Social interests, contextualizations and uncertainties in risk assessment: The case of methanol as a fuel component in Brazil

Social Studies of Science

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 401-421

  De Mello, José Manoel Carvalho ^a   De Freitas, Carlos Machado ^b  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO   (Brazil)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041761863     PISSN: 03063127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/030631298028003002     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Brendan Gillespie, Dave Eva and Ron Johnston, 'Carcinogenic Risk Assessment in the United States and Great Britain: The Case of Aldrin/Dieldrin', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 9, No. 3 (August 1979), 265-301; Brian L. Campbell, 'Uncertainty as Symbolic Action in Disputes Among Experts', ibid., Vol. 15, No. 3 (August 1985), 429-53; Sheila Jasanoff, 'Cultural Aspects of Risk Assessment in Britain and United States', in Branden D. Johnson and Vincent T. Covello (eds), The Social and Cultural Construction of Risk (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1987), 359-97; Frances M. Lynn, 'OSHA's Carcinogens Standard: Round One on Risk Assessment Models and Assumptions', ibid., 345-58; Brian Wynne, 'Risk Assessment of Technological Systems: Dimensions of Uncertainty', in Wynne, Risk Management and Hazardous Waste: Implementation and the Dialectics of Credibility (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987), 269-310; Wynne, 'Unruly Technology: Practical Rules, Impractical Discourses and Public Understanding', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 18, No. 1 (February 1988), 147-67; Wynne, 'Uncertainty and Environmental Learning: Reconceiving Science and Policy in the Preventive Paradigm', Global Environmental Change, Vol. 2 (1992), 111-27; Arie Rip and Peter Groenewegen, 'Les Faits Scientifique à l'Épreuve de la Politique', in Michel Callon (ed.), La science et ses réseaux: Genèse et circulation des faits scientifiques (Paris: La Découverte/Conseil de l'Europe/Unesco, 1989), 149-72; Josée van Eijndhoven and Peter Groenewegen, 'The Construction of Expert Advice on Health Risks', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 21, No. 2 (May 1991), 257-78; Silvio O. Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz, 'Uncertainties and Ignorance in Policy Analysis', Risk Analysis, Vol. 4 (1984), 219-20; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Three Types of Risk Assessment: A Methodological Analysis', in V.T. Covello, Jerry L. Mumpower, Pieter J.M. Stalen and V.R.R. Uppuluri (eds), Environmental Impact Assessment, Technology Assessment and Risk Analysis: Contributions from the Psychological and Decision Sciences (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985), 831-48; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'A Framework for the Analysis of Emergencies', in Aniello Amendola and Bruna de Marchi (eds), Workshop on Emergency Management (Ispra, Italy: Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics, EC-JRC, 1993), 33-42; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Riesgo Global, Incertidumbre e Ignorancia', in Funtowicz and Ravetz, Epistemologia Politica: Ciencia con la Gente (Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1993), 11-42; James F. Short, Jr and Lee Clarke (eds), Organizations, Uncertainties and Risk (Oxford: Westview Press, 1992); John Abraham, 'Scientific Standards and Institutional Interests: Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Benoxaprofen in the UK and US', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23, No. 3 (August 1993), 387-444; Simon Carter, 'Boundaries of Danger and Uncertainty: An Analysis of the Technological Culture of Risk Assessment', in Jonathan Gabe (ed.), Medicine, Health and Risk: Sociological Approaches (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 133-50.
2. Brendan Gillespie, Dave Eva and Ron Johnston, 'Carcinogenic Risk Assessment in the United States and Great Britain: The Case of Aldrin/Dieldrin', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 9, No. 3 (August 1979), 265-301; Brian L. Campbell, 'Uncertainty as Symbolic Action in Disputes Among Experts', ibid., Vol. 15, No. 3 (August 1985), 429-53; Sheila Jasanoff, 'Cultural Aspects of Risk Assessment in Britain and United States', in Branden D. Johnson and Vincent T. Covello (eds), The Social and Cultural Construction of Risk (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1987), 359-97; Frances M. Lynn, 'OSHA's Carcinogens Standard: Round One on Risk Assessment Models and Assumptions', ibid., 345-58; Brian Wynne, 'Risk Assessment of Technological Systems: Dimensions of Uncertainty', in Wynne, Risk Management and Hazardous Waste: Implementation and the Dialectics of Credibility (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987), 269-310; Wynne, 'Unruly Technology: Practical Rules, Impractical Discourses and Public Understanding', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 18, No. 1 (February 1988), 147-67; Wynne, 'Uncertainty and Environmental Learning: Reconceiving Science and Policy in the Preventive Paradigm', Global Environmental Change, Vol. 2 (1992), 111-27; Arie Rip and Peter Groenewegen, 'Les Faits Scientifique à l'Épreuve de la Politique', in Michel Callon (ed.), La science et ses réseaux: Genèse et circulation des faits scientifiques (Paris: La Découverte/Conseil de l'Europe/Unesco, 1989), 149-72; Josée van Eijndhoven and Peter Groenewegen, 'The Construction of Expert Advice on Health Risks', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 21, No. 2 (May 1991), 257-78; Silvio O. Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz, 'Uncertainties and Ignorance in Policy Analysis', Risk Analysis, Vol. 4 (1984), 219-20; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Three Types of Risk Assessment: A Methodological Analysis', in V.T. Covello, Jerry L. Mumpower, Pieter J.M. Stalen and V.R.R. Uppuluri (eds), Environmental Impact Assessment, Technology Assessment and Risk Analysis: Contributions from the Psychological and Decision Sciences (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985), 831-48; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'A Framework for the Analysis of Emergencies', in Aniello Amendola and Bruna de Marchi (eds), Workshop on Emergency Management (Ispra, Italy: Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics, EC-JRC, 1993), 33-42; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Riesgo Global, Incertidumbre e Ignorancia', in Funtowicz and Ravetz, Epistemologia Politica: Ciencia con la Gente (Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1993), 11-42; James F. Short, Jr and Lee Clarke (eds), Organizations, Uncertainties and Risk (Oxford: Westview Press, 1992); John Abraham, 'Scientific Standards and Institutional Interests: Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Benoxaprofen in the UK and US', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23, No. 3 (August 1993), 387-444; Simon Carter, 'Boundaries of Danger and Uncertainty: An Analysis of the Technological Culture of Risk Assessment', in Jonathan Gabe (ed.), Medicine, Health and Risk: Sociological Approaches (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 133-50.
