. Goode, The United States and Iran: In the Shadow of Musaddiq (New York, 1997); James F. Goode, The United States and Iran, 1946-51: The Diplomacy of Neglect (New York, 1989); Fakhreddin Azimi, Iran: The Crisis of Democracy (London, 1989); Mostafa Elm, Oil, Power, and Principle: Iran's Oil Nationalization and Its Aftermath (Syracuse, NY, 1992), 81-309; Homa Katouzian, Musaddiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran (London, 1990); Homa Katouzian, The Political Economy of Modern Iran: Despotism and Pseudo-Modernism, 1926-1979 (New York, 1981); and Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York, 1991), especially chs. 23-24.
51. Secret memorandum, Hector Prud'homme, World Bank Loan Department, to Davidson Sommers, World Bank General Counsel, and Ellsworth Clark, 12 December 1951, and Garner to Iranian Prime Minister Muhammed Mossadegh, 28 December 1951, both CF:OCI, box 31, folder 9, WBGA; secret draft memorandum to Prud'homme and Miss Ruth Rieber, daughter/secretary to Torkild Rieber, [late December 1951], CF:OCI, box 31, folder 2, WBGA; World Bank press release, 3 April 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA; Loy Henderson, U.S. Ambassador to Iran, to State Department, 28 November 1951, in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954: Iran, 1951-1954 (Washington, DC, 1989), 10:289 (hereafter cited as FRUS, followed by appropriate year).
52. Secret memorandum, Hector Prud'homme, World Bank Loan Department, to Davidson Sommers, World Bank General Counsel, and Ellsworth Clark, 12 December 1951, and Garner to Iranian Prime Minister Muhammed Mossadegh, 28 December 1951, both CF:OCI, box 31, folder 9, WBGA; secret draft memorandum to Prud'homme and Miss Ruth Rieber, daughter/secretary to Torkild Rieber, [late December 1951], CF:OCI, box 31, folder 2, WBGA; World Bank press release, 3 April 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA; Loy Henderson, U.S. Ambassador to Iran, to State Department, 28 November 1951, in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954: Iran, 1951-1954 (Washington, DC, 1989), 10:289 (hereafter cited as FRUS, followed by appropriate year).
53. Unattributed memorandum on principal proposals, 22 October 1952, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 7, WBGA; unattributed memorandum on the AIOC annual report and accounts, 27 October 1951, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 1, WBGA; secret file memorandum on Anglo-Iranian oil from A. S. G. Hoar, World Bank Director of Operations for Europe, Africa, and Australasia, 10 November 1951, unattributed secret memorandum on principal points discussed with both parties, 15 November 1951, draft proposal to bank's board of directors, 16 November 1951, and text of Mossadegh report to the Majlis, 25 November 1951, all CF:OCI, box 31, folder 9, WBGA; unattributed background notes, February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA; Graves, "Bank as International Mediator," 595-610.
54. Secret unattributed memorandum on the World Bank proposals, 29 November 1951, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 4, WBGA. See also record of a meeting with representatives of World Bank and AIOC, 30 November 1951, secret notes of meeting at House of Commons, 30 November 1951, secret notes of meeting of 30 November 1951 in Sir Roger Makins' office, secret notes on meeting in Garner's office, 4 December 1951, and secret notes of meeting at AIOC main office, 1i December 1951, all CF:OCI, box 31, folder 8, WBGA; secret Prud'homme file memo, 6 December 1951, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 9, WBGA; Secretary of State Dean Acheson to the Department of State, 14 November 1951, FRUS, 1952-54, 10:283; and British Foreign Minister Sir Anthony Eden to Acheson, 12 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-54, 10:352-53.
55. Secret unattributed memorandum on the World Bank proposals, 29 November 1951, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 4, WBGA. See also record of a meeting with representatives of World Bank and AIOC, 30 November 1951, secret notes of meeting at House of Commons, 30 November 1951, secret notes of meeting of 30 November 1951 in Sir Roger Makins' office, secret notes on meeting in Garner's office, 4 December 1951, and secret notes of meeting at AIOC main office, 1i December 1951, all CF:OCI, box 31, folder 8, WBGA; secret Prud'homme file memo, 6 December 1951, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 9, WBGA; Secretary of State Dean Acheson to the Department of State, 14 November 1951, FRUS, 1952-54, 10:283; and British Foreign Minister Sir Anthony Eden to Acheson, 12 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-54, 10:352-53.
56. Secret unattributed memorandum on the World Bank proposals, 29 November 1951, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 4, WBGA. See also record of a meeting with representatives of World Bank and AIOC, 30 November 1951, secret notes of meeting at House of Commons, 30 November 1951, secret notes of meeting of 30 November 1951 in Sir Roger Makins' office, secret notes on meeting in Garner's office, 4 December 1951, and secret notes of meeting at AIOC main office, 1i December 1951, all CF:OCI, box 31, folder 8, WBGA; secret Prud'homme file memo, 6 December 1951, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 9, WBGA; Secretary of State Dean Acheson to the Department of State, 14 November 1951, FRUS, 1952-54, 10:283; and British Foreign Minister Sir Anthony Eden to Acheson, 12 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-54, 10:352-53.
57. Secret preliminary draft no. 3 of bank proposal, 18 December 1951, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 4, WBGA; revised provisional draft, 28 December 1951, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 1, WBGA; Garner to Mossadegh, 28 December 1951, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 9, WBGA; Garner to British Ambassador to U.S. Sir Oliver Franks, 2 January 1952, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 10, WBGA; Henderson to State Department, 28 November 1951, FRUS, 1952-54, 10:289-90; Goode, The United States and Iran, 19.
58. Secret preliminary draft no. 3 of bank proposal, 18 December 1951, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 4, WBGA; revised provisional draft, 28 December 1951, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 1, WBGA; Garner to Mossadegh, 28 December 1951, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 9, WBGA; Garner to British Ambassador to U.S. Sir Oliver Franks, 2 January 1952, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 10, WBGA; Henderson to State Department, 28 November 1951, FRUS, 1952-54, 10:289-90; Goode, The United States and Iran, 19.
59. Secret preliminary draft no. 3 of bank proposal, 18 December 1951, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 4, WBGA; revised provisional draft, 28 December 1951, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 1, WBGA; Garner to Mossadegh, 28 December 1951, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 9, WBGA; Garner to British Ambassador to U.S. Sir Oliver Franks, 2 January 1952, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 10, WBGA; Henderson to State Department, 28 November 1951, FRUS, 1952-54, 10:289-90; Goode, The United States and Iran, 19.
60. Secret draft memorandum to Prud'homme and Miss Rieber, [late December 1951], CF:OCI, box 31, folder 2, WBGA; Harold N. Graves Jr., Director of World Bank Office of Information, confidential wire to Garner, 28 December 1951, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 9, WBGA; secretary's memorandum on Iran, 27 December 1951, and translation of letter from Louis Goffin, Belgian Minister to Teheran, to Paul Van Zeeland, Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs, for Thomas Basyn, World Bank Executive Director, 29 December 1951, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 9, WBGA; Goode, The United States and Iran, 18-19; Goode, The United States and Iran, 1946-54, 85; Henderson to State Department, 5 January 1952, FRUS, 1952-54, 10:303-5.
61. Secret draft memorandum to Prud'homme and Miss Rieber, [late December 1951], CF:OCI, box 31, folder 2, WBGA; Harold N. Graves Jr., Director of World Bank Office of Information, confidential wire to Garner, 28 December 1951, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 9, WBGA; secretary's memorandum on Iran, 27 December 1951, and translation of letter from Louis Goffin, Belgian Minister to Teheran, to Paul Van Zeeland, Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs, for Thomas Basyn, World Bank Executive Director, 29 December 1951, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 9, WBGA; Goode, The United States and Iran, 18-19; Goode, The United States and Iran, 1946-54, 85; Henderson to State Department, 5 January 1952, FRUS, 1952-54, 10:303-5.
62. Secret draft memorandum to Prud'homme and Miss Rieber, [late December 1951], CF:OCI, box 31, folder 2, WBGA; Harold N. Graves Jr., Director of World Bank Office of Information, confidential wire to Garner, 28 December 1951, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 9, WBGA; secretary's memorandum on Iran, 27 December 1951, and translation of letter from Louis Goffin, Belgian Minister to Teheran, to Paul Van Zeeland, Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs, for Thomas Basyn, World Bank Executive Director, 29 December 1951, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 9, WBGA; Goode, The United States and Iran, 18-19; Goode, The United States and Iran, 1946-54, 85; Henderson to State Department, 5 January 1952, FRUS, 1952-54, 10:303-5.
63. Secret draft memorandum to Prud'homme and Miss Rieber, [late December 1951], CF:OCI, box 31, folder 2, WBGA; Harold N. Graves Jr., Director of World Bank Office of Information, confidential wire to Garner, 28 December 1951, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 9, WBGA; secretary's memorandum on Iran, 27 December 1951, and translation of letter from Louis Goffin, Belgian Minister to Teheran, to Paul Van Zeeland, Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs, for Thomas Basyn, World Bank Executive Director, 29 December 1951, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 9, WBGA; Goode, The United States and Iran, 18-19; Goode, The United States and Iran, 1946-54, 85; Henderson to State Department, 5 January 1952, FRUS, 1952-54, 10:303-5.
64. Secret Prud'homme letter no. 3 to Garner, 2 January 1952, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 10, WBGA. See also secret Prud'homme letter no. 2 to Garner, 1 January 1952, and Prud'homme telegram to Garner, 2 January 1952, both CF:OCI, box 31, folder 10, WBGA; and Henderson to State Department, 12 January 1952, FRUS, 1952-54, 10:322.
65. Secret Prud'homme letter no. 3 to Garner, 2 January 1952, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 10, WBGA. See also secret Prud'homme letter no. 2 to Garner, 1 January 1952, and Prud'homme telegram to Garner, 2 January 1952, both CF:OCI, box 31, folder 10, WBGA; and Henderson to State Department, 12 January 1952, FRUS, 1952-54, 10:322.
66. Secret Prud'homme letter no. 4 to Garner, 3 January 1952, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 10, WBGA. See also confidential Garner letter to Mossadegh, 28 December 1951, Mossadegh to Garner, 3 January 1952, and Prud'homme telegrams to Garner, 3 and 4 January 1952, all CF:OCI, box 31, folder 10/WBGA; and secret unattributed observations on prime minister's letter, 6 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA.
67. Henderson to State Department, 5 January 1952, FRUS, 1952-54, 10:304. See also Pru'homme telegram to Garner, 4 January 1952, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 10, WBGA; AIOC memorandum, 6 February 1952 CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA; secret Prud'homme file memorandum on meeting with British, 1 February 1952, unattributed notes for negotiating, 6 February 1952, and AIOC's aide-mémoire, 6 February 1952, all CF:OCI, box 31, folder 1, WBGA; Prud'homme telegram to Garner, [January 1952], and draft Garner letter to Mossadegh, 5 January 1952, both CF:OCI box 32, folder 4, WBGA; secret preliminary draft no. 4 of bank proposal, 7 January 1952, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 10, WBGA; and secret unattributed observations on prime minister's letter to Garner, 6 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA.
68. Henderson to State Department, 5 January 1952, FRUS, 1952-54, 10:304. See also Pru'homme telegram to Garner, 4 January 1952, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 10, WBGA; AIOC memorandum, 6 February 1952 CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA; secret Prud'homme file memorandum on meeting with British, 1 February 1952, unattributed notes for negotiating, 6 February 1952, and AIOC's aide-mémoire, 6 February 1952, all CF:OCI, box 31, folder 1, WBGA; Prud'homme telegram to Garner, [January 1952], and draft Garner letter to Mossadegh, 5 January 1952, both CF:OCI box 32, folder 4, WBGA; secret preliminary draft no. 4 of bank proposal, 7 January 1952, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 10, WBGA; and secret unattributed observations on prime minister's letter to Garner, 6 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA.
69. Secret Prud'homme letter to Henderson, 14 January 1952, and secret Prud'homme memorandum to Garner, 31 January 1952, both CF:OCI, box 51, folder 10, WBGA.
70. Confidential Clark letter to Sommers, 19 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA. See also unattributed background notes, February 1952, and acting secretary's memorandum to executive directors and alternates, 8 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA; bank aide-mémoire for Iran, 19 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 4, WBGA ([reprinted in FRUS, 1952-54, 10:354-55); Goode, The United States and Iran, 72; Acheson to U.S. Embassy in Iran, 22 and 26 January 1952,FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:337, 338; Henderson to State Department, 29 January and 18 and 19 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:343-44, 355-57, 358-59; Eden to Acheson, 1 and 12 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:344, 352; Acheson to Eden, 6 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:345; and U.S. Ambassador to Britain Walter S. Girfford to Acheson, 23 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:359-61.
71. Confidential Clark letter to Sommers, 19 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA. See also unattributed background notes, February 1952, and acting secretary's memorandum to executive directors and alternates, 8 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA; bank aide-mémoire for Iran, 19 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 4, WBGA ([reprinted in FRUS, 1952-54, 10:354-55); Goode, The United States and Iran, 72; Acheson to U.S. Embassy in Iran, 22 and 26 January 1952,FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:337, 338; Henderson to State Department, 29 January and 18 and 19 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:343-44, 355-57, 358-59; Eden to Acheson, 1 and 12 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:344, 352; Acheson to Eden, 6 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:345; and U.S. Ambassador to Britain Walter S. Girfford to Acheson, 23 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:359-61.
