Chemistry - A central pillar of human culture

Angewandte Chemie - International Edition

Volumn 42, Issue 28, 2003, Pages 3208-3215

  Shaik, Sason ^a  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

Chemistry didactic; History of science; Popularization of chemistry

Indexed keywords

HUMAN ENGINEERING; LARGE SCALE SYSTEMS; POLLUTION; SOCIAL ASPECTS;

INTELLECTUAL ADVENTURE;

CHEMISTRY;

ADRENALIN; DOPAMINE; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; HORMONE; MESCALINE; NEUROTRANSMITTER; NITRIC OXIDE; NORADRENALIN; OXYTOCIN; PHEROMONE; SEROTONIN; SILDENAFIL;

ALLELE; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; CHEMICAL WARFARE; CHEMISTRY; EMOTION; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NEUROTRANSMISSION; POLLUTION; REVIEW; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

CHEMISTRY; CULTURE; DIAMOND; EMOTIONS; GRAPHITE; HISTORY, ANCIENT; HUMANS; LOVE; NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS; RHODOPSIN;

EID: 0041766638     PISSN: 14337851     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200330038     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. "peux curieux de son commerce et n'attendant presque rien de son industrie". For a discussion, see: B. Bensaude-Vincent, Bull. Hist. Chem. 1999, 23, 1.
2. See for example, a) R. M. Baum, Chem. Eng. News 1995, 73(17), 49;
3. b) R. M. Baum, Chem. Eng. News 2001, 79(36), 5;
4. c) M. Jacobs, Chem. Eng. News 2001, 79(25), 5; Chem. Eng. News 1999, 77(15), 5;
5. c) M. Jacobs, Chem. Eng. News 2001, 79(25), 5; Chem. Eng. News 1999, 77(15), 5;
6. d) W. Berry, Life is a Miracle, Counterpoint Press, Boulder, CO, 2000 (chemistry is mentioned once on p. 20 in association with pollution);
7. e) see however, B. Werth, The Billion-Dollar Molecule, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1994 (the book creates however a wrong impression that chemistry is only the synthesis part, while the rest, even NMR spectroscopy or molecular modeling, is not).
8. See for example, a) R, Hoffmann, P. Laszlo, Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 1065; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 1033;
9. See for example, a) R, Hoffmann, P. Laszlo, Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 1065; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 1033;
10. b) R. Hoffmann, The Same and Not the Same, Columbia University Press, New York, 1995;
11. c) R. Hoffmann, S. Leibowitz-Schmidt, Old Wine New Flasks, W. H. Freeman, New York, 1997;
12. d) R. Hoffmann, V. Torrence, Chemistry Imagined, Smithsonian, Washington, 1993;
13. e) H. Vancik, Found. Chem. 1999, 1, 241;
14. f) H. Vancik, Found. Chem., in press;
15. g) A. L. Buchachneko, Herald Russ. Acad. Sci. (Transl. of Vestn. Ross. Akad. Nauk.) 2001, 71, 311.
16. a) See for example, A. Shani, CHEM-TECH 1998, 30;
17. b) S. Jacob, M. K. McClintock, B. Zelano, C. Ober, Nat. Genet. 2002, 30, 175. Note that even in humans for women the male odor appears to play a role.
18. A. R. Hariri, V. S. Mattay, A. Tessitore, B. Kolachana, F. Fera, D. Goldman, M. F. Egan, D. R. Weinberger, Science 2002, 297, 400.