3. Brendan Gillespie, Dave Eva and Ron Johnston, 'Carcinogenic Risk Assessment in the United States and Great Britain: The Case of Aldrin/Dieldrin', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 9, No. 3 (August 1979), 265-301; Brian L. Campbell, 'Uncertainty as Symbolic Action in Disputes Among Experts', ibid., Vol. 15, No. 3 (August 1985), 429-53; Sheila Jasanoff, 'Cultural Aspects of Risk Assessment in Britain and United States', in Branden D. Johnson and Vincent T. Covello (eds), The Social and Cultural Construction of Risk (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1987), 359-97; Frances M. Lynn, 'OSHA's Carcinogens Standard: Round One on Risk Assessment Models and Assumptions', ibid., 345-58; Brian Wynne, 'Risk Assessment of Technological Systems: Dimensions of Uncertainty', in Wynne, Risk Management and Hazardous Waste: Implementation and the Dialectics of Credibility (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987), 269-310; Wynne, 'Unruly Technology: Practical Rules, Impractical Discourses and Public Understanding', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 18, No. 1 (February 1988), 147-67; Wynne, 'Uncertainty and Environmental Learning: Reconceiving Science and Policy in the Preventive Paradigm', Global Environmental Change, Vol. 2 (1992), 111-27; Arie Rip and Peter Groenewegen, 'Les Faits Scientifique à l'Épreuve de la Politique', in Michel Callon (ed.), La science et ses réseaux: Genèse et circulation des faits scientifiques (Paris: La Découverte/Conseil de l'Europe/Unesco, 1989), 149-72; Josée van Eijndhoven and Peter Groenewegen, 'The Construction of Expert Advice on Health Risks', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 21, No. 2 (May 1991), 257-78; Silvio O. Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz, 'Uncertainties and Ignorance in Policy Analysis', Risk Analysis, Vol. 4 (1984), 219-20; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Three Types of Risk Assessment: A Methodological Analysis', in V.T. Covello, Jerry L. Mumpower, Pieter J.M. Stalen and V.R.R. Uppuluri (eds), Environmental Impact Assessment, Technology Assessment and Risk Analysis: Contributions from the Psychological and Decision Sciences (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985), 831-48; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'A Framework for the Analysis of Emergencies', in Aniello Amendola and Bruna de Marchi (eds), Workshop on Emergency Management (Ispra, Italy: Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics, EC-JRC, 1993), 33-42; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Riesgo Global, Incertidumbre e Ignorancia', in Funtowicz and Ravetz, Epistemologia Politica: Ciencia con la Gente (Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1993), 11-42; James F. Short, Jr and Lee Clarke (eds), Organizations, Uncertainties and Risk (Oxford: Westview Press, 1992); John Abraham, 'Scientific Standards and Institutional Interests: Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Benoxaprofen in the UK and US', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23, No. 3 (August 1993), 387-444; Simon Carter, 'Boundaries of Danger and Uncertainty: An Analysis of the Technological Culture of Risk Assessment', in Jonathan Gabe (ed.), Medicine, Health and Risk: Sociological Approaches (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 133-50.
4. Brendan Gillespie, Dave Eva and Ron Johnston, 'Carcinogenic Risk Assessment in the United States and Great Britain: The Case of Aldrin/Dieldrin', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 9, No. 3 (August 1979), 265-301; Brian L. Campbell, 'Uncertainty as Symbolic Action in Disputes Among Experts', ibid., Vol. 15, No. 3 (August 1985), 429-53; Sheila Jasanoff, 'Cultural Aspects of Risk Assessment in Britain and United States', in Branden D. Johnson and Vincent T. Covello (eds), The Social and Cultural Construction of Risk (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1987), 359-97; Frances M. Lynn, 'OSHA's Carcinogens Standard: Round One on Risk Assessment Models and Assumptions', ibid., 345-58; Brian Wynne, 'Risk Assessment of Technological Systems: Dimensions of Uncertainty', in Wynne, Risk Management and Hazardous Waste: Implementation and the Dialectics of Credibility (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987), 269-310; Wynne, 'Unruly Technology: Practical Rules, Impractical Discourses and Public Understanding', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 18, No. 1 (February 1988), 147-67; Wynne, 'Uncertainty and Environmental Learning: Reconceiving Science and Policy in the Preventive Paradigm', Global Environmental Change, Vol. 2 (1992), 111-27; Arie Rip and Peter Groenewegen, 'Les Faits Scientifique à l'Épreuve de la Politique', in Michel Callon (ed.), La science et ses réseaux: Genèse et circulation des faits scientifiques (Paris: La Découverte/Conseil de l'Europe/Unesco, 1989), 149-72; Josée van Eijndhoven and Peter Groenewegen, 'The Construction of Expert Advice on Health Risks', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 21, No. 2 (May 1991), 257-78; Silvio O. Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz, 'Uncertainties and Ignorance in Policy Analysis', Risk Analysis, Vol. 4 (1984), 219-20; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Three Types of Risk Assessment: A Methodological Analysis', in V.T. Covello, Jerry L. Mumpower, Pieter J.M. Stalen and V.R.R. Uppuluri (eds), Environmental Impact Assessment, Technology Assessment and Risk Analysis: Contributions from the Psychological and Decision Sciences (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985), 831-48; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'A Framework for the Analysis of Emergencies', in Aniello Amendola and Bruna de Marchi (eds), Workshop on Emergency Management (Ispra, Italy: Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics, EC-JRC, 1993), 33-42; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Riesgo Global, Incertidumbre e Ignorancia', in Funtowicz and Ravetz, Epistemologia Politica: Ciencia con la Gente (Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1993), 11-42; James F. Short, Jr and Lee Clarke (eds), Organizations, Uncertainties and Risk (Oxford: Westview Press, 1992); John Abraham, 'Scientific Standards and Institutional Interests: Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Benoxaprofen in the UK and US', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23, No. 3 (August 1993), 387-444; Simon Carter, 'Boundaries of Danger and Uncertainty: An Analysis of the Technological Culture of Risk Assessment', in Jonathan Gabe (ed.), Medicine, Health and Risk: Sociological Approaches (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 133-50.