72. Confidential Clark letter to Sommers, 19 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA. See also unattributed background notes, February 1952, and acting secretary's memorandum to executive directors and alternates, 8 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA; bank aide-mémoire for Iran, 19 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 4, WBGA ([reprinted in FRUS, 1952-54, 10:354-55); Goode, The United States and Iran, 72; Acheson to U.S. Embassy in Iran, 22 and 26 January 1952,FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:337, 338; Henderson to State Department, 29 January and 18 and 19 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:343-44, 355-57, 358-59; Eden to Acheson, 1 and 12 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:344, 352; Acheson to Eden, 6 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:345; and U.S. Ambassador to Britain Walter S. Girfford to Acheson, 23 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:359-61.
73. Confidential Clark letter to Sommers, 19 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA. See also unattributed background notes, February 1952, and acting secretary's memorandum to executive directors and alternates, 8 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA; bank aide-mémoire for Iran, 19 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 4, WBGA ([reprinted in FRUS, 1952-54, 10:354-55); Goode, The United States and Iran, 72; Acheson to U.S. Embassy in Iran, 22 and 26 January 1952,FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:337, 338; Henderson to State Department, 29 January and 18 and 19 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:343-44, 355-57, 358-59; Eden to Acheson, 1 and 12 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:344, 352; Acheson to Eden, 6 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:345; and U.S. Ambassador to Britain Walter S. Girfford to Acheson, 23 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:359-61.
74. Confidential Clark letter to Sommers, 19 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA. See also unattributed background notes, February 1952, and acting secretary's memorandum to executive directors and alternates, 8 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA; bank aide-mémoire for Iran, 19 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 4, WBGA ([reprinted in FRUS, 1952-54, 10:354-55); Goode, The United States and Iran, 72; Acheson to U.S. Embassy in Iran, 22 and 26 January 1952,FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:337, 338; Henderson to State Department, 29 January and 18 and 19 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:343-44, 355-57, 358-59; Eden to Acheson, 1 and 12 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:344, 352; Acheson to Eden, 6 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:345; and U.S. Ambassador to Britain Walter S. Girfford to Acheson, 23 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:359-61.
75. Confidential Clark letter to Sommers, 19 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA. See also unattributed background notes, February 1952, and acting secretary's memorandum to executive directors and alternates, 8 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA; bank aide-mémoire for Iran, 19 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 4, WBGA ([reprinted in FRUS, 1952-54, 10:354-55); Goode, The United States and Iran, 72; Acheson to U.S. Embassy in Iran, 22 and 26 January 1952,FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:337, 338; Henderson to State Department, 29 January and 18 and 19 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:343-44, 355-57, 358-59; Eden to Acheson, 1 and 12 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:344, 352; Acheson to Eden, 6 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:345; and U.S. Ambassador to Britain Walter S. Girfford to Acheson, 23 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:359-61.
76. Confidential Clark letter to Sommers, 19 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA. See also unattributed background notes, February 1952, and acting secretary's memorandum to executive directors and alternates, 8 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA; bank aide-mémoire for Iran, 19 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 4, WBGA ([reprinted in FRUS, 1952-54, 10:354-55); Goode, The United States and Iran, 72; Acheson to U.S. Embassy in Iran, 22 and 26 January 1952,FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:337, 338; Henderson to State Department, 29 January and 18 and 19 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:343-44, 355-57, 358-59; Eden to Acheson, 1 and 12 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:344, 352; Acheson to Eden, 6 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:345; and U.S. Ambassador to Britain Walter S. Girfford to Acheson, 23 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:359-61.
77. Confidential Clark letter to Sommers, 19 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA. See also unattributed background notes, February 1952, and acting secretary's memorandum to executive directors and alternates, 8 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA; bank aide-mémoire for Iran, 19 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 4, WBGA ([reprinted in FRUS, 1952-54, 10:354-55); Goode, The United States and Iran, 72; Acheson to U.S. Embassy in Iran, 22 and 26 January 1952,FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:337, 338; Henderson to State Department, 29 January and 18 and 19 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:343-44, 355-57, 358-59; Eden to Acheson, 1 and 12 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:344, 352; Acheson to Eden, 6 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:345; and U.S. Ambassador to Britain Walter S. Girfford to Acheson, 23 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:359-61.
78. Unattributed memorandum on Persia, 28 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA. See also Prud'homme secret comments on aide-mémoire, 26 February 1952, Garner to Black, 6 March 1952, Prud'homme telegrams to Garner, 9 and 12 March 1952, Garner cable to Prud'homme 14 March 1952, Prud'homme to Mossadegh, 17 March 1952, Prud'homme confidential memorandum to Garner, 25 April 1952, and secret Prud'homme file memorandum on Djahangir Bousheri's trip 9 May 1952, all CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA; secret memorandum on meeting with World Bank representatives held in the Foreign Secretary's room, 22 February 1952, and secret record of a meeting held in the Foreign Office, 2, February, 1952, both CF:OCI, box 31, folder 8, WBGA; confidential Prud'homme file memorandum on Makki's trip, 30 July 1952, GF::OCI, box 32, folder 2, WBGA; Gifford to Henderson, 18 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-54, 10:357-58; and Gifford to Acheson, 29 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-54, 10:364-65.
79. Unattributed memorandum on Persia, 28 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA. See also Prud'homme secret comments on aide-mémoire, 26 February 1952, Garner to Black, 6 March 1952, Prud'homme telegrams to Garner, 9 and 12 March 1952, Garner cable to Prud'homme 14 March 1952, Prud'homme to Mossadegh, 17 March 1952, Prud'homme confidential memorandum to Garner, 25 April 1952, and secret Prud'homme file memorandum on Djahangir Bousheri's trip 9 May 1952, all CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA; secret memorandum on meeting with World Bank representatives held in the Foreign Secretary's room, 22 February 1952, and secret record of a meeting held in the Foreign Office, 2, February, 1952, both CF:OCI, box 31, folder 8, WBGA; confidential Prud'homme file memorandum on Makki's trip, 30 July 1952, GF::OCI, box 32, folder 2, WBGA; Gifford to Henderson, 18 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-54, 10:357-58; and Gifford to Acheson, 29 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-54, 10:364-65.
80. Unattributed memorandum on Persia, 28 February 1952, CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA. See also Prud'homme secret comments on aide-mémoire, 26 February 1952, Garner to Black, 6 March 1952, Prud'homme telegrams to Garner, 9 and 12 March 1952, Garner cable to Prud'homme 14 March 1952, Prud'homme to Mossadegh, 17 March 1952, Prud'homme confidential memorandum to Garner, 25 April 1952, and secret Prud'homme file memorandum on Djahangir Bousheri's trip 9 May 1952, all CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA; secret memorandum on meeting with World Bank representatives held in the Foreign Secretary's room, 22 February 1952, and secret record of a meeting held in the Foreign Office, 2, February, 1952, both CF:OCI, box 31, folder 8, WBGA; confidential Prud'homme file memorandum on Makki's trip, 30 July 1952, GF::OCI, box 32, folder 2, WBGA; Gifford to Henderson, 18 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-54, 10:357-58; and Gifford to Acheson, 29 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-54, 10:364-65.
81. Summary of developments, 20 March 1952, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 2, WBGA. See also translation of engineer Hassibi's press interview, 16 March 1952, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 2, WBGA; Prud'homme telegrams to Garner, 7, 9, 12, 13, and 16 March 1952, notes on meeting between Prud'homme and Majlis oil commission, 8 March 1952, confidential aide-mémoire, 10 March 1952, Garner telegrams to Prud'homme, 12 and 14 March 1952, Prud'homme to Dr. Seyid Ali Shayegan, Majlis Deputy, 13 March 1952, contents of Hassibi interview, 16 March 1952, Prud'homme to Mossadegh, 17 March 1952, Mossadegh to Prud'homme, 27 March 1952, draft cable to Mossadegh, 28 March 1952, Garner wire to Eden, 1 April 1952, World Bank press release, 3 April 1952, Garner to Mossadegh, 4 April 1952, Henderson to Prud'homme, 18 April 1952, and Prud'homme memorandum to Garner, 8 May 1952, all CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA; and Gifford to Acheson, 29 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:364.
82. Summary of developments, 20 March 1952, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 2, WBGA. See also translation of engineer Hassibi's press interview, 16 March 1952, CF:OCI, box 31, folder 2, WBGA; Prud'homme telegrams to Garner, 7, 9, 12, 13, and 16 March 1952, notes on meeting between Prud'homme and Majlis oil commission, 8 March 1952, confidential aide-mémoire, 10 March 1952, Garner telegrams to Prud'homme, 12 and 14 March 1952, Prud'homme to Dr. Seyid Ali Shayegan, Majlis Deputy, 13 March 1952, contents of Hassibi interview, 16 March 1952, Prud'homme to Mossadegh, 17 March 1952, Mossadegh to Prud'homme, 27 March 1952, draft cable to Mossadegh, 28 March 1952, Garner wire to Eden, 1 April 1952, World Bank press release, 3 April 1952, Garner to Mossadegh, 4 April 1952, Henderson to Prud'homme, 18 April 1952, and Prud'homme memorandum to Garner, 8 May 1952, all CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA; and Gifford to Acheson, 29 February 1952, FRUS, 1952-1954, 10:364.
83. Garner draft letter to Egyptian leader General Gamal Abdul al-Nasser, 24 November 1952, CF:OCI, box 52, folder 2, WBGA. See also secret Prud'homme file memorandum on meeting in Garner's office, 24 September 1912, Prud'homme file memorandum on the visit of Hossein Makki (Majlis Deputy), Parssa, and Mahloudji, 14 October 1952, and secret Prud'homme file memorandum on the meeting in Garner's office, 14 October 1952, all CF:OCI, box 31, folder 7, WBGA; F. G. Bochenski memorandum on Iran's finances, 6 June 1952, Sommers memorandum to Garner, 30 September 1952, and confidential summary report on the financial situation of Iran, 1953, all CF:OCI, box 52, folder 2, WBGA; and Henderson secret telegram to State Department, forwarded to Prud'homme, 7 April 1912, Prud'homme memorandum to Garner, 7 April 1952, Henderson telegram to Garner, 23 April 1952, confidential Prud'homme file memorandum on meeting between World Bank and the British with attached draft memorandum, 30 April 1952, and secret Prud'homme file memorandum on Henderson telegram, 5 May 1952, all CF:OCI, box 32, folder 1, WBGA.
84. Mary Ann Heiss, "The United States, Great Britain, and the Creation of the Iranian Oil Consortium, 1953-1954," International History Review 16 (August 1994): 511-34.
85. Ibid.; Gabriel Kolko, Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1980 (New York 1988), 72-77; Elm, Oil, Power, and Principle, 310-31.
86. Ibid.; Gabriel Kolko, Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1980 (New York 1988), 72-77; Elm, Oil, Power, and Principle, 310-31.
87. Ibid.; Gabriel Kolko, Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1980 (New York 1988), 72-77; Elm, Oil, Power, and Principle, 310-31.
88. For the bank's efforts in connection with the High Dam, see Graves, "Bank as International Mediator," 627-43. For events surrounding the construction of the dam and the subsequent Suez Crisis see, tor example Peter L. Hahn, The united States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945-1956: Strategy and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Diane B. Kunz, The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Keith Kyle, Suez (New York, 1991); W. Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand: Britain, the US, and the Suez Crisis (London, 1991); David Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, Making Contemporary Britain series, ed. Anthony Selden (London, 1988); William Roger Louis and Roger Owen, eds., Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford, 1989); Selwyn Ilan Troen and Moshe Shemesh eds The Suez-Sinai Crisis, 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal (New York, 1990); Robert A. Divine Eisenhower and the Cold War (Oxford, 1981), 71-104; William Roger Louis, "Dulles, Suez, and the British," in John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War, ed. Richard Immerman (Princeton, 1990) 133-58; Jacques Georges-Picot, The Real Suez Crisis: The End of a Great Nineteenth-Century Work, trans. W. G. Rogers (New York, 1975); Selwyn Lloyd, Suez 1956: A Personal Account (London, 1978); Russell Braddon, Suez: Splitting of a Nation (London, 1975); Hugh Thomas, Suez (New York, 1966); Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years, vol. 2: Waging Peace, 1956-1961 (Garden City, NJ, 1965), 20-57, 177-204; Anthony Eden, The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, vol. 4: Full Circle (London, 1960); and Anthony Nutting, No End of a Lesson: The Story of Suez (New York, 1967).