19. a) See review and articles in a special issue of Science 2001, 294 from the groups of Greengard, Holden, Helmuth, Carlsson, b) P. Greengard, Science 2001, 294, 1024. The mechanisms by which nerve cells communicate involve fast and slow synaptic transmissions. The fast mode (1 ms) involves the excitory mechanism of neurotransmission. The slow mode (100 ms to minutes) involves the generation of secondary messengers and a subsequent sequence of biochemical steps. There is interplay between the slow and fast mechanisms (The 2000 Nobel Prize for Medicine was awarded for the investigation of the slow mechanism, see A. Carlsson, ChemBioChem 2001, 2, 484-493 c) On addictive behavior, see: C. Holden, Science 2001, 294, 980; L. Helmuth, Science 2001, 294, 982-984; C. H. Rankin, Science 2002, 296, 1624; B. Brembs, F. D. Lorenzetti, F. D. Reyes, D. A. Baxter, J. H. Byrne, Science 2002, 296, 1706; d) A. Carlsson, Science 2001, 294, 1021; e) For developments in the science of signal transduction, see the articles by L. B. Ray, S. A. Kliewer et al., A. S. Cashmore et al., C. A. Parent and P. Devreotes and by S. Artavanis-Tsakonas et al. in Science 1999, 284, 755-776 and articles from L. B. Ray and N. R. Gough, D. V. Goeddel, and H. Wajant, et al. and R. Iyengar, et al. G. A. Koretzky, et al. J. C. Cambier and D. P. McDonnell et al., R. T. Moon, et al L. Attisianno and J.L. Warna, et al., L. E. Elden et al. E. E. Farmer and J. Sheen et al., T. R. Parsons et al., C. M. Horvath and L. C. Cantley et al in Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment (STKE) from Science (Science 2002, 296, 1632-1657 and on the internet site www.stke.org); f) See the articles from P. Stern, S. Cohen-Corey, M. Sheng et al. J. Rettig and E. Neher, M. L. Dustin and D. R. Colman and by D. J. Selkoe on "Neuroscience: A Vibrant Connection" in Science 2002, 298, 769-791.
20. a) See review and articles in a special issue of Science 2001, 294 from the groups of Greengard, Holden, Helmuth, Carlsson, b) P. Greengard, Science 2001, 294, 1024. The mechanisms by which nerve cells communicate involve fast and slow synaptic transmissions. The fast mode (1 ms) involves the excitory mechanism of neurotransmission. The slow mode (100 ms to minutes) involves the generation of secondary messengers and a subsequent sequence of biochemical steps. There is interplay between the slow and fast mechanisms (The 2000 Nobel Prize for Medicine was awarded for the investigation of the slow mechanism, see A. Carlsson, ChemBioChem 2001, 2, 484-493 c) On addictive behavior, see: C. Holden, Science 2001, 294, 980; L. Helmuth, Science 2001, 294, 982-984; C. H. Rankin, Science 2002, 296, 1624; B. Brembs, F. D. Lorenzetti, F. D. Reyes, D. A. Baxter, J. H. Byrne, Science 2002, 296, 1706; d) A. Carlsson, Science 2001, 294, 1021; e) For developments in the science of signal transduction, see the articles by L. B. Ray, S. A. Kliewer et al., A. S. Cashmore et al., C. A. Parent and P. Devreotes and by S. Artavanis-Tsakonas et al. in Science 1999, 284, 755-776 and articles from L. B. Ray and N. R. Gough, D. V. Goeddel, and H. Wajant, et al. and R. Iyengar, et al. G. A. Koretzky, et al. J. C. Cambier and D. P. McDonnell et al., R. T. Moon, et al L. Attisianno and J.L. Warna, et al., L. E. Elden et al. E. E. Farmer and J. Sheen et al., T. R. Parsons et al., C. M. Horvath and L. C. Cantley et al in Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment (STKE) from Science (Science 2002, 296, 1632-1657 and on the internet site www.stke.org); f) See the articles from P. Stern, S. Cohen-Corey, M. Sheng et al. J. Rettig and E. Neher, M. L. Dustin and D. R. Colman and by D. J. Selkoe on "Neuroscience: A Vibrant Connection" in Science 2002, 298, 769-791.