5. Brendan Gillespie, Dave Eva and Ron Johnston, 'Carcinogenic Risk Assessment in the United States and Great Britain: The Case of Aldrin/Dieldrin', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 9, No. 3 (August 1979), 265-301; Brian L. Campbell, 'Uncertainty as Symbolic Action in Disputes Among Experts', ibid., Vol. 15, No. 3 (August 1985), 429-53; Sheila Jasanoff, 'Cultural Aspects of Risk Assessment in Britain and United States', in Branden D. Johnson and Vincent T. Covello (eds), The Social and Cultural Construction of Risk (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1987), 359-97; Frances M. Lynn, 'OSHA's Carcinogens Standard: Round One on Risk Assessment Models and Assumptions', ibid., 345-58; Brian Wynne, 'Risk Assessment of Technological Systems: Dimensions of Uncertainty', in Wynne, Risk Management and Hazardous Waste: Implementation and the Dialectics of Credibility (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987), 269-310; Wynne, 'Unruly Technology: Practical Rules, Impractical Discourses and Public Understanding', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 18, No. 1 (February 1988), 147-67; Wynne, 'Uncertainty and Environmental Learning: Reconceiving Science and Policy in the Preventive Paradigm', Global Environmental Change, Vol. 2 (1992), 111-27; Arie Rip and Peter Groenewegen, 'Les Faits Scientifique à l'Épreuve de la Politique', in Michel Callon (ed.), La science et ses réseaux: Genèse et circulation des faits scientifiques (Paris: La Découverte/Conseil de l'Europe/Unesco, 1989), 149-72; Josée van Eijndhoven and Peter Groenewegen, 'The Construction of Expert Advice on Health Risks', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 21, No. 2 (May 1991), 257-78; Silvio O. Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz, 'Uncertainties and Ignorance in Policy Analysis', Risk Analysis, Vol. 4 (1984), 219-20; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Three Types of Risk Assessment: A Methodological Analysis', in V.T. Covello, Jerry L. Mumpower, Pieter J.M. Stalen and V.R.R. Uppuluri (eds), Environmental Impact Assessment, Technology Assessment and Risk Analysis: Contributions from the Psychological and Decision Sciences (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985), 831-48; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'A Framework for the Analysis of Emergencies', in Aniello Amendola and Bruna de Marchi (eds), Workshop on Emergency Management (Ispra, Italy: Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics, EC-JRC, 1993), 33-42; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Riesgo Global, Incertidumbre e Ignorancia', in Funtowicz and Ravetz, Epistemologia Politica: Ciencia con la Gente (Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1993), 11-42; James F. Short, Jr and Lee Clarke (eds), Organizations, Uncertainties and Risk (Oxford: Westview Press, 1992); John Abraham, 'Scientific Standards and Institutional Interests: Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Benoxaprofen in the UK and US', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23, No. 3 (August 1993), 387-444; Simon Carter, 'Boundaries of Danger and Uncertainty: An Analysis of the Technological Culture of Risk Assessment', in Jonathan Gabe (ed.), Medicine, Health and Risk: Sociological Approaches (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 133-50.
6. Brendan Gillespie, Dave Eva and Ron Johnston, 'Carcinogenic Risk Assessment in the United States and Great Britain: The Case of Aldrin/Dieldrin', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 9, No. 3 (August 1979), 265-301; Brian L. Campbell, 'Uncertainty as Symbolic Action in Disputes Among Experts', ibid., Vol. 15, No. 3 (August 1985), 429-53; Sheila Jasanoff, 'Cultural Aspects of Risk Assessment in Britain and United States', in Branden D. Johnson and Vincent T. Covello (eds), The Social and Cultural Construction of Risk (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1987), 359-97; Frances M. Lynn, 'OSHA's Carcinogens Standard: Round One on Risk Assessment Models and Assumptions', ibid., 345-58; Brian Wynne, 'Risk Assessment of Technological Systems: Dimensions of Uncertainty', in Wynne, Risk Management and Hazardous Waste: Implementation and the Dialectics of Credibility (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987), 269-310; Wynne, 'Unruly Technology: Practical Rules, Impractical Discourses and Public Understanding', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 18, No. 1 (February 1988), 147-67; Wynne, 'Uncertainty and Environmental Learning: Reconceiving Science and Policy in the Preventive Paradigm', Global Environmental Change, Vol. 2 (1992), 111-27; Arie Rip and Peter Groenewegen, 'Les Faits Scientifique à l'Épreuve de la Politique', in Michel Callon (ed.), La science et ses réseaux: Genèse et circulation des faits scientifiques (Paris: La Découverte/Conseil de l'Europe/Unesco, 1989), 149-72; Josée van Eijndhoven and Peter Groenewegen, 'The Construction of Expert Advice on Health Risks', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 21, No. 2 (May 1991), 257-78; Silvio O. Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz, 'Uncertainties and Ignorance in Policy Analysis', Risk Analysis, Vol. 4 (1984), 219-20; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Three Types of Risk Assessment: A Methodological Analysis', in V.T. Covello, Jerry L. Mumpower, Pieter J.M. Stalen and V.R.R. Uppuluri (eds), Environmental Impact Assessment, Technology Assessment and Risk Analysis: Contributions from the Psychological and Decision Sciences (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985), 831-48; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'A Framework for the Analysis of Emergencies', in Aniello Amendola and Bruna de Marchi (eds), Workshop on Emergency Management (Ispra, Italy: Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics, EC-JRC, 1993), 33-42; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Riesgo Global, Incertidumbre e Ignorancia', in Funtowicz and Ravetz, Epistemologia Politica: Ciencia con la Gente (Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1993), 11-42; James F. Short, Jr and Lee Clarke (eds), Organizations, Uncertainties and Risk (Oxford: Westview Press, 1992); John Abraham, 'Scientific Standards and Institutional Interests: Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Benoxaprofen in the UK and US', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23, No. 3 (August 1993), 387-444; Simon Carter, 'Boundaries of Danger and Uncertainty: An Analysis of the Technological Culture of Risk Assessment', in Jonathan Gabe (ed.), Medicine, Health and Risk: Sociological Approaches (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 133-50.