89. For the bank's efforts in connection with the High Dam, see Graves, "Bank as International Mediator," 627-43. For events surrounding the construction of the dam and the subsequent Suez Crisis see, tor example Peter L. Hahn, The united States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945-1956: Strategy and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Diane B. Kunz, The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Keith Kyle, Suez (New York, 1991); W. Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand: Britain, the US, and the Suez Crisis (London, 1991); David Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, Making Contemporary Britain series, ed. Anthony Selden (London, 1988); William Roger Louis and Roger Owen, eds., Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford, 1989); Selwyn Ilan Troen and Moshe Shemesh eds The Suez-Sinai Crisis, 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal (New York, 1990); Robert A. Divine Eisenhower and the Cold War (Oxford, 1981), 71-104; William Roger Louis, "Dulles, Suez, and the British," in John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War, ed. Richard Immerman (Princeton, 1990) 133-58; Jacques Georges-Picot, The Real Suez Crisis: The End of a Great Nineteenth-Century Work, trans. W. G. Rogers (New York, 1975); Selwyn Lloyd, Suez 1956: A Personal Account (London, 1978); Russell Braddon, Suez: Splitting of a Nation (London, 1975); Hugh Thomas, Suez (New York, 1966); Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years, vol. 2: Waging Peace, 1956-1961 (Garden City, NJ, 1965), 20-57, 177-204; Anthony Eden, The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, vol. 4: Full Circle (London, 1960); and Anthony Nutting, No End of a Lesson: The Story of Suez (New York, 1967).
90. For the bank's efforts in connection with the High Dam, see Graves, "Bank as International Mediator," 627-43. For events surrounding the construction of the dam and the subsequent Suez Crisis see, tor example Peter L. Hahn, The united States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945-1956: Strategy and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Diane B. Kunz, The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Keith Kyle, Suez (New York, 1991); W. Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand: Britain, the US, and the Suez Crisis (London, 1991); David Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, Making Contemporary Britain series, ed. Anthony Selden (London, 1988); William Roger Louis and Roger Owen, eds., Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford, 1989); Selwyn Ilan Troen and Moshe Shemesh eds The Suez-Sinai Crisis, 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal (New York, 1990); Robert A. Divine Eisenhower and the Cold War (Oxford, 1981), 71-104; William Roger Louis, "Dulles, Suez, and the British," in John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War, ed. Richard Immerman (Princeton, 1990) 133-58; Jacques Georges-Picot, The Real Suez Crisis: The End of a Great Nineteenth-Century Work, trans. W. G. Rogers (New York, 1975); Selwyn Lloyd, Suez 1956: A Personal Account (London, 1978); Russell Braddon, Suez: Splitting of a Nation (London, 1975); Hugh Thomas, Suez (New York, 1966); Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years, vol. 2: Waging Peace, 1956-1961 (Garden City, NJ, 1965), 20-57, 177-204; Anthony Eden, The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, vol. 4: Full Circle (London, 1960); and Anthony Nutting, No End of a Lesson: The Story of Suez (New York, 1967).
91. For the bank's efforts in connection with the High Dam, see Graves, "Bank as International Mediator," 627-43. For events surrounding the construction of the dam and the subsequent Suez Crisis see, tor example Peter L. Hahn, The united States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945-1956: Strategy and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Diane B. Kunz, The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Keith Kyle, Suez (New York, 1991); W. Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand: Britain, the US, and the Suez Crisis (London, 1991); David Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, Making Contemporary Britain series, ed. Anthony Selden (London, 1988); William Roger Louis and Roger Owen, eds., Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford, 1989); Selwyn Ilan Troen and Moshe Shemesh eds The Suez-Sinai Crisis, 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal (New York, 1990); Robert A. Divine Eisenhower and the Cold War (Oxford, 1981), 71-104; William Roger Louis, "Dulles, Suez, and the British," in John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War, ed. Richard Immerman (Princeton, 1990) 133-58; Jacques Georges-Picot, The Real Suez Crisis: The End of a Great Nineteenth-Century Work, trans. W. G. Rogers (New York, 1975); Selwyn Lloyd, Suez 1956: A Personal Account (London, 1978); Russell Braddon, Suez: Splitting of a Nation (London, 1975); Hugh Thomas, Suez (New York, 1966); Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years, vol. 2: Waging Peace, 1956-1961 (Garden City, NJ, 1965), 20-57, 177-204; Anthony Eden, The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, vol. 4: Full Circle (London, 1960); and Anthony Nutting, No End of a Lesson: The Story of Suez (New York, 1967).
92. For the bank's efforts in connection with the High Dam, see Graves, "Bank as International Mediator," 627-43. For events surrounding the construction of the dam and the subsequent Suez Crisis see, tor example Peter L. Hahn, The united States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945-1956: Strategy and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Diane B. Kunz, The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Keith Kyle, Suez (New York, 1991); W. Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand: Britain, the US, and the Suez Crisis (London, 1991); David Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, Making Contemporary Britain series, ed. Anthony Selden (London, 1988); William Roger Louis and Roger Owen, eds., Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford, 1989); Selwyn Ilan Troen and Moshe Shemesh eds The Suez-Sinai Crisis, 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal (New York, 1990); Robert A. Divine Eisenhower and the Cold War (Oxford, 1981), 71-104; William Roger Louis, "Dulles, Suez, and the British," in John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War, ed. Richard Immerman (Princeton, 1990) 133-58; Jacques Georges-Picot, The Real Suez Crisis: The End of a Great Nineteenth-Century Work, trans. W. G. Rogers (New York, 1975); Selwyn Lloyd, Suez 1956: A Personal Account (London, 1978); Russell Braddon, Suez: Splitting of a Nation (London, 1975); Hugh Thomas, Suez (New York, 1966); Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years, vol. 2: Waging Peace, 1956-1961 (Garden City, NJ, 1965), 20-57, 177-204; Anthony Eden, The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, vol. 4: Full Circle (London, 1960); and Anthony Nutting, No End of a Lesson: The Story of Suez (New York, 1967).
93. For the bank's efforts in connection with the High Dam, see Graves, "Bank as International Mediator," 627-43. For events surrounding the construction of the dam and the subsequent Suez Crisis see, tor example Peter L. Hahn, The united States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945-1956: Strategy and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Diane B. Kunz, The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Keith Kyle, Suez
94. For the bank's efforts in connection with the High Dam, see Graves, "Bank as International Mediator," 627-43. For events surrounding the construction of the dam and the subsequent Suez Crisis see, tor example Peter L. Hahn, The united States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945-1956: Strategy and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Diane B. Kunz, The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Keith Kyle, Suez (New York, 1991); W. Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand: Britain, the US, and the Suez Crisis (London, 1991); David Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, Making Contemporary Britain series, ed. Anthony Selden (London, 1988); William Roger Louis and Roger Owen, eds., Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford, 1989); Selwyn Ilan Troen and Moshe Shemesh eds The Suez-Sinai Crisis, 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal (New York, 1990); Robert A. Divine Eisenhower and the Cold War (Oxford, 1981), 71-104; William Roger Louis, "Dulles, Suez, and the British," in John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War, ed. Richard Immerman (Princeton, 1990) 133-58; Jacques Georges-Picot, The Real Suez Crisis: The End of a Great Nineteenth-Century Work, trans. W. G. Rogers (New York, 1975); Selwyn Lloyd, Suez 1956: A Personal Account (London, 1978); Russell Braddon, Suez: Splitting of a Nation (London, 1975); Hugh Thomas, Suez (New York, 1966); Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years, vol. 2: Waging Peace, 1956-1961 (Garden City, NJ, 1965), 20-57, 177-204; Anthony Eden, The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, vol. 4: Full Circle (London, 1960); and Anthony Nutting, No End of a Lesson: The Story of Suez (New York, 1967).
95. For the bank's efforts in connection with the High Dam, see Graves, "Bank as International Mediator," 627-43. For events surrounding the construction of the dam and the subsequent Suez Crisis see, tor example Peter L. Hahn, The united States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945-1956: Strategy and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Diane B. Kunz, The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Keith Kyle, Suez (New York, 1991); W. Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand: Britain, the US, and the Suez Crisis (London, 1991); David Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, Making Contemporary Britain series, ed. Anthony Selden (London, 1988); William Roger Louis and Roger Owen, eds., Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford, 1989); Selwyn Ilan Troen and Moshe Shemesh eds The Suez-Sinai Crisis, 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal (New York, 1990); Robert A. Divine Eisenhower and the Cold War (Oxford, 1981), 71-104; William Roger Louis, "Dulles, Suez, and the British," in John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War, ed. Richard Immerman (Princeton, 1990) 133-58; Jacques Georges-Picot, The Real Suez Crisis: The End of a Great Nineteenth-Century Work, trans. W. G. Rogers (New York, 1975); Selwyn Lloyd, Suez 1956: A Personal Account (London, 1978); Russell Braddon, Suez: Splitting of a Nation (London, 1975); Hugh Thomas, Suez (New York, 1966); Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years, vol. 2: Waging Peace, 1956-1961 (Garden City, NJ, 1965), 20-57, 177-204; Anthony Eden, The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, vol. 4: Full Circle (London, 1960); and Anthony Nutting, No End of a Lesson: The Story of Suez (New York, 1967).
96. For the bank's efforts in connection with the High Dam, see Graves, "Bank as International Mediator," 627-43. For events surrounding the construction of the dam and the subsequent Suez Crisis see, tor example Peter L. Hahn, The united States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945-1956: Strategy and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Diane B. Kunz, The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Keith Kyle, Suez (New York, 1991); W. Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand: Britain, the US, and the Suez Crisis (London, 1991); David Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, Making Contemporary Britain series, ed. Anthony Selden (London, 1988); William Roger Louis and Roger Owen, eds., Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford, 1989); Selwyn Ilan Troen and Moshe Shemesh eds The Suez-Sinai Crisis, 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal (New York, 1990); Robert A. Divine Eisenhower and the Cold War (Oxford, 1981), 71-104; William Roger Louis, "Dulles, Suez, and the British," in John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War, ed. Richard Immerman (Princeton, 1990) 133-58; Jacques Georges-Picot, The Real Suez Crisis: The End of a Great Nineteenth-Century Work, trans. W. G. Rogers (New York, 1975); Selwyn Lloyd, Suez 1956: A Personal Account (London, 1978); Russell Braddon, Suez: Splitting of a Nation (London, 1975); Hugh Thomas, Suez (New York, 1966); Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years, vol. 2: Waging Peace, 1956-1961 (Garden City, NJ, 1965), 20-57, 177-204; Anthony Eden, The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, vol. 4: Full Circle (London, 1960); and Anthony Nutting, No End of a Lesson: The Story of Suez (New York, 1967).
97. For the bank's efforts in connection with the High Dam, see Graves, "Bank as International Mediator," 627-43. For events surrounding the construction of the dam and the subsequent Suez Crisis see, tor example Peter L. Hahn, The united States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945-1956: Strategy and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Diane B. Kunz, The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Keith Kyle, Suez (New York, 1991); W. Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand: Britain, the US, and the Suez Crisis (London, 1991); David Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, Making Contemporary Britain series, ed. Anthony Selden (London, 1988); William Roger Louis and Roger Owen, eds., Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford, 1989); Selwyn Ilan Troen and Moshe Shemesh eds The Suez-Sinai Crisis, 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal (New York, 1990); Robert A. Divine Eisenhower and the Cold War (Oxford, 1981), 71-104; William Roger Louis, "Dulles, Suez, and the British," in John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War, ed. Richard Immerman (Princeton, 1990) 133-58; Jacques Georges-Picot, The Real Suez Crisis: The End of a Great Nineteenth-Century Work, trans. W. G. Rogers (New York, 1975); Selwyn Lloyd, Suez 1956: A Personal Account (London, 1978); Russell Braddon, Suez: Splitting of a Nation (London, 1975); Hugh Thomas, Suez (New York, 1966); Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years, vol. 2: Waging Peace, 1956-1961 (Garden City, NJ, 1965), 20-57, 177-204; Anthony Eden, The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, vol. 4: Full Circle (London, 1960); and Anthony Nutting, No End of a Lesson: The Story of Suez (New York, 1967).
98. For the bank's efforts in connection with the High Dam, see Graves, "Bank as International Mediator," 627-43. For events surrounding the construction of the dam and the subsequent Suez Crisis see, tor example Peter L. Hahn, The united States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945-1956: Strategy and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Diane B. Kunz, The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Keith Kyle, Suez (New York, 1991); W. Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand: Britain, the US, and the Suez Crisis (London, 1991); David Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, Making Contemporary Britain series, ed. Anthony Selden (London, 1988); William Roger Louis and Roger Owen, eds., Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford, 1989); Selwyn Ilan Troen and Moshe Shemesh eds The Suez-Sinai Crisis, 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal (New York, 1990); Robert A. Divine Eisenhower and the Cold War (Oxford, 1981), 71-104; William Roger Louis, "Dulles, Suez, and the British," in John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War, ed. Richard Immerman (Princeton, 1990) 133-58; Jacques Georges-Picot, The Real Suez Crisis: The End of a Great Nineteenth-Century Work, trans. W. G. Rogers (New York, 1975); Selwyn Lloyd, Suez 1956: A Personal Account (London, 1978); Russell Braddon, Suez: Splitting of a Nation (London, 1975); Hugh Thomas, Suez (New York, 1966); Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years, vol. 2: Waging Peace, 1956-1961 (Garden City, NJ, 1965), 20-57, 177-204; Anthony Eden, The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, vol. 4: Full Circle (London, 1960); and Anthony Nutting, No End of a Lesson: The Story of Suez (New York, 1967).