21. a) See review and articles in a special issue of Science 2001, 294 from the groups of Greengard, Holden, Helmuth, Carlsson, b) P. Greengard, Science 2001, 294, 1024. The mechanisms by which nerve cells communicate involve fast and slow synaptic transmissions. The fast mode (1 ms) involves the excitory mechanism of neurotransmission. The slow mode (100 ms to minutes) involves the generation of secondary messengers and a subsequent sequence of biochemical steps. There is interplay between the slow and fast mechanisms (The 2000 Nobel Prize for Medicine was awarded for the investigation of the slow mechanism, see A. Carlsson, ChemBioChem 2001, 2, 484-493 c) On addictive behavior, see: C. Holden, Science 2001, 294, 980; L. Helmuth, Science 2001, 294, 982-984; C. H. Rankin, Science 2002, 296, 1624; B. Brembs, F. D. Lorenzetti, F. D. Reyes, D. A. Baxter, J. H. Byrne, Science 2002, 296, 1706; d) A. Carlsson, Science 2001, 294, 1021; e) For developments in the science of signal transduction, see the articles by L. B. Ray, S. A. Kliewer et al., A. S. Cashmore et al., C. A. Parent and P. Devreotes and by S. Artavanis-Tsakonas et al. in Science 1999, 284, 755-776 and articles from L. B. Ray and N. R. Gough, D. V. Goeddel, and H. Wajant, et al. and R. Iyengar, et al. G. A. Koretzky, et al. J. C. Cambier and D. P. McDonnell et al., R. T. Moon, et al L. Attisianno and J.L. Warna, et al., L. E. Elden et al. E. E. Farmer and J. Sheen et al., T. R. Parsons et al., C. M. Horvath and L. C. Cantley et al in Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment (STKE) from Science (Science 2002, 296, 1632-1657 and on the internet site www.stke.org); f) See the articles from P. Stern, S. Cohen-Corey, M. Sheng et al. J. Rettig and E. Neher, M. L. Dustin and D. R. Colman and by D. J. Selkoe on "Neuroscience: A Vibrant Connection" in Science 2002, 298, 769-791.
22. a) See review and articles in a special issue of Science 2001, 294 from the groups of Greengard, Holden, Helmuth, Carlsson, b) P. Greengard, Science 2001, 294, 1024. The mechanisms by which nerve cells communicate involve fast and slow synaptic transmissions. The fast mode (1 ms) involves the excitory mechanism of neurotransmission. The slow mode (100 ms to minutes) involves the generation of secondary messengers and a subsequent sequence of biochemical steps. There is interplay between the slow and fast mechanisms (The 2000 Nobel Prize for Medicine was awarded for the investigation of the slow mechanism, see A. Carlsson, ChemBioChem 2001, 2, 484-493 c) On addictive behavior, see: C. Holden, Science 2001, 294, 980; L. Helmuth, Science 2001, 294, 982-984; C. H. Rankin, Science 2002, 296, 1624; B. Brembs, F. D. Lorenzetti, F. D. Reyes, D. A. Baxter, J. H. Byrne, Science 2002, 296, 1706; d) A. Carlsson, Science 2001, 294, 1021; e) For developments in the science of signal transduction, see the articles by L. B. Ray, S. A. Kliewer et al., A. S. Cashmore et al., C. A. Parent and P. Devreotes and by S. Artavanis-Tsakonas et al. in Science 1999, 284, 755-776 and articles from L. B. Ray and N. R. Gough, D. V. Goeddel, and H. Wajant, et al. and R. Iyengar, et al. G. A. Koretzky, et al. J. C. Cambier and D. P. McDonnell et al., R. T. Moon, et al L. Attisianno and J.L. Warna, et al., L. E. Elden et al. E. E. Farmer and J. Sheen et al., T. R. Parsons et al., C. M. Horvath and L. C. Cantley et al in Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment (STKE) from Science (Science 2002, 296, 1632-1657 and on the internet site www.stke.org); f) See the articles from P. Stern, S. Cohen-Corey, M. Sheng et al. J. Rettig and E. Neher, M. L. Dustin and D. R. Colman and by D. J. Selkoe on "Neuroscience: A Vibrant Connection" in Science 2002, 298, 769-791.
