Mercosur and Brazil: A European perspective

International Affairs

Volumn 79, Issue 2, 2003, Pages

  Klom, Andy ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041778296     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1468-2346.00312     Document Type: Review

References (38)

1. Gerard Seeber, 'Understanding the Brazilian market', Doing business in Brazil, an introductory guide (Canberra: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade/Austrade, 2001), p. 27
2. Some dispute this; see e.g. Riordan Roett, 'US policy towards Mercosur: from Miami to Santiago', in Riordan Roett, ed., Mercosur: regional integration, world markets (Boulder/London: Lynne Rienner, 1999), pp. 111-13.
3. Pedro da Motta Veiga, 'Brazil in Mercosur: reciprocal influence', in Roett, ed., Mercosur, p. 30.
4. On Brazil's pivotal role, see OECD, OECD Economic surveys: Brazil (Paris: OECD, 2001); Independent Task Force on Brazil, Memorandum on US policy towards Brazil (New York: Council on Foreign Affairs, 2001).
5. On Brazil's pivotal role, see OECD, OECD Economic surveys: Brazil (Paris: OECD, 2001); Independent Task Force on Brazil, Memorandum on US policy towards Brazil (New York: Council on Foreign Affairs, 2001).
6. Andy Klom, Association negotiations between the Mercosur and the European Union: rivalling Western Hemisphere integration or supporting Southern Cone integration?, published in November 2000 at http://www.cap.uni-muenchen.de/transatlantic/topics/americas.htm.
7. Susan Kaufman Purcell, The new US-Brazil relationship', in Susan Kaufman Purcell and Riordan Roett, eds, Brazil under Cardoso (Boulder/London: Lynne Rienner, 1997), p. 95.
8. Ibid., p. 96.
9. Paolo Giodano and Javier Santiso, 'La course aux Amériques: les stratégies des investisseurs européens et le Mercosur', Problèmes d'Amérique latine 39, Oct.-Dec. 2000, pp. 66-70.
10. Octavio de Barros and Javier Santiso, 'Terminal do Brasil? Le Brésil comme destination privilégiée de l'investissement direct étranger', Problèmes d'Amérique latine 45, Summer 2002, pp. 31-52.
11. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Foreign investment in Latin America and the Caribbean 1999 (Santiago de Chile: ECLAC, 2000), ch. 3, 'Spain: foreign investment and corporate strategies in Latin America and the Caribbean'.
12. Da Motta Veiga, 'Brazil in Mercosur: a progress report', p. 26-7.
13. Roett, 'US policy towards Mercosur', pp. 115-17; and Sidney Weintraub, Development and democracy in the Southern Cone: imperatives for US policy in South America (Washington DC: CSIS Press, 2000) pp. 50-71.
14. Roett, 'US policy towards Mercosur', pp. 115-17; and Sidney Weintraub, Development and democracy in the Southern Cone: imperatives for US policy in South America (Washington DC: CSIS Press, 2000) pp. 50-71.
15. Richard E. Feinberg, Summitry in the Americas (Washington: Institute for International Economics, 1997), pp. 195-6; 'Another blow to Mercosur', The Economist, 31 March 2001, pp. 55-6.
16. Richard E. Feinberg, Summitry in the Americas (Washington: Institute for International Economics, 1997), pp. 195-6; 'Another blow to Mercosur', The Economist, 31 March 2001, pp. 55-6.
17. The boldest statement came from French president Jacques Chirac, visiting Buenos Aires in 1997, speaking to the Argentinian Congress: 'In time, one should arrive at a complete liberalization of our exchanges' (author's translation). See the website of the French Presidency for President Chirac's speech on 18 March 1997 at: www.elysee.fr/rech/rech_.htm.
18. The term 'negotating directives' in EU terminology stands for what in the US one would call 'fast track authority' or 'trade promotion authority'. The policy and political process of preparing and approving these kinds of negotiating mandates in Brussels can be as delicate as they are in Washington DC. The EU Council of Ministers decides on negotiating directives, based on the proposal of the European Commission. Once adopted the European Commission, as negotiator for the EU, uses these negotiating directives as its mandate for negotiations.