7. Brendan Gillespie, Dave Eva and Ron Johnston, 'Carcinogenic Risk Assessment in the United States and Great Britain: The Case of Aldrin/Dieldrin', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 9, No. 3 (August 1979), 265-301; Brian L. Campbell, 'Uncertainty as Symbolic Action in Disputes Among Experts', ibid., Vol. 15, No. 3 (August 1985), 429-53; Sheila Jasanoff, 'Cultural Aspects of Risk Assessment in Britain and United States', in Branden D. Johnson and Vincent T. Covello (eds), The Social and Cultural Construction of Risk (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1987), 359-97; Frances M. Lynn, 'OSHA's Carcinogens Standard: Round One on Risk Assessment Models and Assumptions', ibid., 345-58; Brian Wynne, 'Risk Assessment of Technological Systems: Dimensions of Uncertainty', in Wynne, Risk Management and Hazardous Waste: Implementation and the Dialectics of Credibility (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987), 269-310; Wynne, 'Unruly Technology: Practical Rules, Impractical Discourses and Public Understanding', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 18, No. 1 (February 1988), 147-67; Wynne, 'Uncertainty and Environmental Learning: Reconceiving Science and Policy in the Preventive Paradigm', Global Environmental Change, Vol. 2 (1992), 111-27; Arie Rip and Peter Groenewegen, 'Les Faits Scientifique à l'Épreuve de la Politique', in Michel Callon (ed.), La science et ses réseaux: Genèse et circulation des faits scientifiques (Paris: La Découverte/Conseil de l'Europe/Unesco, 1989), 149-72; Josée van Eijndhoven and Peter Groenewegen, 'The Construction of Expert Advice on Health Risks', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 21, No. 2 (May 1991), 257-78; Silvio O. Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz, 'Uncertainties and Ignorance in Policy Analysis', Risk Analysis, Vol. 4 (1984), 219-20; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Three Types of Risk Assessment: A Methodological Analysis', in V.T. Covello, Jerry L. Mumpower, Pieter J.M. Stalen and V.R.R. Uppuluri (eds), Environmental Impact Assessment, Technology Assessment and Risk Analysis: Contributions from the Psychological and Decision Sciences (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985), 831-48; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'A Framework for the Analysis of Emergencies', in Aniello Amendola and Bruna de Marchi (eds), Workshop on Emergency Management (Ispra, Italy: Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics, EC-JRC, 1993), 33-42; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Riesgo Global, Incertidumbre e Ignorancia', in Funtowicz and Ravetz, Epistemologia Politica: Ciencia con la Gente (Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1993), 11-42; James F. Short, Jr and Lee Clarke (eds), Organizations, Uncertainties and Risk (Oxford: Westview Press, 1992); John Abraham, 'Scientific Standards and Institutional Interests: Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Benoxaprofen in the UK and US', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23, No. 3 (August 1993), 387-444; Simon Carter, 'Boundaries of Danger and Uncertainty: An Analysis of the Technological Culture of Risk Assessment', in Jonathan Gabe (ed.), Medicine, Health and Risk: Sociological Approaches (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 133-50.