99. For the bank's efforts in connection with the High Dam, see Graves, "Bank as International Mediator," 627-43. For events surrounding the construction of the dam and the subsequent Suez Crisis see, tor example Peter L. Hahn, The united States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945-1956: Strategy and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Diane B. Kunz, The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Keith Kyle, Suez (New York, 1991); W. Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand: Britain, the US, and the Suez Crisis (London, 1991); David Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, Making Contemporary Britain series, ed. Anthony Selden (London, 1988); William Roger Louis and Roger Owen, eds., Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford, 1989); Selwyn Ilan Troen and Moshe Shemesh eds The Suez-Sinai Crisis, 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal (New York, 1990); Robert A. Divine Eisenhower and the Cold War (Oxford, 1981), 71-104; William Roger Louis, "Dulles, Suez, and the British," in John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War, ed. Richard Immerman (Princeton, 1990) 133-58; Jacques Georges-Picot, The Real Suez Crisis: The End of a Great Nineteenth-Century Work, trans. W. G. Rogers (New York, 1975); Selwyn Lloyd, Suez 1956: A Personal Account (London, 1978); Russell Braddon, Suez: Splitting of a Nation (London, 1975); Hugh Thomas, Suez (New York, 1966); Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years, vol. 2: Waging Peace, 1956-1961 (Garden City, NJ, 1965), 20-57, 177-204; Anthony Eden, The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, vol. 4: Full Circle (London, 1960); and Anthony Nutting, No End of a Lesson: The Story of Suez (New York, 1967).
100. For the bank's efforts in connection with the High Dam, see Graves, "Bank as International Mediator," 627-43. For events surrounding the construction of the dam and the subsequent Suez Crisis see, tor example Peter L. Hahn, The united States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945-1956: Strategy and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Diane B. Kunz, The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Keith Kyle, Suez (New York, 1991); W. Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand: Britain, the US, and the Suez Crisis (London, 1991); David Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, Making Contemporary Britain series, ed. Anthony Selden (London, 1988); William Roger Louis and Roger Owen, eds., Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford, 1989); Selwyn Ilan Troen and Moshe Shemesh eds The Suez-Sinai Crisis, 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal (New York, 1990); Robert A. Divine Eisenhower and the Cold War (Oxford, 1981), 71-104; William Roger Louis, "Dulles, Suez, and the British," in John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War, ed. Richard Immerman (Princeton, 1990) 133-58; Jacques Georges-Picot, The Real Suez Crisis: The End of a Great Nineteenth-Century Work, trans. W. G. Rogers (New York, 1975); Selwyn Lloyd, Suez 1956: A Personal Account (London, 1978); Russell Braddon, Suez: Splitting of a Nation (London, 1975); Hugh Thomas, Suez (New York, 1966); Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years, vol. 2: Waging Peace, 1956-1961 (Garden City, NJ, 1965), 20-57, 177-204; Anthony Eden, The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, vol. 4: Full Circle (London, 1960); and Anthony Nutting, No End of a Lesson: The Story of Suez (New York, 1967).
101. For the bank's efforts in connection with the High Dam, see Graves, "Bank as International Mediator," 627-43. For events surrounding the construction of the dam and the subsequent Suez Crisis see, tor example Peter L. Hahn, The united States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945-1956: Strategy and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Diane B. Kunz, The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Keith Kyle, Suez (New York, 1991); W. Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand: Britain, the US, and the Suez Crisis (London, 1991); David Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, Making Contemporary Britain series, ed. Anthony Selden (London, 1988); William Roger Louis and Roger Owen, eds., Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford, 1989); Selwyn Ilan Troen and Moshe Shemesh eds The Suez-Sinai Crisis, 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal (New York, 1990); Robert A. Divine Eisenhower and the Cold War (Oxford, 1981), 71-104; William Roger Louis, "Dulles, Suez, and the British," in John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War, ed. Richard Immerman (Princeton, 1990) 133-58; Jacques Georges-Picot, The Real Suez Crisis: The End of a Great Nineteenth-Century Work, trans. W. G. Rogers (New York, 1975); Selwyn Lloyd, Suez 1956: A Personal Account (London, 1978); Russell Braddon, Suez: Splitting of a Nation (London, 1975); Hugh Thomas, Suez (New York, 1966); Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years, vol. 2: Waging Peace, 1956-1961 (Garden City, NJ, 1965), 20-57, 177-204; Anthony Eden, The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, vol. 4: Full Circle (London, 1960); and Anthony Nutting, No End of a Lesson: The Story of Suez (New York, 1967).
102. For the bank's efforts in connection with the High Dam, see Graves, "Bank as International Mediator," 627-43. For events surrounding the construction of the dam and the subsequent Suez Crisis see, tor example Peter L. Hahn, The united States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945-1956: Strategy and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Diane B. Kunz, The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Keith Kyle, Suez (New York, 1991); W. Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand: Britain, the US, and the Suez Crisis (London, 1991); David Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, Making Contemporary Britain series, ed. Anthony Selden (London, 1988); William Roger Louis and Roger Owen, eds., Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford, 1989); Selwyn Ilan Troen and Moshe Shemesh eds The Suez-Sinai Crisis, 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal (New York, 1990); Robert A. Divine Eisenhower and the Cold War (Oxford, 1981), 71-104; William Roger Louis, "Dulles, Suez, and the British," in John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War, ed. Richard Immerman (Princeton, 1990) 133-58; Jacques Georges-Picot, The Real Suez Crisis: The End of a Great Nineteenth-Century Work, trans. W. G. Rogers (New York, 1975); Selwyn Lloyd, Suez 1956: A Personal Account (London, 1978); Russell Braddon, Suez: Splitting of a Nation (London, 1975); Hugh Thomas, Suez (New York, 1966); Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years, vol. 2: Waging Peace, 1956-1961 (Garden City, NJ, 1965), 20-57, 177-204; Anthony Eden, The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, vol. 4: Full Circle (London, 1960); and Anthony Nutting, No End of a Lesson: The Story of Suez (New York, 1967).
103. For the bank's efforts in connection with the High Dam, see Graves, "Bank as International Mediator," 627-43. For events surrounding the construction of the dam and the subsequent Suez Crisis see, tor example Peter L. Hahn, The united States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945-1956: Strategy and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Diane B. Kunz, The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Keith Kyle, Suez (New York, 1991); W. Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand: Britain, the US, and the Suez Crisis (London, 1991); David Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, Making Contemporary Britain series, ed. Anthony Selden (London, 1988); William Roger Louis and Roger Owen, eds., Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford, 1989); Selwyn Ilan Troen and Moshe Shemesh eds The Suez-Sinai Crisis, 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal (New York, 1990); Robert A. Divine Eisenhower and the Cold War (Oxford, 1981), 71-104; William Roger Louis, "Dulles, Suez, and the British," in John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War, ed. Richard Immerman (Princeton, 1990) 133-58; Jacques Georges-Picot, The Real Suez Crisis: The End of a Great Nineteenth-Century Work, trans. W. G. Rogers (New York, 1975); Selwyn Lloyd, Suez 1956: A Personal Account (London, 1978); Russell Braddon, Suez: Splitting of a Nation (London, 1975); Hugh Thomas, Suez (New York, 1966); Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years, vol. 2: Waging Peace, 1956-1961 (Garden City, NJ, 1965), 20-57, 177-204; Anthony Eden, The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, vol. 4: Full Circle (London, 1960); and Anthony Nutting, No End of a Lesson: The Story of Suez (New York, 1967).
104. For the bank's efforts in connection with the High Dam, see Graves, "Bank as International Mediator," 627-43. For events surrounding the construction of the dam and the subsequent Suez Crisis see, tor example Peter L. Hahn, The united States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945-1956: Strategy and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Diane B. Kunz, The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991); Keith Kyle, Suez (New York, 1991); W. Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand: Britain, the US, and the Suez Crisis (London, 1991); David Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, Making Contemporary Britain series, ed. Anthony Selden (London, 1988); William Roger Louis and Roger Owen, eds., Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford, 1989); Selwyn Ilan Troen and Moshe Shemesh eds The Suez-Sinai Crisis, 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal (New York, 1990); Robert A. Divine Eisenhower and the Cold War (Oxford, 1981), 71-104; William Roger Louis, "Dulles, Suez, and the British," in John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War, ed. Richard Immerman (Princeton, 1990) 133-58; Jacques Georges-Picot, The Real Suez Crisis: The End of a Great Nineteenth-Century Work, trans. W. G. Rogers (New York, 1975); Selwyn Lloyd, Suez 1956: A Personal Account (London, 1978); Russell Braddon, Suez: Splitting of a Nation (London, 1975); Hugh Thomas, Suez (New York, 1966); Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years, vol. 2: Waging Peace, 1956-1961 (Garden City, NJ, 1965), 20-57, 177-204; Anthony Eden, The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, vol. 4: Full Circle (London, 1960); and Anthony Nutting, No End of a Lesson: The Story of Suez (New York, 1967).
105. Bochenski memorandum to Didier Gregh, 22 January 1954, Central files 1946-1971: Operational Correspondence, Egypt (hereafter cited as CF:OCE), box 8, folder 4, WBGA. For early relations between the bank and the Neguib-Nasser regime, see also Black to H. E. Abdel Galeel El-Emary Egyptian Minister of Finance and Economy, 11 December 1952, and El-Emary to Black, January 1953 both CF:OCE, box 8, folder 4, WBGA; and Black, 1964 interview transcript, John Foster Dulles Oral History Project, Princeton University Library (hereafter cited as Dulles Oral History Project), 2-3.
106. Nasser address on the Seventh Anniversary of the July 23 Revolution, 22 July 1959, and Nasser's address at the Land Distribution Ceremony at Edfina, 28 July 1959, in President Gamal Abdel-Nasser's Speeches and Press Interviews, 1959, vol. 2 (Cairo, [approx. 1960]), 273, 322. See also Gamal Abdul al-Nasser, The Philosophy of Revolution, trans. Dar Al-Maaref (Buffalo, NY, 1959); and Gamal Abdul al-Nasser, "The Egyptian Revolution," Foreign Affairs 33 (January 1955): 199-211.
107. Nasser address on the Seventh Anniversary of the July 23 Revolution, 22 July 1959, and Nasser's address at the Land Distribution Ceremony at Edfina, 28 July 1959, in President Gamal Abdel-Nasser's Speeches and Press Interviews, 1959, vol. 2 (Cairo, [approx. 1960]), 273, 322. See also Gamal Abdul al-Nasser, The Philosophy of Revolution, trans. Dar Al-Maaref (Buffalo, NY, 1959); and Gamal Abdul al-Nasser, "The Egyptian Revolution," Foreign Affairs 33 (January 1955): 199-211.
108. Nasser address on the Seventh Anniversary of the July 23 Revolution, 22 July 1959, and Nasser's address at the Land Distribution Ceremony at Edfina, 28 July 1959, in President Gamal Abdel-Nasser's Speeches and Press Interviews, 1959, vol. 2 (Cairo, [approx. 1960]), 273, 322. See also Gamal Abdul al-Nasser, The Philosophy of Revolution, trans. Dar Al-Maaref (Buffalo, NY, 1959); and Gamal Abdul al-Nasser, "The Egyptian Revolution," Foreign Affairs 33 (January 1955): 199-211.
109. Discussion of the Aswan international commission and its work is contained in Bochenski memorandum to Gregh, 2 June 1953, and F. Dorsey Stephens, World Bank Middle Eastern representative, memorandum to Gregh, 9, June 1954, both CF:OCE, box 8, folder 4, WBGA; and John Waterbury, Hydropolitics in the Nile Valley (Syracuse, NY, 1979), 98-105.
110. Discussion of the Aswan international commission and its work is contained in Bochenski memorandum to Gregh, 2 June 1953, and F. Dorsey Stephens, World Bank Middle Eastern representative, memorandum to Gregh, 9, June 1954, both CF:OCE, box 8, folder 4, WBGA; and John Waterbury, Hydropolitics in the Nile Valley (Syracuse, NY, 1979), 98-105.
111. Stephens to Rucinski, 9 January 1954, CF:OCE, box 8, folder 4, WBGA. For further bank efforts to improve its relation with Egypt, see confidential Bochenski memorandum, 1 February 1954, and Stephens to Gregh, 16 February 1954, both CF:OCE, box 8, folder 4, WBGA; John Exter to Stephens, 25 June 1954, CF:OCE, box 8, folder 5, WBGA; and Black address to the National Farm Institute of Des Moines, "Common Sense and Economic Aid," 18 February 1956, Black Papers, box 3, folder 8, UGA.
112. Confidential Bochenski file memorandum on conservation with Egyptian representatives, 25, September 1954, CF:OCE, box 8, folder 5, WBGA. See also Hussein Fahmy, Egyptian Permanent Council for the Development of National Production, to Black, 2 November 1954, CF:OCE, box 8, folder 5, WBGA.
113. Black to Ahmed Hussein, Egyptian Ambassador to the United States, 4 April 1955, CF:OCE, box 8, folder 5, WBGA. See also H. A. Morrice, Sudanese Irrigation Adviser, to Hathaway, 3 and 27 December 1954, confidential de Wilde file memorandum on conversations with Dr. Mohammed Selim of the Egyptian National Production Council, 6 March 1955, Stephens to Moffat, 11 April 1955, Stephens to Gregh, 14 April 1955, unattributed notes on the Nile Waters Controversy, 27 April 1955, unattributed "Nile Waters" memorandum, [approx. August 1955], de Wilde memorandum to Rucinski, 19 August 1955, and confidential Moffatt file memorandum on conversation with State Department officials, 22 August 1955, all CF:OCE, box 8, folder 5, WBGA; and confidential Stephens letter to Rucinski, 1 November 1955, and confidential Rucinski file memorandum, 26 November 1955, both CF:OCE, box 9, folder 1, WBGA.