19. On Brazilian industry's difficulties, see 'US push for free trade deal faces hurdles', Financial Times, 16 Feb. 2001; Marcos Cintra, 'Brazil's options for commercial integration: FTAA, EU, WTO, 4+1, ...', in Brazil and the FTAA (Brasilia: Chamber of Deputies/IPRI/FUNAG, 2002,), pp. 91-5.
20. On Brazilian industry's difficulties, see 'US push for free trade deal faces hurdles', Financial Times, 16 Feb. 2001; Marcos Cintra, 'Brazil's options for commercial integration: FTAA, EU, WTO, 4+1, ...', in Brazil and the FTAA (Brasilia: Chamber of Deputies/IPRI/FUNAG, 2002,), pp. 91-5.
21. During the European Parliament hearing in September 1999 Pascal Lamy was asked when EU-Mercosur negotiations would start. He replied: 'I understand that the outgoing Commission has asked Council for a negotiating mandate for a free trade area with Mercosur and in parallel with Chile. It this question were on the agenda of a summit that took place this year, then I understand that today one cannot interpret the conclusions of this summit as being a green light for the negotiation of a free trade area. What I read into it is rather a progressive spread-out liberalization. We are going to follow the rhythm desired by the Council, that is to day a rhythm a little bit slower than needed to create a free trade area' (author's translation).
22. The psychology of any negotiation is an essential element of the process. As an Itamaraty official responsible for the FTAA negotiations once commented to me during a private interview: 'Negotiations consist of 80 per cent psychology, 15 per cent substance and 5 per cent good luck.'
23. 'Aumenta la tensión en el Mercosur. Brasil rechaza el área de libre comercio que propone Cavallo', El Cronista, 2 April 2001.
24. During a speech to the German-Brazilian Chamber of Commerce in São Paulo on 8 June 2001, external relations minister Celso Lafer stated: 'The negotiations between the Mercosur and the EU will happen, if not simultaneously, then at least in parallel with the corresponding negotiations in the FTAA ... we have not hidden our wish that our two main trade negotiations go forward with similar rhythms' (author's translation).
25. 'Some realism for Mercosur: better a genuine free-trade area than a phoney customs union', The Economist, 31 March 2001, pp. 13-14.
26. 'Mercosur pedirá prazo para se abrir à Europa', Folha de São Paulo, 16 Sept. 2001.
27. 'Contrapropuesta del Mercosur a la UE. Piden liberalizar un tercio del comercio de aqui a diez años', La Nación, 30 Oct. 2002; 'Maior aproximação com a UE', Gazeta Mercantil, 30 Oct. 2002.
28. 'Contrapropuesta del Mercosur a la UE. Piden liberalizar un tercio del comercio de aqui a diez años', La Nación, 30 Oct. 2002; 'Maior aproximação com a UE', Gazeta Mercantil, 30 Oct. 2002.
29. 'El Mercosur muestra sus dos caras. En los ambitos externos, signe negociando en bloque; por dentro, las diferencias lo ponen en peligro', La Nación, 30 Oct. 2002.
30. Other recent 'nationalist' periods in Brazilian foreign policy are well described in: Amado Luiz Cerro and Clodoaldo Bueno, História da política exterior do Brasil, 2nd edn (Brasilia: Editora UnB, 2002) pp. 309-50 and pp. 397-426.
31. Amorim served with Itamaraty for over 35 years and held ambassadorial positions in the UN and WTO, also serving as external relations minister during 1993-4.
32. Gazeta Mercantil, 30 May 2002; Estado de São Paulo, 10 June, 11 June, 12 June 2002.
33. Gazeta Mercantil, 30 May 2002; Estado de São Paulo, 10 June, 11 June, 12 June 2002.
34. Domingo Cavallo, Pasión por crear (Buenos Aires: Planeta, 2001), pp. 262-6.
35. 'Lula quer União Européia como modelo para Mercosur', Folha de São Paulo, 3 Dec. 2002.
36. Da Motta Veiga, 'Brazil in Mercosur', pp. 25, 30.
37. The Lula government includes Luiz Fernando Furlan as minister for development, industry and foreign trade (he is also president of the agro-industrial company SADIA and vice president of the influential São Paulo Federation of Industry, FIESP), and Roberto Rodriguez as minister of agriculture (he is also president of the Brazilian Association of Agrobusiness).
38. The National Security Strategy of the United Slates of America, 17 Sept. 2002, pp. 18-19.