23. a) See review and articles in a special issue of Science 2001, 294 from the groups of Greengard, Holden, Helmuth, Carlsson, b) P. Greengard, Science 2001, 294, 1024. The mechanisms by which nerve cells communicate involve fast and slow synaptic transmissions. The fast mode (1 ms) involves the excitory mechanism of neurotransmission. The slow mode (100 ms to minutes) involves the generation of secondary messengers and a subsequent sequence of biochemical steps. There is interplay between the slow and fast mechanisms (The 2000 Nobel Prize for Medicine was awarded for the investigation of the slow mechanism, see A. Carlsson, ChemBioChem 2001, 2, 484-493 c) On addictive behavior, see: C. Holden, Science 2001, 294, 980; L. Helmuth, Science 2001, 294, 982-984; C. H. Rankin, Science 2002, 296, 1624; B. Brembs, F. D. Lorenzetti, F. D. Reyes, D. A. Baxter, J. H. Byrne, Science 2002, 296, 1706; d) A. Carlsson, Science 2001, 294, 1021; e) For developments in the science of signal transduction, see the articles by L. B. Ray, S. A. Kliewer et al., A. S. Cashmore et al., C. A. Parent and P. Devreotes and by S. Artavanis-Tsakonas et al. in Science 1999, 284, 755-776 and articles from L. B. Ray and N. R. Gough, D. V. Goeddel, and H. Wajant, et al. and R. Iyengar, et al. G. A. Koretzky, et al. J. C. Cambier and D. P. McDonnell et al., R. T. Moon, et al L. Attisianno and J.L. Warna, et al., L. E. Elden et al. E. E. Farmer and J. Sheen et al., T. R. Parsons et al., C. M. Horvath and L. C. Cantley et al in Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment (STKE) from Science (Science 2002, 296, 1632-1657 and on the internet site www.stke.org); f) See the articles from P. Stern, S. Cohen-Corey, M. Sheng et al. J. Rettig and E. Neher, M. L. Dustin and D. R. Colman and by D. J. Selkoe on "Neuroscience: A Vibrant Connection" in Science 2002, 298, 769-791.
24. a) See review and articles in a special issue of Science 2001, 294 from the groups of Greengard, Holden, Helmuth, Carlsson, b) P. Greengard, Science 2001, 294, 1024. The mechanisms by which nerve cells communicate involve fast and slow synaptic transmissions. The fast mode (1 ms) involves the excitory mechanism of neurotransmission. The slow mode (100 ms to minutes) involves the generation of secondary messengers and a subsequent sequence of biochemical steps. There is interplay between the slow and fast mechanisms (The 2000 Nobel Prize for Medicine was awarded for the investigation of the slow mechanism, see A. Carlsson, ChemBioChem 2001, 2, 484-493 c) On addictive behavior, see: C. Holden, Science 2001, 294, 980; L. Helmuth, Science 2001, 294, 982-984; C. H. Rankin, Science 2002, 296, 1624; B. Brembs, F. D. Lorenzetti, F. D. Reyes, D. A. Baxter, J. H. Byrne, Science 2002, 296, 1706; d) A. Carlsson, Science 2001, 294, 1021; e) For developments in the science of signal transduction, see the articles by L. B. Ray, S. A. Kliewer et al., A. S. Cashmore et al., C. A. Parent and P. Devreotes and by S. Artavanis-Tsakonas et al. in Science 1999, 284, 755-776 and articles from L. B. Ray and N. R. Gough, D. V. Goeddel, and H. Wajant, et al. and R. Iyengar, et al. G. A. Koretzky, et al. J. C. Cambier and D. P. McDonnell et al., R. T. Moon, et al L. Attisianno and J.L. Warna, et al., L. E. Elden et al. E. E. Farmer and J. Sheen et al., T. R. Parsons et al., C. M. Horvath and L. C. Cantley et al in Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment (STKE) from Science (Science 2002, 296, 1632-1657 and on the internet site www.stke.org); f) See the articles from P. Stern, S. Cohen-Corey, M. Sheng et al. J. Rettig and E. Neher, M. L. Dustin and D. R. Colman and by D. J. Selkoe on "Neuroscience: A Vibrant Connection" in Science 2002, 298, 769-791.