114. Alfred E. Matter memorandum to Dr. E. Wayne Rembert, 7 November 1955, CF:OCE, box 9, folder 1, WBGA. See also Black to Hussein, 4 April 1955, CF:OCE, box 8, folder 5, WBGA; and confidential Stephens letter to Rucinski, 1 November 1955, and Stephens to Rucinski, 16 January 1956, CF:OCE, box 9, folder 1, WBGA.
115. Hahn, United States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 186-94.
116. Black interview, Dulles Oral History Project, 28. For bank concern about being viewed as an Anglo-American agent, see confidential Sommers file memorandum, 19 January 1956, CF:OCE, box 9, folder 1, WBGA. Interestingly the bank had earlier dissuaded American State Department officials from offering aid to the Egyptians for preliminary work on the dam (confidential Mortal file memorandum on conversation with State Department officials, 22 August 1955, CF:OCE, box 8, folder 5, WBGA, Moffat file memoranda, 7 and 20 September 1955, CF:OCE, box 9, folder 1, WBGA).
117. For bank efforts to speed the drafting of the loan agreement, see Moffat memorandum to Rucinski, 6 December 1955, CF:OCE, box 9, folder 1, WBGA.
118. Black interview, Dulles Oral History Project, 28; confidential note for record of Black meeting, 3-4 February 1956, CF:OCE, box 9, folder 1, WBGA.
119. Nutting, No End of a Lesson, 27. For growing Anglo-American reservations about their ability and desire to work with Nasser on Aswan, see also Hahn, United States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 194-210; Kunz, Economic Diplomacy, 60-72; Lucas, Divided We Stand, 78, 111-15, 126-37; Kyle, Suez, 94-113, 124-26; Robert R. Bowie, "Eisenhower, Dulles, and the Suez Canal," in Suez 1956, ed. Louis and Owen, 189-96; Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, 28-33; Thomas, Suez, 18-23; and Lloyd, Suez 1956, 59-72.
120. Nutting, No End of a Lesson, 27. For growing Anglo-American reservations about their ability and desire to work with Nasser on Aswan, see also Hahn, United States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 194-210; Kunz, Economic Diplomacy, 60-72; Lucas, Divided We Stand, 78, 111-15, 126-37; Kyle, Suez, 94-113, 124-26; Robert R. Bowie, "Eisenhower, Dulles, and the Suez Canal," in Suez 1956, ed. Louis and Owen, 189-96; Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, 28-33; Thomas, Suez, 18-23; and Lloyd, Suez 1956, 59-72.
121. Nutting, No End of a Lesson, 27. For growing Anglo-American reservations about their ability and desire to work with Nasser on Aswan, see also Hahn, United States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 194-210; Kunz, Economic Diplomacy, 60-72; Lucas, Divided We Stand, 78, 111-15, 126-37; Kyle, Suez, 94-113, 124-26; Robert R. Bowie, "Eisenhower, Dulles, and the Suez Canal," in Suez 1956, ed. Louis and Owen, 189-96; Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, 28-33; Thomas, Suez, 18-23; and Lloyd, Suez 1956, 59-72.
122. Nutting, No End of a Lesson, 27. For growing Anglo-American reservations about their ability and desire to work with Nasser on Aswan, see also Hahn, United States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 194-210; Kunz, Economic Diplomacy, 60-72; Lucas, Divided We Stand, 78, 111-15, 126-37; Kyle, Suez, 94-113, 124-26; Robert R. Bowie, "Eisenhower, Dulles, and the Suez Canal," in Suez 1956, ed. Louis and Owen, 189-96; Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, 28-33; Thomas, Suez, 18-23; and Lloyd, Suez 1956, 59-72.
123. Nutting, No End of a Lesson, 27. For growing Anglo-American reservations about their ability and desire to work with Nasser on Aswan, see also Hahn, United States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 194-210; Kunz, Economic Diplomacy, 60-72; Lucas, Divided We Stand, 78, 111-15, 126-37; Kyle, Suez, 94-113, 124-26; Robert R. Bowie, "Eisenhower, Dulles, and the Suez Canal," in Suez 1956, ed. Louis and Owen, 189-96; Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, 28-33; Thomas, Suez, 18-23; and Lloyd, Suez 1956, 59-72.
124. Nutting, No End of a Lesson, 27. For growing Anglo-American reservations about their ability and desire to work with Nasser on Aswan, see also Hahn, United States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 194-210; Kunz, Economic Diplomacy, 60-72; Lucas, Divided We Stand, 78, 111-15, 126-37; Kyle, Suez, 94-113, 124-26; Robert R. Bowie, "Eisenhower, Dulles, and the Suez Canal," in Suez 1956, ed. Louis and Owen, 189-96; Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, 28-33; Thomas, Suez, 18-23; and Lloyd, Suez 1956, 59-72.
125. Nutting, No End of a Lesson, 27. For growing Anglo-American reservations about their ability and desire to work with Nasser on Aswan, see also Hahn, United States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 194-210; Kunz, Economic Diplomacy, 60-72; Lucas, Divided We Stand, 78, 111-15, 126-37; Kyle, Suez, 94-113, 124-26; Robert R. Bowie, "Eisenhower, Dulles, and the Suez Canal," in Suez 1956, ed. Louis and Owen, 189-96; Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, 28-33; Thomas, Suez, 18-23; and Lloyd, Suez 1956, 59-72.
126. Nutting, No End of a Lesson, 27. For growing Anglo-American reservations about their ability and desire to work with Nasser on Aswan, see also Hahn, United States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 194-210; Kunz, Economic Diplomacy, 60-72; Lucas, Divided We Stand, 78, 111-15, 126-37; Kyle, Suez, 94-113, 124-26; Robert R. Bowie, "Eisenhower, Dulles, and the Suez Canal," in Suez 1956, ed. Louis and Owen, 189-96; Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, 28-33; Thomas, Suez, 18-23; and Lloyd, Suez 1956, 59-72.
127. Nutting, No End of a Lesson, 27. For growing Anglo-American reservations about their ability and desire to work with Nasser on Aswan, see also Hahn, United States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 194-210; Kunz, Economic Diplomacy, 60-72; Lucas, Divided We Stand, 78, 111-15, 126-37; Kyle, Suez, 94-113, 124-26; Robert R. Bowie, "Eisenhower, Dulles, and the Suez Canal," in Suez 1956, ed. Louis and Owen, 189-96; Carlton, Britain and the Suez Crisis, 28-33; Thomas, Suez, 18-23; and Lloyd, Suez 1956, 59-72.
128. Black interview, Dulles Oral History Project, 14. See also Graves, "Bank as International Mediator," 639-43.
129. For fuller accounts of the course and consequences of the Suez Crisis, see the works cited in endnote 24. For Nasser's sense of insult, see Nasser's speech at the Huckstep Barracks, 30 March 1959, in Nasser's Speeches and Press Interviews, 1959, 198; Lucas, Divided We Stand, 139; and Kyle, Suez, 131, 133. For the bank's efforts in clearing the Suez Canal, see Kyle, Suez, 502, 507, 519, 521, 544-45; and Kunz, Economic Diplomacy, 179.
130. For fuller accounts of the course and consequences of the Suez Crisis, see the works cited in endnote 24. For Nasser's sense of insult, see Nasser's speech at the Huckstep Barracks, 30 March 1959, in Nasser's Speeches and Press Interviews, 1959, 198; Lucas, Divided We Stand, 139; and Kyle, Suez, 131, 133. For the bank's efforts in clearing the Suez Canal, see Kyle, Suez, 502, 507, 519, 521, 544-45; and Kunz, Economic Diplomacy, 179.
131. For fuller accounts of the course and consequences of the Suez Crisis, see the works cited in endnote 24. For Nasser's sense of insult, see Nasser's speech at the Huckstep Barracks, 30 March 1959, in Nasser's Speeches and Press Interviews, 1959, 198; Lucas, Divided We Stand, 139; and Kyle, Suez, 131, 133. For the bank's efforts in clearing the Suez Canal, see Kyle, Suez, 502, 507, 519, 521, 544-45; and Kunz, Economic Diplomacy, 179.
132. For fuller accounts of the course and consequences of the Suez Crisis, see the works cited in endnote 24. For Nasser's sense of insult, see Nasser's speech at the Huckstep Barracks, 30 March 1959, in Nasser's Speeches and Press Interviews, 1959, 198; Lucas, Divided We Stand, 139; and Kyle, Suez, 131, 133. For the bank's efforts in clearing the Suez Canal, see Kyle, Suez, 502, 507, 519, 521, 544-45; and Kunz, Economic Diplomacy, 179.
133. For fuller accounts of the course and consequences of the Suez Crisis, see the works cited in endnote 24. For Nasser's sense of insult, see Nasser's speech at the Huckstep Barracks, 30 March 1959, in Nasser's Speeches and Press Interviews, 1959, 198; Lucas, Divided We Stand, 139; and Kyle, Suez, 131, 133. For the bank's efforts in clearing the Suez Canal, see Kyle, Suez, 502, 507, 519, 521, 544-45; and Kunz, Economic Diplomacy, 179.
134. "A UN Team Clears the Suez Canal: 32 Ships of Seven Nations Write 'New Salvage History,'" undated UN Information Centre for the Middle East press feature, Raymond A. Wheeler Papers, box 23, folder 22, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford, California (hereafter cited as HIWRP). For beginning of clearance operation, see syllabus by Raymond A. Wheeler, World Bank Engineering Advisor, of report on the United Nations Suez Canal Clearance Operation to Dag Hammarskjold, UN Secretary-General, 25 June 1957, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 3, HIWRP; Theo Jean Kenyon, "Gen. Wheeler Praises United Nations As World's Greatest Force for Peace," Peoria (IL) Journal Star, 5 October 1957; and "A UN Team Clears the Suez Canal." For some of the complicated diplomatic and political problems facing Wheeler, see Wheeler to Col. Mahmoud Younis, Egyptian Canal Authority Chairman, 5 January 1957, and Wheeler to John J. McCloy, 28 January 1917, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 12, HIWRP; Wheeler syllabus to Hammarskjold, 25 June 1957, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 3, HIWRP; Leonard Leddington for AP wire, 14 December 1956, unattributed AP wire, 14 December 1956, and unattributed translation from "La Bourse Egyptienne," 15 December 1956, all Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 11, HIWRP; points made by Col. Younis in his speech at farewell dinner for General Wheeler, undated, Wheeler papers, box 24, folder 2, HIWRP; and "Clearance of the Suez Canal: Report of the Secretary General," 1 November 1957, Wheeler papers, box 25, folder 1, HIWRP. On widespread respect of Wheeler's efforts, see memorandum, Zouheir Kuzbari, UN International Clearance Information Officer, to Aly Zhalil, UN International Clearance Deputy Director, 14 June 1957, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 5, HIWRP; G. Martinez-Cabanas, UN Suez Canal Clearance Group, to Dr. H. L. Keenleyside, UN Director-General of Technical Assistance Administration, 20 December 1956, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 11, HIWRP; Theodore Podger, U.K. Salvage Unit at Port Said, to Wheeler, 23 January 1957, and Lord Mountbatten, First Sea Lord of Great Britain, to Wheeler, 25 January 1957, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 12, HIWRP; Wheeler to Mr. Leontic, Veli Joze salvage firm, 11 April 19157, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 1, HIWRP; Wheeler to Nasser, 1 July 1957, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 4, HIWRP; Col. Mahmoud Younes, "The Future of Suez," World Petroleum (April 1958): 48-50; and points made by Col. Younis in his speech at farewell dinner for General Wheeler. For Wheeler's separation from politics, see undated personal and confidential Wheeler letter to Black, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 13, HIWRP; "Egyptians Termed Able to Operate Suez Canal," Norfolk Virginian-Pilot, 28 September 1957; Kenyon,"Gen. Wheeler Praises United Nations"; "Wheeler's Confidence," Egyptian Gazette, 14 June 1957; and Wheeler to Raymond A. Hare, American Ambassador to Cairo, 6 October 1959, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 13 HIWRP. For Wheeler's commendation of the Egyptian operation of the canal, see "Gen. Wheeler's Words Backed by 4,000 Ships," Egyptian Gazette, 6 September 1957; "Egyptians Termed Able to Operate Suez Canal"; "Wheeler Praises Egyptians," New York Times, 5 September 1957; "Wheeler's Confidence"; and translated Egyptian newspaper reports from United Nations' Information Centre for the Middle East, August 1959, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 24, HIWRP.