8. Brendan Gillespie, Dave Eva and Ron Johnston, 'Carcinogenic Risk Assessment in the United States and Great Britain: The Case of Aldrin/Dieldrin', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 9, No. 3 (August 1979), 265-301; Brian L. Campbell, 'Uncertainty as Symbolic Action in Disputes Among Experts', ibid., Vol. 15, No. 3 (August 1985), 429-53; Sheila Jasanoff, 'Cultural Aspects of Risk Assessment in Britain and United States', in Branden D. Johnson and Vincent T. Covello (eds), The Social and Cultural Construction of Risk (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1987), 359-97; Frances M. Lynn, 'OSHA's Carcinogens Standard: Round One on Risk Assessment Models and Assumptions', ibid., 345-58; Brian Wynne, 'Risk Assessment of Technological Systems: Dimensions of Uncertainty', in Wynne, Risk Management and Hazardous Waste: Implementation and the Dialectics of Credibility (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987), 269-310; Wynne, 'Unruly Technology: Practical Rules, Impractical Discourses and Public Understanding', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 18, No. 1 (February 1988), 147-67; Wynne, 'Uncertainty and Environmental Learning: Reconceiving Science and Policy in the Preventive Paradigm', Global Environmental Change, Vol. 2 (1992), 111-27; Arie Rip and Peter Groenewegen, 'Les Faits Scientifique à l'Épreuve de la Politique', in Michel Callon (ed.), La science et ses réseaux: Genèse et circulation des faits scientifiques (Paris: La Découverte/Conseil de l'Europe/Unesco, 1989), 149-72; Josée van Eijndhoven and Peter Groenewegen, 'The Construction of Expert Advice on Health Risks', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 21, No. 2 (May 1991), 257-78; Silvio O. Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz, 'Uncertainties and Ignorance in Policy Analysis', Risk Analysis, Vol. 4 (1984), 219-20; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Three Types of Risk Assessment: A Methodological Analysis', in V.T. Covello, Jerry L. Mumpower, Pieter J.M. Stalen and V.R.R. Uppuluri (eds), Environmental Impact Assessment, Technology Assessment and Risk Analysis: Contributions from the Psychological and Decision Sciences (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985), 831-48; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'A Framework for the Analysis of Emergencies', in Aniello Amendola and Bruna de Marchi (eds), Workshop on Emergency Management (Ispra, Italy: Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics, EC-JRC, 1993), 33-42; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Riesgo Global, Incertidumbre e Ignorancia', in Funtowicz and Ravetz, Epistemologia Politica: Ciencia con la Gente (Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1993), 11-42; James F. Short, Jr and Lee Clarke (eds), Organizations, Uncertainties and Risk (Oxford: Westview Press, 1992); John Abraham, 'Scientific Standards and Institutional Interests: Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Benoxaprofen in the UK and US', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23, No. 3 (August 1993), 387-444; Simon Carter, 'Boundaries of Danger and Uncertainty: An Analysis of the Technological Culture of Risk Assessment', in Jonathan Gabe (ed.), Medicine, Health and Risk: Sociological Approaches (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 133-50.
9. Brendan Gillespie, Dave Eva and Ron Johnston, 'Carcinogenic Risk Assessment in the United States and Great Britain: The Case of Aldrin/Dieldrin', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 9, No. 3 (August 1979), 265-301; Brian L. Campbell, 'Uncertainty as Symbolic Action in Disputes Among Experts', ibid., Vol. 15, No. 3 (August 1985), 429-53; Sheila Jasanoff, 'Cultural Aspects of Risk Assessment in Britain and United States', in Branden D. Johnson and Vincent T. Covello (eds), The Social and Cultural Construction of Risk (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1987), 359-97; Frances M. Lynn, 'OSHA's Carcinogens Standard: Round One on Risk Assessment Models and Assumptions', ibid., 345-58; Brian Wynne, 'Risk Assessment of Technological Systems: Dimensions of Uncertainty', in Wynne, Risk Management and Hazardous Waste: Implementation and the Dialectics of Credibility (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987), 269-310; Wynne, 'Unruly Technology: Practical Rules, Impractical Discourses and Public Understanding', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 18, No. 1 (February 1988), 147-67; Wynne, 'Uncertainty and Environmental Learning: Reconceiving Science and Policy in the Preventive Paradigm', Global Environmental Change, Vol. 2 (1992), 111-27; Arie Rip and Peter Groenewegen, 'Les Faits Scientifique à l'Épreuve de la Politique', in Michel Callon (ed.), La science et ses réseaux: Genèse et circulation des faits scientifiques (Paris: La Découverte/Conseil de l'Europe/Unesco, 1989), 149-72; Josée van Eijndhoven and Peter Groenewegen, 'The Construction of Expert Advice on Health Risks', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 21, No. 2 (May 1991), 257-78; Silvio O. Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz, 'Uncertainties and Ignorance in Policy Analysis', Risk Analysis, Vol. 4 (1984), 219-20; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Three Types of Risk Assessment: A Methodological Analysis', in V.T. Covello, Jerry L. Mumpower, Pieter J.M. Stalen and V.R.R. Uppuluri (eds), Environmental Impact Assessment, Technology Assessment and Risk Analysis: Contributions from the Psychological and Decision Sciences (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985), 831-48; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'A Framework for the Analysis of Emergencies', in Aniello Amendola and Bruna de Marchi (eds), Workshop on Emergency Management (Ispra, Italy: Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics, EC-JRC, 1993), 33-42; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Riesgo Global, Incertidumbre e Ignorancia', in Funtowicz and Ravetz, Epistemologia Politica: Ciencia con la Gente (Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1993), 11-42; James F. Short, Jr and Lee Clarke (eds), Organizations, Uncertainties and Risk (Oxford: Westview Press, 1992); John Abraham, 'Scientific Standards and Institutional Interests: Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Benoxaprofen in the UK and US', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23, No. 3 (August 1993), 387-444; Simon Carter, 'Boundaries of Danger and Uncertainty: An Analysis of the Technological Culture of Risk Assessment', in Jonathan Gabe (ed.), Medicine, Health and Risk: Sociological Approaches (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 133-50.