25. a) See review and articles in a special issue of Science 2001, 294 from the groups of Greengard, Holden, Helmuth, Carlsson, b) P. Greengard, Science 2001, 294, 1024. The mechanisms by which nerve cells communicate involve fast and slow synaptic transmissions. The fast mode (1 ms) involves the excitory mechanism of neurotransmission. The slow mode (100 ms to minutes) involves the generation of secondary messengers and a subsequent sequence of biochemical steps. There is interplay between the slow and fast mechanisms (The 2000 Nobel Prize for Medicine was awarded for the investigation of the slow mechanism, see A. Carlsson, ChemBioChem 2001, 2, 484-493 c) On addictive behavior, see: C. Holden, Science 2001, 294, 980; L. Helmuth, Science 2001, 294, 982-984; C. H. Rankin, Science 2002, 296, 1624; B. Brembs, F. D. Lorenzetti, F. D. Reyes, D. A. Baxter, J. H. Byrne, Science 2002, 296, 1706; d) A. Carlsson, Science 2001, 294, 1021; e) For developments in the science of signal transduction, see the articles by L. B. Ray, S. A. Kliewer et al., A. S. Cashmore et al., C. A. Parent and P. Devreotes and by S. Artavanis-Tsakonas et al. in Science 1999, 284, 755-776 and articles from L. B. Ray and N. R. Gough, D. V. Goeddel, and H. Wajant, et al. and R. Iyengar, et al. G. A. Koretzky, et al. J. C. Cambier and D. P. McDonnell et al., R. T. Moon, et al L. Attisianno and J.L. Warna, et al., L. E. Elden et al. E. E. Farmer and J. Sheen et al., T. R. Parsons et al., C. M. Horvath and L. C. Cantley et al in Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment (STKE) from Science (Science 2002, 296, 1632-1657 and on the internet site www.stke.org); f) See the articles from P. Stern, S. Cohen-Corey, M. Sheng et al. J. Rettig and E. Neher, M. L. Dustin and D. R. Colman and by D. J. Selkoe on "Neuroscience: A Vibrant Connection" in Science 2002, 298, 769-791.
26. a) See review and articles in a special issue of Science 2001, 294 from the groups of Greengard, Holden, Helmuth, Carlsson, b) P. Greengard, Science 2001, 294, 1024. The mechanisms by which nerve cells communicate involve fast and slow synaptic transmissions. The fast mode (1 ms) involves the excitory mechanism of neurotransmission. The slow mode (100 ms to minutes) involves the generation of secondary messengers and a subsequent sequence of biochemical steps. There is interplay between the slow and fast mechanisms (The 2000 Nobel Prize for Medicine was awarded for the investigation of the slow mechanism, see A. Carlsson, ChemBioChem 2001, 2, 484-493 c) On addictive behavior, see: C. Holden, Science 2001, 294, 980; L. Helmuth, Science 2001, 294, 982-984; C. H. Rankin, Science 2002, 296, 1624; B. Brembs, F. D. Lorenzetti, F. D. Reyes, D. A. Baxter, J. H. Byrne, Science 2002, 296, 1706; d) A. Carlsson, Science 2001, 294, 1021; e) For developments in the science of signal transduction, see the articles by L. B. Ray, S. A. Kliewer et al., A. S. Cashmore et al., C. A. Parent and P. Devreotes and by S. Artavanis-Tsakonas et al. in Science 1999, 284, 755-776 and articles from L. B. Ray and N. R. Gough, D. V. Goeddel, and H. Wajant, et al. and R. Iyengar, et al. G. A. Koretzky, et al. J. C. Cambier and D. P. McDonnell et al., R. T. Moon, et al L. Attisianno and J.L. Warna, et al., L. E. Elden et al. E. E. Farmer and J. Sheen et al., T. R. Parsons et al., C. M. Horvath and L. C. Cantley et al in Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment (STKE) from Science (Science 2002, 296, 1632-1657 and on the internet site www.stke.org); f) See the articles from P. Stern, S. Cohen-Corey, M. Sheng et al. J. Rettig and E. Neher, M. L. Dustin and D. R. Colman and by D. J. Selkoe on "Neuroscience: A Vibrant Connection" in Science 2002, 298, 769-791.