135. "A UN Team Clears the Suez Canal: 32 Ships of Seven Nations Write 'New Salvage History,'" undated UN Information Centre for the Middle East press feature, Raymond A. Wheeler Papers, box 23, folder 22, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford, California (hereafter cited as HIWRP). For beginning of clearance operation, see syllabus by Raymond A. Wheeler, World Bank Engineering Advisor, of report on the United Nations Suez Canal Clearance Operation to Dag Hammarskjold, UN Secretary-General, 25 June 1957, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 3, HIWRP; Theo Jean Kenyon, "Gen. Wheeler Praises United Nations As World's Greatest Force for Peace," Peoria (IL) Journal Star, 5 October 1957; and "A UN Team Clears the Suez Canal." For some of the complicated diplomatic and political problems facing Wheeler, see Wheeler to Col. Mahmoud Younis, Egyptian Canal Authority Chairman, 5 January 1957, and Wheeler to John J. McCloy, 28 January 1917, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 12, HIWRP; Wheeler syllabus to Hammarskjold, 25 June 1957, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 3, HIWRP; Leonard Leddington for AP wire, 14 December 1956, unattributed AP wire, 14 December 1956, and unattributed translation from "La Bourse Egyptienne," 15 December 1956, all Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 11, HIWRP; points made by Col. Younis in his speech at farewell dinner for General Wheeler, undated, Wheeler papers, box 24, folder 2, HIWRP; and "Clearance of the Suez Canal: Report of the Secretary General," 1 November 1957, Wheeler papers, box 25, folder 1, HIWRP. On widespread respect of Wheeler's efforts, see memorandum, Zouheir Kuzbari, UN International Clearance Information Officer, to Aly Zhalil, UN International Clearance Deputy Director, 14 June 1957, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 5, HIWRP; G. Martinez-Cabanas, UN Suez Canal Clearance Group, to Dr. H. L. Keenleyside, UN Director-General of Technical Assistance Administration, 20 December 1956, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 11, HIWRP; Theodore Podger, U.K. Salvage Unit at Port Said, to Wheeler, 23 January 1957, and Lord Mountbatten, First Sea Lord of Great Britain, to Wheeler, 25 January 1957, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 12, HIWRP; Wheeler to Mr. Leontic, Veli Joze salvage firm, 11 April 19157, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 1, HIWRP; Wheeler to Nasser, 1 July 1957, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 4, HIWRP; Col. Mahmoud Younes, "The Future of Suez," World Petroleum (April 1958): 48-50; and points made by Col. Younis in his speech at farewell dinner for General Wheeler. For Wheeler's separation from politics, see undated personal and confidential Wheeler letter to Black, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 13, HIWRP; "Egyptians Termed Able to Operate Suez Canal," Norfolk Virginian-Pilot, 28 September 1957; Kenyon,"Gen. Wheeler Praises United Nations"; "Wheeler's Confidence," Egyptian Gazette, 14 June 1957; and Wheeler to Raymond A. Hare, American Ambassador to Cairo, 6 October 1959, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 13 HIWRP. For Wheeler's commendation of the Egyptian operation of the canal, see "Gen. Wheeler's Words Backed by 4,000 Ships," Egyptian Gazette, 6 September 1957; "Egyptians Termed Able to Operate Suez Canal"; "Wheeler Praises Egyptians," New York Times, 5 September 1957; "Wheeler's Confidence"; and translated Egyptian newspaper reports from United Nations' Information Centre for the Middle East, August 1959, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 24, HIWRP.
136. "A UN Team Clears the Suez Canal: 32 Ships of Seven Nations Write 'New Salvage History,'" undated UN Information Centre for the Middle East press feature, Raymond A. Wheeler Papers, box 23, folder 22, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford, California (hereafter cited as HIWRP). For beginning of clearance operation, see syllabus by Raymond A. Wheeler, World Bank Engineering Advisor, of report on the United Nations Suez Canal Clearance Operation to Dag Hammarskjold, UN Secretary-General, 25 June 1957, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 3, HIWRP; Theo Jean Kenyon, "Gen. Wheeler Praises United Nations As World's Greatest Force for Peace," Peoria (IL) Journal Star, 5 October 1957; and "A UN Team Clears the Suez Canal." For some of the complicated diplomatic and political problems facing Wheeler, see Wheeler to Col. Mahmoud Younis, Egyptian Canal Authority Chairman, 5 January 1957, and Wheeler to John J. McCloy, 28 January 1917, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 12, HIWRP; Wheeler syllabus to Hammarskjold, 25 June 1957, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 3, HIWRP; Leonard Leddington for AP wire, 14 December 1956, unattributed AP wire, 14 December 1956, and unattributed translation from "La Bourse Egyptienne," 15 December 1956, all Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 11, HIWRP; points made by Col. Younis in his speech at farewell dinner for General Wheeler, undated, Wheeler papers, box 24, folder 2, HIWRP; and "Clearance of the Suez Canal: Report of the Secretary General," 1 November 1957, Wheeler papers, box 25, folder 1, HIWRP. On widespread respect of Wheeler's efforts, see memorandum, Zouheir Kuzbari, UN International Clearance Information Officer, to Aly Zhalil, UN International Clearance Deputy Director, 14 June 1957, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 5, HIWRP; G. Martinez-Cabanas, UN Suez Canal Clearance Group, to Dr. H. L. Keenleyside, UN Director-General of Technical Assistance Administration, 20 December 1956, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 11, HIWRP; Theodore Podger, U.K. Salvage Unit at Port Said, to Wheeler, 23 January 1957, and Lord Mountbatten, First Sea Lord of Great Britain, to Wheeler, 25 January 1957, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 12, HIWRP; Wheeler to Mr. Leontic, Veli Joze salvage firm, 11 April 19157, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 1, HIWRP; Wheeler to Nasser, 1 July 1957, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 4, HIWRP; Col. Mahmoud Younes, "The Future of Suez," World Petroleum (April 1958): 48-50; and points made by Col. Younis in his speech at farewell dinner for General Wheeler. For Wheeler's separation from politics, see undated personal and confidential Wheeler letter to Black, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 13, HIWRP; "Egyptians Termed Able to Operate Suez Canal," Norfolk Virginian-Pilot, 28 September 1957; Kenyon,"Gen. Wheeler Praises United Nations"; "Wheeler's Confidence," Egyptian Gazette, 14 June 1957; and Wheeler to Raymond A. Hare, American Ambassador to Cairo, 6 October 1959, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 13 HIWRP. For Wheeler's commendation of the Egyptian operation of the canal, see "Gen. Wheeler's Words Backed by 4,000 Ships," Egyptian Gazette, 6 September 1957; "Egyptians Termed Able to Operate Suez Canal"; "Wheeler Praises Egyptians," New York Times, 5 September 1957; "Wheeler's Confidence"; and translated Egyptian newspaper reports from United Nations' Information Centre for the Middle East, August 1959, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 24, HIWRP.
137. "A UN Team Clears the Suez Canal: 32 Ships of Seven Nations Write 'New Salvage History,'" undated UN Information Centre for the Middle East press feature, Raymond A. Wheeler Papers, box 23, folder 22, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford, California (hereafter cited as HIWRP). For beginning of clearance operation, see syllabus by Raymond A. Wheeler, World Bank Engineering Advisor, of report on the United Nations Suez Canal Clearance Operation to Dag Hammarskjold, UN Secretary-General, 25 June 1957, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 3, HIWRP; Theo Jean Kenyon, "Gen. Wheeler Praises United Nations As World's Greatest Force for Peace," Peoria (IL) Journal Star, 5 October 1957; and "A UN Team Clears the Suez Canal." For some of the complicated diplomatic and political problems facing Wheeler, see Wheeler to Col. Mahmoud Younis, Egyptian Canal Authority Chairman, 5 January 1957, and Wheeler to John J. McCloy, 28 January 1917, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 12, HIWRP; Wheeler syllabus to Hammarskjold, 25 June 1957, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 3, HIWRP; Leonard Leddington for AP wire, 14 December 1956, unattributed AP wire, 14 December 1956, and unattributed translation from "La Bourse Egyptienne," 15 December 1956, all Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 11, HIWRP; points made by Col. Younis in his speech at farewell dinner for General Wheeler, undated, Wheeler papers, box 24, folder 2, HIWRP; and "Clearance of the Suez Canal: Report of the Secretary General," 1 November 1957, Wheeler papers, box 25, folder 1, HIWRP. On widespread respect of Wheeler's efforts, see memorandum, Zouheir Kuzbari, UN International Clearance Information Officer, to Aly Zhalil, UN International Clearance Deputy Director, 14 June 1957, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 5, HIWRP; G. Martinez-Cabanas, UN Suez Canal Clearance Group, to Dr. H. L. Keenleyside, UN Director-General of Technical Assistance Administration, 20 December 1956, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 11, HIWRP; Theodore Podger, U.K. Salvage Unit at Port Said, to Wheeler, 23 January 1957, and Lord Mountbatten, First Sea Lord of Great Britain, to Wheeler, 25 January 1957, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 12, HIWRP; Wheeler to Mr. Leontic, Veli Joze salvage firm, 11 April 19157, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 1, HIWRP; Wheeler to Nasser, 1 July 1957, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 4, HIWRP; Col. Mahmoud Younes, "The Future of Suez," World Petroleum (April 1958): 48-50; and points made by Col. Younis in his speech at farewell dinner for General Wheeler. For Wheeler's separation from politics, see undated personal and confidential Wheeler letter to Black, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 13, HIWRP; "Egyptians Termed Able to Operate Suez Canal," Norfolk Virginian-Pilot, 28 September 1957; Kenyon,"Gen. Wheeler Praises United Nations"; "Wheeler's Confidence," Egyptian Gazette, 14 June 1957; and Wheeler to Raymond A. Hare, American Ambassador to Cairo, 6 October 1959, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 13 HIWRP. For Wheeler's commendation of the Egyptian operation of the canal, see "Gen. Wheeler's Words Backed by 4,000 Ships," Egyptian Gazette, 6 September 1957; "Egyptians Termed Able to Operate Suez Canal"; "Wheeler Praises Egyptians," New York Times, 5 September 1957; "Wheeler's Confidence"; and translated Egyptian newspaper reports from United Nations' Information Centre for the Middle East, August 1959, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 24, HIWRP.
138. "A UN Team Clears the Suez Canal: 32 Ships of Seven Nations Write 'New Salvage History,'" undated UN Information Centre for the Middle East press feature, Raymond A. Wheeler Papers, box 23, folder 22, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford, California (hereafter cited as HIWRP). For beginning of clearance operation, see syllabus by Raymond A. Wheeler, World Bank Engineering Advisor, of report on the United Nations Suez Canal Clearance Operation to Dag Hammarskjold, UN Secretary-General, 25 June 1957, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 3, HIWRP; Theo Jean Kenyon, "Gen. Wheeler Praises United Nations As World's Greatest Force for Peace," Peoria (IL) Journal Star, 5 October 1957; and "A UN Team Clears the Suez Canal." For some of the complicated diplomatic and political problems facing Wheeler, see Wheeler to Col. Mahmoud Younis, Egyptian Canal Authority Chairman, 5 January 1957, and Wheeler to John J. McCloy, 28 January 1917, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 12, HIWRP; Wheeler syllabus to Hammarskjold, 25 June 1957, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 3, HIWRP; Leonard Leddington for AP wire, 14 December 1956, unattributed AP wire, 14 December 1956, and unattributed translation from "La Bourse Egyptienne," 15 December 1956, all Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 11, HIWRP; points made by Col. Younis in his speech at farewell dinner for General Wheeler, undated, Wheeler papers, box 24, folder 2, HIWRP; and "Clearance of the Suez Canal: Report of the Secretary General," 1 November 1957, Wheeler papers, box 25, folder 1, HIWRP. On widespread respect of Wheeler's efforts, see memorandum, Zouheir Kuzbari, UN International Clearance Information Officer, to Aly Zhalil, UN International Clearance Deputy Director, 14 June 1957, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 5, HIWRP; G. Martinez-Cabanas, UN Suez Canal Clearance Group, to Dr. H. L. Keenleyside, UN Director-General of Technical Assistance Administration, 20 December 1956, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 11, HIWRP; Theodore Podger, U.K. Salvage Unit at Port Said, to Wheeler, 23 January 1957, and Lord Mountbatten, First Sea Lord of Great Britain, to Wheeler, 25 January 1957, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 12, HIWRP; Wheeler to Mr. Leontic, Veli Joze salvage firm, 11 April 19157, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 1, HIWRP; Wheeler to Nasser, 1 July 1957, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 4, HIWRP; Col. Mahmoud Younes, "The Future of Suez," World Petroleum (April 1958): 48-50; and points made by Col. Younis in his speech at farewell dinner for General Wheeler. For Wheeler's separation from politics, see undated personal and confidential Wheeler letter to Black, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 13, HIWRP; "Egyptians Termed Able to Operate Suez Canal," Norfolk Virginian-Pilot, 28 September 1957; Kenyon,"Gen. Wheeler Praises United Nations"; "Wheeler's Confidence," Egyptian Gazette, 14 June 1957; and Wheeler to Raymond A. Hare, American Ambassador to Cairo, 6 October 1959, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 13 HIWRP. For Wheeler's commendation of the Egyptian operation of the canal, see "Gen. Wheeler's Words Backed by 4,000 Ships," Egyptian Gazette, 6 September 1957; "Egyptians Termed Able to Operate Suez Canal"; "Wheeler Praises Egyptians," New York Times, 5 September 1957; "Wheeler's Confidence"; and translated Egyptian newspaper reports from United Nations' Information Centre for the Middle East, August 1959, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 24, HIWRP.