10. Brendan Gillespie, Dave Eva and Ron Johnston, 'Carcinogenic Risk Assessment in the United States and Great Britain: The Case of Aldrin/Dieldrin', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 9, No. 3 (August 1979), 265-301; Brian L. Campbell, 'Uncertainty as Symbolic Action in Disputes Among Experts', ibid., Vol. 15, No. 3 (August 1985), 429-53; Sheila Jasanoff, 'Cultural Aspects of Risk Assessment in Britain and United States', in Branden D. Johnson and Vincent T. Covello (eds), The Social and Cultural Construction of Risk (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1987), 359-97; Frances M. Lynn, 'OSHA's Carcinogens Standard: Round One on Risk Assessment Models and Assumptions', ibid., 345-58; Brian Wynne, 'Risk Assessment of Technological Systems: Dimensions of Uncertainty', in Wynne, Risk Management and Hazardous Waste: Implementation and the Dialectics of Credibility (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987), 269-310; Wynne, 'Unruly Technology: Practical Rules, Impractical Discourses and Public Understanding', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 18, No. 1 (February 1988), 147-67; Wynne, 'Uncertainty and Environmental Learning: Reconceiving Science and Policy in the Preventive Paradigm', Global Environmental Change, Vol. 2 (1992), 111-27; Arie Rip and Peter Groenewegen, 'Les Faits Scientifique à l'Épreuve de la Politique', in Michel Callon (ed.), La science et ses réseaux: Genèse et circulation des faits scientifiques (Paris: La Découverte/Conseil de l'Europe/Unesco, 1989), 149-72; Josée van Eijndhoven and Peter Groenewegen, 'The Construction of Expert Advice on Health Risks', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 21, No. 2 (May 1991), 257-78; Silvio O. Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz, 'Uncertainties and Ignorance in Policy Analysis', Risk Analysis, Vol. 4 (1984), 219-20; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Three Types of Risk Assessment: A Methodological Analysis', in V.T. Covello, Jerry L. Mumpower, Pieter J.M. Stalen and V.R.R. Uppuluri (eds), Environmental Impact Assessment, Technology Assessment and Risk Analysis: Contributions from the Psychological and Decision Sciences (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985), 831-48; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'A Framework for the Analysis of Emergencies', in Aniello Amendola and Bruna de Marchi (eds), Workshop on Emergency Management (Ispra, Italy: Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics, EC-JRC, 1993), 33-42; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Riesgo Global, Incertidumbre e Ignorancia', in Funtowicz and Ravetz, Epistemologia Politica: Ciencia con la Gente (Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1993), 11-42; James F. Short, Jr and Lee Clarke (eds), Organizations, Uncertainties and Risk (Oxford: Westview Press, 1992); John Abraham, 'Scientific Standards and Institutional Interests: Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Benoxaprofen in the UK and US', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23, No. 3 (August 1993), 387-444; Simon Carter, 'Boundaries of Danger and Uncertainty: An Analysis of the Technological Culture of Risk Assessment', in Jonathan Gabe (ed.), Medicine, Health and Risk: Sociological Approaches (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 133-50.
11. Brendan Gillespie, Dave Eva and Ron Johnston, 'Carcinogenic Risk Assessment in the United States and Great Britain: The Case of Aldrin/Dieldrin', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 9, No. 3 (August 1979), 265-301; Brian L. Campbell, 'Uncertainty as Symbolic Action in Disputes Among Experts', ibid., Vol. 15, No. 3 (August 1985), 429-53; Sheila Jasanoff, 'Cultural Aspects of Risk Assessment in Britain and United States', in Branden D. Johnson and Vincent T. Covello (eds), The Social and Cultural Construction of Risk (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1987), 359-97; Frances M. Lynn, 'OSHA's Carcinogens Standard: Round One on Risk Assessment Models and Assumptions', ibid., 345-58; Brian Wynne, 'Risk Assessment of Technological Systems: Dimensions of Uncertainty', in Wynne, Risk Management and Hazardous Waste: Implementation and the Dialectics of Credibility (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987), 269-310; Wynne, 'Unruly Technology: Practical Rules, Impractical Discourses and Public Understanding', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 18, No. 1 (February 1988), 147-67; Wynne, 'Uncertainty and Environmental Learning: Reconceiving Science and Policy in the Preventive Paradigm', Global Environmental Change, Vol. 2 (1992), 111-27; Arie Rip and Peter Groenewegen, 'Les Faits Scientifique à l'Épreuve de la Politique', in Michel Callon (ed.), La science et ses réseaux: Genèse et circulation des faits scientifiques (Paris: La Découverte/Conseil de l'Europe/Unesco, 1989), 149-72; Josée van Eijndhoven and Peter Groenewegen, 'The Construction of Expert Advice on Health Risks', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 21, No. 2 (May 1991), 257-78; Silvio O. Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz, 'Uncertainties and Ignorance in Policy Analysis', Risk Analysis, Vol. 4 (1984), 219-20; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Three Types of Risk Assessment: A Methodological Analysis', in V.T. Covello, Jerry L. Mumpower, Pieter J.M. Stalen and V.R.R. Uppuluri (eds), Environmental Impact Assessment, Technology Assessment and Risk Analysis: Contributions from the Psychological and Decision Sciences (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985), 831-48; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'A Framework for the Analysis of Emergencies', in Aniello Amendola and Bruna de Marchi (eds), Workshop on Emergency Management (Ispra, Italy: Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics, EC-JRC, 1993), 33-42; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Riesgo Global, Incertidumbre e Ignorancia', in Funtowicz and Ravetz, Epistemologia Politica: Ciencia con la Gente (Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1993), 11-42; James F. Short, Jr and Lee Clarke (eds), Organizations, Uncertainties and Risk (Oxford: Westview Press, 1992); John Abraham, 'Scientific Standards and Institutional Interests: Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Benoxaprofen in the UK and US', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23, No. 3 (August 1993), 387-444; Simon Carter, 'Boundaries of Danger and Uncertainty: An Analysis of the Technological Culture of Risk Assessment', in Jonathan Gabe (ed.), Medicine, Health and Risk: Sociological Approaches (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 133-50.