27. a) See review and articles in a special issue of Science 2001, 294 from the groups of Greengard, Holden, Helmuth, Carlsson, b) P. Greengard, Science 2001, 294, 1024. The mechanisms by which nerve cells communicate involve fast and slow synaptic transmissions. The fast mode (1 ms) involves the excitory mechanism of neurotransmission. The slow mode (100 ms to minutes) involves the generation of secondary messengers and a subsequent sequence of biochemical steps. There is interplay between the slow and fast mechanisms (The 2000 Nobel Prize for Medicine was awarded for the investigation of the slow mechanism, see A. Carlsson, ChemBioChem 2001, 2, 484-493 c) On addictive behavior, see: C. Holden, Science 2001, 294, 980; L. Helmuth, Science 2001, 294, 982-984; C. H. Rankin, Science 2002, 296, 1624; B. Brembs, F. D. Lorenzetti, F. D. Reyes, D. A. Baxter, J. H. Byrne, Science 2002, 296, 1706; d) A. Carlsson, Science 2001, 294, 1021; e) For developments in the science of signal transduction, see the articles by L. B. Ray, S. A. Kliewer et al., A. S. Cashmore et al., C. A. Parent and P. Devreotes and by S. Artavanis-Tsakonas et al. in Science 1999, 284, 755-776 and articles from L. B. Ray and N. R. Gough, D. V. Goeddel, and H. Wajant, et al. and R. Iyengar, et al. G. A. Koretzky, et al. J. C. Cambier and D. P. McDonnell et al., R. T. Moon, et al L. Attisianno and J.L. Warna, et al., L. E. Elden et al. E. E. Farmer and J. Sheen et al., T. R. Parsons et al., C. M. Horvath and L. C. Cantley et al in Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment (STKE) from Science (Science 2002, 296, 1632-1657 and on the internet site www.stke.org); f) See the articles from P. Stern, S. Cohen-Corey, M. Sheng et al. J. Rettig and E. Neher, M. L. Dustin and D. R. Colman and by D. J. Selkoe on "Neuroscience: A Vibrant Connection" in Science 2002, 298, 769-791.
28. a) See review and articles in a special issue of Science 2001, 294 from the groups of Greengard, Holden, Helmuth, Carlsson, b) P. Greengard, Science 2001, 294, 1024. The mechanisms by which nerve cells communicate involve fast and slow synaptic transmissions. The fast mode (1 ms) involves the excitory mechanism of neurotransmission. The slow mode (100 ms to minutes) involves the generation of secondary messengers and a subsequent sequence of biochemical steps. There is interplay between the slow and fast mechanisms (The 2000 Nobel Prize for Medicine was awarded for the investigation of the slow mechanism, see A. Carlsson, ChemBioChem 2001, 2, 484-493 c) On addictive behavior, see: C. Holden, Science 2001, 294, 980; L. Helmuth, Science 2001, 294, 982-984; C. H. Rankin, Science 2002, 296, 1624; B. Brembs, F. D. Lorenzetti, F. D. Reyes, D. A. Baxter, J. H. Byrne, Science 2002, 296, 1706; d) A. Carlsson, Science 2001, 294, 1021; e) For developments in the science of signal transduction, see the articles by L. B. Ray, S. A. Kliewer et al., A. S. Cashmore et al., C. A. Parent and P. Devreotes and by S. Artavanis-Tsakonas et al. in Science 1999, 284, 755-776 and articles from L. B. Ray and N. R. Gough, D. V. Goeddel, and H. Wajant, et al. and R. Iyengar, et al. G. A. Koretzky, et al. J. C. Cambier and D. P. McDonnell et al., R. T. Moon, et al L. Attisianno and J.L. Warna, et al., L. E. Elden et al. E. E. Farmer and J. Sheen et al., T. R. Parsons et al., C. M. Horvath and L. C. Cantley et al in Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment (STKE) from Science (Science 2002, 296, 1632-1657 and on the internet site www.stke.org); f) See the articles from P. Stern, S. Cohen-Corey, M. Sheng et al. J. Rettig and E. Neher, M. L. Dustin and D. R. Colman and by D. J. Selkoe on "Neuroscience: A Vibrant Connection" in Science 2002, 298, 769-791.