139. "A UN Team Clears the Suez Canal: 32 Ships of Seven Nations Write 'New Salvage History,'" undated UN Information Centre for the Middle East press feature, Raymond A. Wheeler Papers, box 23, folder 22, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford, California (hereafter cited as HIWRP). For beginning of clearance operation, see syllabus by Raymond A. Wheeler, World Bank Engineering Advisor, of report on the United Nations Suez Canal Clearance Operation to Dag Hammarskjold, UN Secretary-General, 25 June 1957, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 3, HIWRP; Theo Jean Kenyon, "Gen. Wheeler Praises United Nations As World's Greatest Force for Peace," Peoria (IL) Journal Star, 5 October 1957; and "A UN Team Clears the Suez Canal." For some of the complicated diplomatic and political problems facing Wheeler, see Wheeler to Col. Mahmoud Younis, Egyptian Canal Authority Chairman, 5 January 1957, and Wheeler to John J. McCloy, 28 January 1917, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 12, HIWRP; Wheeler syllabus to Hammarskjold, 25 June 1957, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 3, HIWRP; Leonard Leddington for AP wire, 14 December 1956, unattributed AP wire, 14 December 1956, and unattributed translation from "La Bourse Egyptienne," 15 December 1956, all Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 11, HIWRP; points made by Col. Younis in his speech at farewell dinner for General Wheeler, undated, Wheeler papers, box 24, folder 2, HIWRP; and "Clearance of the Suez Canal: Report of the Secretary General," 1 November 1957, Wheeler papers, box 25, folder 1, HIWRP. On widespread respect of Wheeler's efforts, see memorandum, Zouheir Kuzbari, UN International Clearance Information Officer, to Aly Zhalil, UN International Clearance Deputy Director, 14 June 1957, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 5, HIWRP; G. Martinez-Cabanas, UN Suez Canal Clearance Group, to Dr. H. L. Keenleyside, UN Director-General of Technical Assistance Administration, 20 December 1956, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 11, HIWRP; Theodore Podger, U.K. Salvage Unit at Port Said, to Wheeler, 23 January 1957, and Lord Mountbatten, First Sea Lord of Great Britain, to Wheeler, 25 January 1957, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 12, HIWRP; Wheeler to Mr. Leontic, Veli Joze salvage firm, 11 April 19157, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 1, HIWRP; Wheeler to Nasser, 1 July 1957, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 4, HIWRP; Col. Mahmoud Younes, "The Future of Suez," World Petroleum (April 1958): 48-50; and points made by Col. Younis in his speech at farewell dinner for General Wheeler. For Wheeler's separation from politics, see undated personal and confidential Wheeler letter to Black, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 13, HIWRP; "Egyptians Termed Able to Operate Suez Canal," Norfolk Virginian-Pilot, 28 September 1957; Kenyon,"Gen. Wheeler Praises United Nations"; "Wheeler's Confidence," Egyptian Gazette, 14 June 1957; and Wheeler to Raymond A. Hare, American Ambassador to Cairo, 6 October 1959, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 13 HIWRP. For Wheeler's commendation of the Egyptian operation of the canal, see "Gen. Wheeler's Words Backed by 4,000 Ships," Egyptian Gazette, 6 September 1957; "Egyptians Termed Able to Operate Suez Canal"; "Wheeler Praises Egyptians," New York Times, 5 September 1957; "Wheeler's Confidence"; and translated Egyptian newspaper reports from United Nations' Information Centre for the Middle East, August 1959, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 24, HIWRP.
140. "A UN Team Clears the Suez Canal: 32 Ships of Seven Nations Write 'New Salvage History,'" undated UN Information Centre for the Middle East press feature, Raymond A. Wheeler Papers, box 23, folder 22, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford, California (hereafter cited as HIWRP). For beginning of clearance operation, see syllabus by Raymond A. Wheeler, World Bank Engineering Advisor, of report on the United Nations Suez Canal Clearance Operation to Dag Hammarskjold, UN Secretary-General, 25 June 1957, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 3, HIWRP; Theo Jean Kenyon, "Gen. Wheeler Praises United Nations As World's Greatest Force for Peace," Peoria (IL) Journal Star, 5 October 1957; and "A UN Team Clears the Suez Canal." For some of the complicated diplomatic and political problems facing Wheeler, see Wheeler to Col. Mahmoud Younis, Egyptian Canal Authority Chairman, 5 January 1957, and Wheeler to John J. McCloy, 28 January 1917, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 12, HIWRP; Wheeler syllabus to Hammarskjold, 25 June 1957, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 3, HIWRP; Leonard Leddington for AP wire, 14 December 1956, unattributed AP wire, 14 December 1956, and unattributed translation from "La Bourse Egyptienne," 15 December 1956, all Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 11, HIWRP; points made by Col. Younis in his speech at farewell dinner for General Wheeler, undated, Wheeler papers, box 24, folder 2, HIWRP; and "Clearance of the Suez Canal: Report of the Secretary General," 1 November 1957, Wheeler papers, box 25, folder 1, HIWRP. On widespread respect of Wheeler's efforts, see memorandum, Zouheir Kuzbari, UN International Clearance Information Officer, to Aly Zhalil, UN International Clearance Deputy Director, 14 June 1957, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 5, HIWRP; G. Martinez-Cabanas, UN Suez Canal Clearance Group, to Dr. H. L. Keenleyside, UN Director-General of Technical Assistance Administration, 20 December 1956, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 11, HIWRP; Theodore Podger, U.K. Salvage Unit at Port Said, to Wheeler, 23 January 1957, and Lord Mountbatten, First Sea Lord of Great Britain, to Wheeler, 25 January 1957, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 12, HIWRP; Wheeler to Mr. Leontic, Veli Joze salvage firm, 11 April 19157, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 1, HIWRP; Wheeler to Nasser, 1 July 1957, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 4, HIWRP; Col. Mahmoud Younes, "The Future of Suez," World Petroleum (April 1958): 48-50; and points made by Col. Younis in his speech at farewell dinner for General Wheeler. For Wheeler's separation from politics, see undated personal and confidential Wheeler letter to Black, Wheeler papers, box 21, folder 13, HIWRP; "Egyptians Termed Able to Operate Suez Canal," Norfolk Virginian-Pilot, 28 September 1957; Kenyon,"Gen. Wheeler Praises United Nations"; "Wheeler's Confidence," Egyptian Gazette, 14 June 1957; and Wheeler to Raymond A. Hare, American Ambassador to Cairo, 6 October 1959, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 13 HIWRP. For Wheeler's commendation of the Egyptian operation of the canal, see "Gen. Wheeler's Words Backed by 4,000 Ships," Egyptian Gazette, 6 September 1957; "Egyptians Termed Able to Operate Suez Canal"; "Wheeler Praises Egyptians," New York Times, 5 September 1957; "Wheeler's Confidence"; and translated Egyptian newspaper reports from United Nations' Information Centre for the Middle East, August 1959, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 24, HIWRP.
141. "A UN Team Clears the Suez Canal: 32 Ships of Seven Nations Write 'New Salvage History,'" undated UN Information Centre for the Middle East press feature, Raymond A. Wheeler Papers, box 23, folder 22, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford, California (hereafter cited as HIWRP). For beginning of clearance operation, see syllabus by Raymond A. Wheeler, World
142. "Black Says Cairo Mission Is Purely Financial," Egyptian Gazette, 1 January 1959. See also Graves, "The Bank as International Mediator," 641-42; New York Times, 30 April 1958 and 1 March 1959; and London Times, 28 February 1958. For canal company negotiations, see "Suez Discussions," World Bank press release, 23 January 1958, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 23, HIWRP; Arnaldo Cortesi, "Prospects Held Good for a Pact on Suez Monetary Settlement," New York Times, 20 February 1958; Osgood Caruthers, "Nasser Hopeful on Suez Parley," New York Times, 10 April 1958; Osgood Caruthers, "New Nasser Move on Suez Reported," New York Times, 17 April 1958; and "Compensation Set For the Suez Canal," New York Times, 14 July 1958. For Anglo-French negotiations with Egypt, see "Britain to Resume Talks with Egypt on Claims," Washington Post, 29 August 1958 For bank loans and assistance for Suez Canal, see David L. Gordon, World Bank, file memorandum, 9 December 1957, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 9, HIWRP; UN Information Centre for the Middle East press release, 7 April 1958, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 23, HIWRP; "United Arab Republic Appraisal of the Suez Canal Development Project," restricted World Bank Department of Technical Operations report, 8 December 1959, Wheeler papers, box 25, folder 2, HWRP; World Bank press release no. 615, 22 December 1959, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 24, HIWRP; Caruthers, "Nasser Hopeful on Suez Parley"; "Big Job at Suez," editorial, Engineering News-Record, 14 July 1960; Jay Walz, "Accord Held Near on Loan for Suez," New York Times, 27 August 1959; and Wheeler to Younes, 1 May 1958, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 13, HIWRP.
143. "Black Says Cairo Mission Is Purely Financial," Egyptian Gazette, 1 January 1959. See also Graves, "The Bank as International Mediator," 641-42; New York Times, 30 April 1958 and 1 March 1959; and London Times, 28 February 1958. For canal company negotiations, see "Suez Discussions," World Bank press release, 23 January 1958, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 23, HIWRP; Arnaldo Cortesi, "Prospects Held Good for a Pact on Suez Monetary Settlement," New York Times, 20 February 1958; Osgood Caruthers, "Nasser Hopeful on Suez Parley," New York Times, 10 April 1958; Osgood Caruthers, "New Nasser Move on Suez Reported," New York Times, 17 April 1958; and "Compensation Set For the Suez Canal," New York Times, 14 July 1958. For Anglo-French negotiations with Egypt, see "Britain to Resume Talks with Egypt on Claims," Washington Post, 29 August 1958 For bank loans and assistance for Suez Canal, see David L. Gordon, World Bank, file memorandum, 9 December 1957, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 9, HIWRP; UN Information Centre for the Middle East press release, 7 April 1958, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 23, HIWRP; "United Arab Republic Appraisal of the Suez Canal Development Project," restricted World Bank Department of Technical Operations report, 8 December 1959, Wheeler papers, box 25, folder 2, HWRP; World Bank press release no. 615, 22 December 1959, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 24, HIWRP; Caruthers, "Nasser Hopeful on Suez Parley"; "Big Job at Suez," editorial, Engineering News-Record, 14 July 1960; Jay Walz, "Accord Held Near on Loan for Suez," New York Times, 27 August 1959; and Wheeler to Younes, 1 May 1958, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 13, HIWRP.
144. "Black Says Cairo Mission Is Purely Financial," Egyptian Gazette, 1 January 1959. See also Graves, "The Bank as International Mediator," 641-42; New York Times, 30 April 1958 and 1 March 1959; and London Times, 28 February 1958. For canal company negotiations, see "Suez Discussions," World Bank press release, 23 January 1958, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 23, HIWRP; Arnaldo Cortesi, "Prospects Held Good for a Pact on Suez Monetary Settlement," New York Times, 20 February 1958; Osgood Caruthers, "Nasser Hopeful on Suez Parley," New York Times, 10 April 1958; Osgood Caruthers, "New Nasser Move on Suez Reported," New York Times, 17 April 1958; and "Compensation Set For the Suez Canal," New York Times, 14 July 1958. For Anglo-French negotiations with Egypt, see "Britain to Resume Talks with Egypt on Claims," Washington Post, 29 August 1958 For bank loans and assistance for Suez Canal, see David L. Gordon, World Bank, file memorandum, 9 December 1957, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 9, HIWRP; UN Information Centre for the Middle East press release, 7 April 1958, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 23, HIWRP; "United Arab Republic Appraisal of the Suez Canal Development Project," restricted World Bank Department of Technical Operations report, 8 December 1959, Wheeler papers, box 25, folder 2, HWRP; World Bank press release no. 615, 22 December 1959, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 24, HIWRP; Caruthers, "Nasser Hopeful on Suez Parley"; "Big Job at Suez," editorial, Engineering News-Record, 14 July 1960; Jay Walz, "Accord Held Near on Loan for Suez," New York Times, 27 August 1959; and Wheeler to Younes, 1 May 1958, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 13, HIWRP.
145. "Black Says Cairo Mission Is Purely Financial," Egyptian Gazette, 1 January 1959. See also Graves, "The Bank as International Mediator," 641-42; New York Times, 30 April 1958 and 1 March 1959; and London Times, 28 February 1958. For canal company negotiations, see "Suez Discussions," World Bank press release, 23 January 1958, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 23, HIWRP; Arnaldo Cortesi, "Prospects Held Good for a Pact on Suez Monetary Settlement," New York Times, 20 February 1958; Osgood Caruthers, "Nasser Hopeful on Suez Parley," New York Times, 10 April 1958; Osgood Caruthers, "New Nasser Move on Suez Reported," New York Times, 17 April 1958; and "Compensation Set For the Suez Canal," New York Times, 14 July 1958. For Anglo-French negotiations with Egypt, see "Britain to Resume Talks with Egypt on Claims," Washington Post, 29 August 1958 For bank loans and assistance for Suez Canal, see David L. Gordon, World Bank, file memorandum, 9 December 1957, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 9, HIWRP; UN Information Centre for the Middle East press release, 7 April 1958, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 23, HIWRP; "United Arab Republic Appraisal of the Suez Canal Development Project," restricted World Bank Department of Technical Operations report, 8 December 1959, Wheeler papers, box 25, folder 2, HWRP; World Bank press release no. 615, 22 December 1959, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 24, HIWRP; Caruthers, "Nasser Hopeful on Suez Parley"; "Big Job at Suez," editorial, Engineering News-Record, 14 July 1960; Jay Walz, "Accord Held Near on Loan for Suez," New York Times, 27 August 1959; and Wheeler to Younes, 1 May 1958, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 13, HIWRP.