12. Brendan Gillespie, Dave Eva and Ron Johnston, 'Carcinogenic Risk Assessment in the United States and Great Britain: The Case of Aldrin/Dieldrin', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 9, No. 3 (August 1979), 265-301; Brian L. Campbell, 'Uncertainty as Symbolic Action in Disputes Among Experts', ibid., Vol. 15, No. 3 (August 1985), 429-53; Sheila Jasanoff, 'Cultural Aspects of Risk Assessment in Britain and United States', in Branden D. Johnson and Vincent T. Covello (eds), The Social and Cultural Construction of Risk (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1987), 359-97; Frances M. Lynn, 'OSHA's Carcinogens Standard: Round One on Risk Assessment Models and Assumptions', ibid., 345-58; Brian Wynne, 'Risk Assessment of Technological Systems: Dimensions of Uncertainty', in Wynne, Risk Management and Hazardous Waste: Implementation and the Dialectics of Credibility (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987), 269-310; Wynne, 'Unruly Technology: Practical Rules, Impractical Discourses and Public Understanding', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 18, No. 1 (February 1988), 147-67; Wynne, 'Uncertainty and Environmental Learning: Reconceiving Science and Policy in the Preventive Paradigm', Global Environmental Change, Vol. 2 (1992), 111-27; Arie Rip and Peter Groenewegen, 'Les Faits Scientifique à l'Épreuve de la Politique', in Michel Callon (ed.), La science et ses réseaux: Genèse et circulation des faits scientifiques (Paris: La Découverte/Conseil de l'Europe/Unesco, 1989), 149-72; Josée van Eijndhoven and Peter Groenewegen, 'The Construction of Expert Advice on Health Risks', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 21, No. 2 (May 1991), 257-78; Silvio O. Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz, 'Uncertainties and Ignorance in Policy Analysis', Risk Analysis, Vol. 4 (1984), 219-20; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Three Types of Risk Assessment: A Methodological Analysis', in V.T. Covello, Jerry L. Mumpower, Pieter J.M. Stalen and V.R.R. Uppuluri (eds), Environmental Impact Assessment, Technology Assessment and Risk Analysis: Contributions from the Psychological and Decision Sciences (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985), 831-48; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'A Framework for the Analysis of Emergencies', in Aniello Amendola and Bruna de Marchi (eds), Workshop on Emergency Management (Ispra, Italy: Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics, EC-JRC, 1993), 33-42; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Riesgo Global, Incertidumbre e Ignorancia', in Funtowicz and Ravetz, Epistemologia Politica: Ciencia con la Gente (Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1993), 11-42; James F. Short, Jr and Lee Clarke (eds), Organizations, Uncertainties and Risk (Oxford: Westview Press, 1992); John Abraham, 'Scientific Standards and Institutional Interests: Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Benoxaprofen in the UK and US', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23, No. 3 (August 1993), 387-444; Simon Carter, 'Boundaries of Danger and Uncertainty: An Analysis of the Technological Culture of Risk Assessment', in Jonathan Gabe (ed.), Medicine, Health and Risk: Sociological Approaches (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 133-50.
13. Brendan Gillespie, Dave Eva and Ron Johnston, 'Carcinogenic Risk Assessment in the United States and Great Britain: The Case of Aldrin/Dieldrin', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 9, No. 3 (August 1979), 265-301; Brian L. Campbell, 'Uncertainty as Symbolic Action in Disputes Among Experts', ibid., Vol. 15, No. 3 (August 1985), 429-53; Sheila Jasanoff, 'Cultural Aspects of Risk Assessment in Britain and United States', in Branden D. Johnson and Vincent T. Covello (eds), The Social and Cultural Construction of Risk (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1987), 359-97; Frances M. Lynn, 'OSHA's Carcinogens Standard: Round One on Risk Assessment Models and Assumptions', ibid., 345-58; Brian Wynne, 'Risk Assessment of Technological Systems: Dimensions of Uncertainty', in Wynne, Risk Management and Hazardous Waste: Implementation and the Dialectics of Credibility (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987), 269-310; Wynne, 'Unruly Technology: Practical Rules, Impractical Discourses and Public Understanding', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 18, No. 1 (February 1988), 147-67; Wynne, 'Uncertainty and Environmental Learning: Reconceiving Science and Policy in the Preventive Paradigm', Global Environmental Change, Vol. 2 (1992), 111-27; Arie Rip and Peter Groenewegen, 'Les Faits Scientifique à l'Épreuve de la Politique', in Michel Callon (ed.), La science et ses réseaux: Genèse et circulation des faits scientifiques (Paris: La Découverte/Conseil de l'Europe/Unesco, 1989), 149-72; Josée van Eijndhoven and Peter Groenewegen, 'The Construction of Expert Advice on Health Risks', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 21, No. 2 (May 1991), 257-78; Silvio O. Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz, 'Uncertainties and Ignorance in Policy Analysis', Risk Analysis, Vol. 4 (1984), 219-20; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Three Types of Risk Assessment: A Methodological Analysis', in V.T. Covello, Jerry L. Mumpower, Pieter J.M. Stalen and V.R.R. Uppuluri (eds), Environmental Impact Assessment, Technology Assessment and Risk Analysis: Contributions from the Psychological and Decision Sciences (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985), 831-48; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'A Framework for the Analysis of Emergencies', in Aniello Amendola and Bruna de Marchi (eds), Workshop on Emergency Management (Ispra, Italy: Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics, EC-JRC, 1993), 33-42; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Riesgo Global, Incertidumbre e Ignorancia', in Funtowicz and Ravetz, Epistemologia Politica: Ciencia con la Gente (Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1993), 11-42; James F. Short, Jr and Lee Clarke (eds), Organizations, Uncertainties and Risk (Oxford: Westview Press, 1992); John Abraham, 'Scientific Standards and Institutional Interests: Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Benoxaprofen in the UK and US', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23, No. 3 (August 1993), 387-444; Simon Carter, 'Boundaries of Danger and Uncertainty: An Analysis of the Technological Culture of Risk Assessment', in Jonathan Gabe (ed.), Medicine, Health and Risk: Sociological Approaches (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 133-50.