29. a) See review and articles in a special issue of Science 2001, 294 from the groups of Greengard, Holden, Helmuth, Carlsson, b) P. Greengard, Science 2001, 294, 1024. The mechanisms by which nerve cells communicate involve fast and slow synaptic transmissions. The fast mode (1 ms) involves the excitory mechanism of neurotransmission. The slow mode (100 ms to minutes) involves the generation of secondary messengers and a subsequent sequence of biochemical steps. There is interplay between the slow and fast mechanisms (The 2000 Nobel Prize for Medicine was awarded for the investigation of the slow mechanism, see A. Carlsson, ChemBioChem 2001, 2, 484-493 c) On addictive behavior, see: C. Holden, Science 2001, 294, 980; L. Helmuth, Science 2001, 294, 982-984; C. H. Rankin, Science 2002, 296, 1624; B. Brembs, F. D. Lorenzetti, F. D. Reyes, D. A. Baxter, J. H. Byrne, Science 2002, 296, 1706; d) A. Carlsson, Science 2001, 294, 1021; e) For developments in the science of signal transduction, see the articles by L. B. Ray, S. A. Kliewer et al., A. S. Cashmore et al., C. A. Parent and P. Devreotes and by S. Artavanis-Tsakonas et al. in Science 1999, 284, 755-776 and articles from L. B. Ray and N. R. Gough, D. V. Goeddel, and H. Wajant, et al. and R. Iyengar, et al. G. A. Koretzky, et al. J. C. Cambier and D. P. McDonnell et al., R. T. Moon, et al L. Attisianno and J.L. Warna, et al., L. E. Elden et al. E. E. Farmer and J. Sheen et al., T. R. Parsons et al., C. M. Horvath and L. C. Cantley et al in Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment (STKE) from Science (Science 2002, 296, 1632-1657 and on the internet site www.stke.org); f) See the articles from P. Stern, S. Cohen-Corey, M. Sheng et al. J. Rettig and E. Neher, M. L. Dustin and D. R. Colman and by D. J. Selkoe on "Neuroscience: A Vibrant Connection" in Science 2002, 298, 769-791.
30. a) For a most recent review, see: H. Sabelli in Alternative Medications and the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders (Eds.: D. Michoulon, F. Rosenbaum), Lippincott Williams & Willkins, Philadelphia 2002, pp. 83-110;
31. b) H. C. Sabelli, J. I. Javaid, J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1995, 7, 6;
32. c) M. E. Wolf, A. D. Mosnaim, Clin. Pharmacol. 1983, 14, 385.
33. B. Borowsky, N. Adham, K. J. Jones, R. Raddatz, R. Artymyshyn, K. L. Ogozalek, M. M. Durkin, P. P. Lkhlani, J. A. Bonini, S. Pathirana, N. Boyle, X. Pu, E. Kouranova, H. Lichtblau, F. Y. Ochoa, T. A. Branchek, C. Gerald, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98, 8966.
34. A. Szabo, E. Billett, J. Turner, Br. J. Sports Med. 2001, 35, 342.
35. a) A. Walsh, The Science of Love, Prometheus Books, Buffalo, NY, 1991;
36. b) M. Leibowitz, The Chemistry of Love, Berkeley Book, New York, 1983;
37. c) M. B. Krassner, Chem. Eng. News 1983, 61(33), 22;
38. d) T. L. Crenshaw, The Alchemy of Love, G. P. Putnam, New York, 1996;
39. H. E. Fisher, Anatomy of Love, Norton, New York, 1992.
40. It was found in a study of medical students that at the early stage of "romantic love" they exhibited changes in serotonin transporter similar to the changes reported in obsessive-compulsive disorder. See: D. Marazziti, H. S. Akiskal, A. Rossi, G. B. Cassano, Psychol. Med. 1999, 29, 741.
41. C. B. Pert, Molecules of Emotion, Simon & Schuster, 1997.
42. a) J. M. Nash, TIME, May 26, 1997, p 43;
43. b) T. Greenfeld, TIME, September 6, 1999, p 55.
44. a) C. S. Carter, Psychoneuroendocrinology 1998, 23, 779;
45. b) L. J. Young, M. M. Lim, B. Gingrich, T. R. Insel, Horm. Behav. 2001, 40, 133.
46. W. A. Truitt, L. M. Coolen, Science 2002, 297, 1566.
47. See the Nobel Lecture, R. F. Furchgott, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1990; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1870.