146. "Black Says Cairo Mission Is Purely Financial," Egyptian Gazette, 1 January 1959. See also Graves, "The Bank as International Mediator," 641-42; New York Times, 30 April 1958 and 1 March 1959; and London Times, 28 February 1958. For canal company negotiations, see "Suez Discussions," World Bank press release, 23 January 1958, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 23, HIWRP; Arnaldo Cortesi, "Prospects Held Good for a Pact on Suez Monetary Settlement," New York Times, 20 February 1958; Osgood Caruthers, "Nasser Hopeful on Suez Parley," New York Times, 10 April 1958; Osgood Caruthers, "New Nasser Move on Suez Reported," New York Times, 17 April 1958; and "Compensation Set For the Suez Canal," New York Times, 14 July 1958. For Anglo-French negotiations with Egypt, see "Britain to Resume Talks with Egypt on Claims," Washington Post, 29 August 1958 For bank loans and assistance for Suez Canal, see David L. Gordon, World Bank, file memorandum, 9 December 1957, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 9, HIWRP; UN Information Centre for the Middle East press release, 7 April 1958, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 23, HIWRP; "United Arab Republic Appraisal of the Suez Canal Development Project," restricted World Bank Department of Technical Operations report, 8 December 1959, Wheeler papers, box 25, folder 2, HWRP; World Bank press release no. 615, 22 December 1959, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 24, HIWRP; Caruthers, "Nasser Hopeful on Suez Parley"; "Big Job at Suez," editorial, Engineering News-Record, 14 July 1960; Jay Walz, "Accord Held Near on Loan for Suez," New York Times, 27 August 1959; and Wheeler to Younes, 1 May 1958, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 13, HIWRP.
147. "Black Says Cairo Mission Is Purely Financial," Egyptian Gazette, 1 January 1959. See also Graves, "The Bank as International Mediator," 641-42; New York Times, 30 April 1958 and 1 March 1959; and London Times, 28 February 1958. For canal company negotiations, see "Suez Discussions," World Bank press release, 23 January 1958, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 23, HIWRP; Arnaldo Cortesi, "Prospects Held Good for a Pact on Suez Monetary Settlement," New York Times, 20 February 1958; Osgood Caruthers, "Nasser Hopeful on Suez Parley," New York Times, 10 April 1958; Osgood Caruthers, "New Nasser Move on Suez Reported," New York Times, 17 April 1958; and "Compensation Set For the Suez Canal," New York Times, 14 July 1958. For Anglo-French negotiations with Egypt, see "Britain to Resume Talks with Egypt on Claims," Washington Post, 29 August 1958 For bank loans and assistance for Suez Canal, see David L. Gordon, World Bank, file memorandum, 9 December 1957, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 9, HIWRP; UN Information Centre for the Middle East press release, 7 April 1958, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 23, HIWRP; "United Arab Republic Appraisal of the Suez Canal Development Project," restricted World Bank Department of Technical Operations report, 8 December 1959, Wheeler papers, box 25, folder 2, HWRP; World Bank press release no. 615, 22 December 1959, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 24, HIWRP; Caruthers, "Nasser Hopeful on Suez Parley"; "Big Job at Suez," editorial, Engineering News-Record, 14 July 1960; Jay Walz, "Accord Held Near on Loan for Suez," New York Times, 27 August 1959; and Wheeler to Younes, 1 May 1958, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 13, HIWRP.
148. "Black Says Cairo Mission Is Purely Financial," Egyptian Gazette, 1 January 1959. See also Graves, "The Bank as International Mediator," 641-42; New York Times, 30 April 1958 and 1 March 1959; and London Times, 28 February 1958. For canal company negotiations, see "Suez Discussions," World Bank press release, 23 January 1958, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 23, HIWRP; Arnaldo Cortesi, "Prospects Held Good for a Pact on Suez Monetary Settlement," New York Times, 20 February 1958; Osgood Caruthers, "Nasser Hopeful on Suez Parley," New York Times, 10 April 1958; Osgood Caruthers, "New Nasser Move on Suez Reported," New York Times, 17 April 1958; and "Compensation Set For the Suez Canal," New York Times, 14 July 1958. For Anglo-French negotiations with Egypt, see "Britain to Resume Talks with Egypt on Claims," Washington Post, 29 August 1958 For bank loans and assistance for Suez Canal, see David L. Gordon, World Bank, file memorandum, 9 December 1957, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 9, HIWRP; UN Information Centre for the Middle East press release, 7 April 1958, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 23, HIWRP; "United Arab Republic Appraisal of the Suez Canal Development Project," restricted World Bank Department of Technical Operations report, 8 December 1959, Wheeler papers, box 25, folder 2, HWRP; World Bank press release no. 615, 22 December 1959, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 24, HIWRP; Caruthers, "Nasser Hopeful on Suez Parley"; "Big Job at Suez," editorial, Engineering News-Record, 14 July 1960; Jay Walz, "Accord Held Near on Loan for Suez," New York Times, 27 August 1959; and Wheeler to Younes, 1 May 1958, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 13, HIWRP.
149. "Black Says Cairo Mission Is Purely Financial," Egyptian Gazette, 1 January 1959. See also Graves, "The Bank as International Mediator," 641-42; New York Times, 30 April 1958 and 1 March 1959; and London Times, 28 February 1958. For canal company negotiations, see "Suez Discussions," World Bank press release, 23 January 1958, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 23, HIWRP; Arnaldo Cortesi, "Prospects Held Good for a Pact on Suez Monetary Settlement," New York Times, 20 February 1958; Osgood Caruthers, "Nasser Hopeful on Suez Parley," New York Times, 10 April 1958; Osgood Caruthers, "New Nasser Move on Suez Reported," New York Times, 17 April 1958; and "Compensation Set For the Suez Canal," New York Times, 14 July 1958. For Anglo-French negotiations with Egypt, see "Britain to Resume Talks with Egypt on Claims," Washington Post, 29 August 1958 For bank loans and assistance for Suez Canal, see David L. Gordon, World Bank, file memorandum, 9 December 1957, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 9, HIWRP; UN Information Centre for the Middle East press release, 7 April 1958, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 23, HIWRP; "United Arab Republic Appraisal of the Suez Canal Development Project," restricted World Bank Department of Technical Operations report, 8 December 1959, Wheeler papers, box 25, folder 2, HWRP; World Bank press release no. 615, 22 December 1959, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 24, HIWRP; Caruthers, "Nasser Hopeful on Suez Parley"; "Big Job at Suez," editorial, Engineering News-Record, 14 July 1960; Jay Walz, "Accord Held Near on Loan for Suez," New York Times, 27 August 1959; and Wheeler to Younes, 1 May 1958, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 13, HIWRP.
150. "Black Says Cairo Mission Is Purely Financial," Egyptian Gazette, 1 January 1959. See also Graves, "The Bank as International Mediator," 641-42; New York Times, 30 April 1958 and 1 March 1959; and London Times, 28 February 1958. For canal company negotiations, see "Suez Discussions," World Bank press release, 23 January 1958, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 23, HIWRP; Arnaldo Cortesi, "Prospects Held Good for a Pact on Suez Monetary Settlement," New York Times, 20 February 1958; Osgood Caruthers, "Nasser Hopeful on Suez Parley," New York Times, 10 April 1958; Osgood Caruthers, "New Nasser Move on Suez Reported," New York Times, 17 April 1958; and "Compensation Set For the Suez Canal," New York Times, 14 July 1958. For Anglo-French negotiations with Egypt, see "Britain to Resume Talks with Egypt on Claims," Washington Post, 29 August 1958 For bank loans and assistance for Suez Canal, see David L. Gordon, World Bank, file memorandum, 9 December 1957, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 9, HIWRP; UN Information Centre for the Middle East press release, 7 April 1958, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 23, HIWRP; "United Arab Republic Appraisal of the Suez Canal Development Project," restricted World Bank Department of Technical Operations report, 8 December 1959, Wheeler papers, box 25, folder 2, HWRP; World Bank press release no. 615, 22 December 1959, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 24, HIWRP; Caruthers, "Nasser Hopeful on Suez Parley"; "Big Job at Suez," editorial, Engineering News-Record, 14 July 1960; Jay Walz, "Accord Held Near on Loan for Suez," New York Times, 27 August 1959; and Wheeler to Younes, 1 May 1958, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 13, HIWRP.
151. "Black Says Cairo Mission Is Purely Financial," Egyptian Gazette, 1 January 1959. See also Graves, "The Bank as International Mediator," 641-42; New York Times, 30 April 1958 and 1 March 1959; and London Times, 28 February 1958. For canal company negotiations, see "Suez Discussions," World Bank press release, 23 January 1958, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 23, HIWRP; Arnaldo Cortesi, "Prospects Held Good for a Pact on Suez Monetary Settlement," New York Times, 20 February 1958; Osgood Caruthers, "Nasser Hopeful on Suez Parley," New York Times, 10 April 1958; Osgood Caruthers, "New Nasser Move on Suez Reported," New York Times, 17 April 1958; and "Compensation Set For the Suez Canal," New York Times, 14 July 1958. For Anglo-French negotiations with Egypt, see "Britain to Resume Talks with Egypt on Claims," Washington Post, 29 August 1958 For bank loans and assistance for Suez Canal, see David L. Gordon, World Bank, file memorandum, 9 December 1957, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 9, HIWRP; UN Information Centre for the Middle East press release, 7 April 1958, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 23, HIWRP; "United Arab Republic Appraisal of the Suez Canal Development Project," restricted World Bank Department of Technical Operations report, 8 December 1959, Wheeler papers, box 25, folder 2, HWRP; World Bank press release no. 615, 22 December 1959, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 24, HIWRP; Caruthers, "Nasser Hopeful on Suez Parley"; "Big Job at Suez," editorial, Engineering News-Record, 14 July 1960; Jay Walz, "Accord Held Near on Loan for Suez," New York Times, 27 August 1959; and Wheeler to Younes, 1 May 1958, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 13, HIWRP.
152. "Black Says Cairo Mission Is Purely Financial," Egyptian Gazette, 1 January 1959. See also Graves, "The Bank as International Mediator," 641-42; New York Times, 30 April 1958 and 1 March 1959; and London Times, 28 February 1958. For canal company negotiations, see "Suez Discussions," World Bank press release, 23 January 1958, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 23, HIWRP; Arnaldo Cortesi, "Prospects Held Good for a Pact on Suez Monetary Settlement," New York Times, 20 February 1958; Osgood Caruthers, "Nasser Hopeful on Suez Parley," New York Times, 10 April 1958; Osgood Caruthers, "New Nasser Move on Suez Reported," New York Times, 17 April 1958; and "Compensation Set For the Suez Canal," New York Times, 14 July 1958. For Anglo-French negotiations with Egypt, see "Britain to Resume Talks with Egypt on Claims," Washington Post, 29 August 1958 For bank loans and assistance for Suez Canal, see David L. Gordon, World Bank, file memorandum, 9 December 1957, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 9, HIWRP; UN Information Centre for the Middle East press release, 7 April 1958, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 23, HIWRP; "United Arab Republic Appraisal of the Suez Canal Development Project," restricted World Bank Department of Technical Operations report, 8 December 1959, Wheeler papers, box 25, folder 2, HWRP; World Bank press release no. 615, 22 December 1959, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 24, HIWRP; Caruthers, "Nasser Hopeful on Suez Parley"; "Big Job at Suez," editorial, Engineering News-Record, 14 July 1960; Jay Walz, "Accord Held Near on Loan for Suez," New York Times, 27 August 1959; and Wheeler to Younes, 1 May 1958, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 13, HIWRP.
153. "Black Says Cairo Mission Is Purely Financial," Egyptian Gazette, 1 January 1959. See also Graves, "The Bank as International Mediator," 641-42; New York Times, 30 April 1958 and 1 March 1959; and London Times, 28 February 1958. For canal company negotiations, see "Suez Discussions," World Bank press release, 23 January 1958, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 23, HIWRP; Arnaldo Cortesi, "Prospects Held Good for a Pact on Suez Monetary Settlement," New York Times, 20 February 1958; Osgood Caruthers, "Nasser Hopeful on Suez Parley," New York Times, 10 April 1958; Osgood Caruthers, "New Nasser Move on Suez Reported," New York Times, 17 April 1958; and "Compensation Set For the Suez Canal," New York Times, 14 July 1958. For Anglo-French negotiations with Egypt, see "Britain to Resume Talks with Egypt on Claims," Washington Post, 29 August 1958 For bank loans and assistance for Suez Canal, see David L. Gordon, World Bank, file memorandum, 9 December 1957, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 9, HIWRP; UN Information Centre for the Middle East press release, 7 April 1958, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 23, HIWRP; "United Arab Republic Appraisal of the Suez Canal Development Project," restricted World Bank Department of Technical Operations report, 8 December 1959, Wheeler papers, box 25, folder 2, HWRP; World Bank press release no. 615, 22 December 1959, Wheeler papers, box 23, folder 24, HIWRP; Caruthers, "Nasser Hopeful on Suez Parley"; "Big Job at Suez," editorial, Engineering News-Record, 14 July 1960; Jay Walz, "Accord Held Near on Loan for Suez," New York Times, 27 August 1959; and Wheeler to Younes, 1 May 1958, Wheeler papers, box 22, folder 13, HIWRP.