48. See the Nobel Lecture, R. F. Furchgott, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1990; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1870.
49. a) L. R. Squire, E. R. Kandel, Memory: From Mind to Molecules, Scientific American Library, New York, 1999;
50. b) M. D. Lemonick, TIME, September 13, 1999, p52;
51. c) Y. Kovalchuk, E. Hanse, K. W. Kafitz, A. Konnerth, Science 2002, 295, 1729.
52. K. E. Wilson, Chem. Eng. News 1998, 76(27), 29.
53. J. LeDoux, Synaptic Self How Brains Become Who We Are?, Viking, New York, 2002.
54. These receptors activate guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G-proteins) in the interior of the cells. The G proteins are signaling molecules within the cell and they stimulate ion channel, and cause the synthesis of second messenger molecules. See descriptions and discussions of G proteins in, a) C. A. Parent, P. N. Devreotes, Science 1999, 284, 765;
55. b) S. P. Neves, P. T. Ram, R. Iyengar, Science 2002, 296, 765.
56. W. Zhjong, J. P. Gallivan, Y. Zhang, L. Li, H. A. Lester, D. A. Daugherty, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95, 12088; L. Li, W. Zhong, N. Zacharias, C. Gibbs, H. A. Lester, D. A. Daugherty, Chem. Biol. 2001, 8, 47.
57. W. Zhjong, J. P. Gallivan, Y. Zhang, L. Li, H. A. Lester, D. A. Daugherty, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95, 12088; L. Li, W. Zhong, N. Zacharias, C. Gibbs, H. A. Lester, D. A. Daugherty, Chem. Biol. 2001, 8, 47.
58. For a discussion of "taste" and "smell", see: C. L. Wilkinson, Chem. Eng. News 2000, 78(18), 1; P. Zurer, Chem. Eng. News 1996, 74(41), 5.
59. For a discussion of "taste" and "smell", see: C. L. Wilkinson, Chem. Eng. News 2000, 78(18), 1; P. Zurer, Chem. Eng. News 1996, 74(41), 5.
60. TIME, February 5, 2001, p 51.
61. a) K. Palczewski, T. Kumasaka, T. Hori, C. A. Bhnke, H. Motoshima, B. A. Fox, I. Le Trong, D. C. Teller, T. Okada, R. E. Stenkamp, M. Yamamoto, M. Miyanao, Science 2000, 289, 739;
62. b) The neurons of the visual system, which respond to different parts of the same object become "fixed" by firing in synchronicity. This synchronicity of neural firing tends to prefer symmetric objects. See, S. H. Lee, R. Blake, Science 1999, 284, 1165.
63. A beautiful metaphor for chiral recognition is the "Handshakes in the Dark", described by Hoffmann on p. 40 in ref [3b]. This can become very "handy" in a public talk - shake hands with your audience to illustrate chiral recognition.
64. The drug "Ecstasy" (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine) was recently shown to cause huge amplification of serotonin neurotransmission. The drain of serotonin causes depression, as well as permanent brain damage and profound dopaminergic toxocity (disruption of the axon of neurons, and vulnerability to Parkinson's desease). See Science 2002, 297, 2185.
65. Unlike chemistry that uses a very precise language, neurochemistry has been forced to use a much less precise language, because of the necessity to shift from the level of chemical-mechanical details (neurotransmission, brain regions, etc) to the level of integrated experience (depression, love, motivation). The chasm between these levels can be likened to the relationship between the letters of alphabet and a poem. The letters are certainly the only constituents of the poem, but not every pile of letters makes a poem. Bridging this language gap in a manner that draws the relation between the whole and its parts is a great challenge that lies ahead. See e.g., "Whole-istic Biology" in Science 2002, 295, 1661-1682.
66. a) C. J. S. Thompson, The Lure and Romance of Alchemy, Senate Press, 1990;
67. b) R. Patai, The Jewish Alchemists, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1994, pp. 62, 63, 79, 254.
68. H. W. Schütt, Auf der Suche nach dem Stein der Weisen - die Geschichte der Alchemie, Beck, Munich, 2000.