14. Brendan Gillespie, Dave Eva and Ron Johnston, 'Carcinogenic Risk Assessment in the United States and Great Britain: The Case of Aldrin/Dieldrin', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 9, No. 3 (August 1979), 265-301; Brian L. Campbell, 'Uncertainty as Symbolic Action in Disputes Among Experts', ibid., Vol. 15, No. 3 (August 1985), 429-53; Sheila Jasanoff, 'Cultural Aspects of Risk Assessment in Britain and United States', in Branden D. Johnson and Vincent T. Covello (eds), The Social and Cultural Construction of Risk (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1987), 359-97; Frances M. Lynn, 'OSHA's Carcinogens Standard: Round One on Risk Assessment Models and Assumptions', ibid., 345-58; Brian Wynne, 'Risk Assessment of Technological Systems: Dimensions of Uncertainty', in Wynne, Risk Management and Hazardous Waste: Implementation and the Dialectics of Credibility (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987), 269-310; Wynne, 'Unruly Technology: Practical Rules, Impractical Discourses and Public Understanding', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 18, No. 1 (February 1988), 147-67; Wynne, 'Uncertainty and Environmental Learning: Reconceiving Science and Policy in the Preventive Paradigm', Global Environmental Change, Vol. 2 (1992), 111-27; Arie Rip and Peter Groenewegen, 'Les Faits Scientifique à l'Épreuve de la Politique', in Michel Callon (ed.), La science et ses réseaux: Genèse et circulation des faits scientifiques (Paris: La Découverte/Conseil de l'Europe/Unesco, 1989), 149-72; Josée van Eijndhoven and Peter Groenewegen, 'The Construction of Expert Advice on Health Risks', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 21, No. 2 (May 1991), 257-78; Silvio O. Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz, 'Uncertainties and Ignorance in Policy Analysis', Risk Analysis, Vol. 4 (1984), 219-20; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Three Types of Risk Assessment: A Methodological Analysis', in V.T. Covello, Jerry L. Mumpower, Pieter J.M. Stalen and V.R.R. Uppuluri (eds), Environmental Impact Assessment, Technology Assessment and Risk Analysis: Contributions from the Psychological and Decision Sciences (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985), 831-48; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'A Framework for the Analysis of Emergencies', in Aniello Amendola and Bruna de Marchi (eds), Workshop on Emergency Management (Ispra, Italy: Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics, EC-JRC, 1993), 33-42; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Riesgo Global, Incertidumbre e Ignorancia', in Funtowicz and Ravetz, Epistemologia Politica: Ciencia con la Gente (Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1993), 11-42; James F. Short, Jr and Lee Clarke (eds), Organizations, Uncertainties and Risk (Oxford: Westview Press, 1992); John Abraham, 'Scientific Standards and Institutional Interests: Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Benoxaprofen in the UK and US', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23, No. 3 (August 1993), 387-444; Simon Carter, 'Boundaries of Danger and Uncertainty: An Analysis of the Technological Culture of Risk Assessment', in Jonathan Gabe (ed.), Medicine, Health and Risk: Sociological Approaches (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 133-50.
15. Brendan Gillespie, Dave Eva and Ron Johnston, 'Carcinogenic Risk Assessment in the United States and Great Britain: The Case of Aldrin/Dieldrin', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 9, No. 3 (August 1979), 265-301; Brian L. Campbell, 'Uncertainty as Symbolic Action in Disputes Among Experts', ibid., Vol. 15, No. 3 (August 1985), 429-53; Sheila Jasanoff, 'Cultural Aspects of Risk Assessment in Britain and United States', in Branden D. Johnson and Vincent T. Covello (eds), The Social and Cultural Construction of Risk (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1987), 359-97; Frances M. Lynn, 'OSHA's Carcinogens Standard: Round One on Risk Assessment Models and Assumptions', ibid., 345-58; Brian Wynne, 'Risk Assessment of Technological Systems: Dimensions of Uncertainty', in Wynne, Risk Management and Hazardous Waste: Implementation and the Dialectics of Credibility (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987), 269-310; Wynne, 'Unruly Technology: Practical Rules, Impractical Discourses and Public Understanding', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 18, No. 1 (February 1988), 147-67; Wynne, 'Uncertainty and Environmental Learning: Reconceiving Science and Policy in the Preventive Paradigm', Global Environmental Change, Vol. 2 (1992), 111-27; Arie Rip and Peter Groenewegen, 'Les Faits Scientifique à l'Épreuve de la Politique', in Michel Callon (ed.), La science et ses réseaux: Genèse et circulation des faits scientifiques (Paris: La Découverte/Conseil de l'Europe/Unesco, 1989), 149-72; Josée van Eijndhoven and Peter Groenewegen, 'The Construction of Expert Advice on Health Risks', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 21, No. 2 (May 1991), 257-78; Silvio O. Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz, 'Uncertainties and Ignorance in Policy Analysis', Risk Analysis, Vol. 4 (1984), 219-20; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Three Types of Risk Assessment: A Methodological Analysis', in V.T. Covello, Jerry L. Mumpower, Pieter J.M. Stalen and V.R.R. Uppuluri (eds), Environmental Impact Assessment, Technology Assessment and Risk Analysis: Contributions from the Psychological and Decision Sciences (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985), 831-48; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'A Framework for the Analysis of Emergencies', in Aniello Amendola and Bruna de Marchi (eds), Workshop on Emergency Management (Ispra, Italy: Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics, EC-JRC, 1993), 33-42; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Riesgo Global, Incertidumbre e Ignorancia', in Funtowicz and Ravetz, Epistemologia Politica: Ciencia con la Gente (Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1993), 11-42; James F. Short, Jr and Lee Clarke (eds), Organizations, Uncertainties and Risk (Oxford: Westview Press, 1992); John Abraham, 'Scientific Standards and Institutional Interests: Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Benoxaprofen in the UK and US', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23, No. 3 (August 1993), 387-444; Simon Carter, 'Boundaries of Danger and Uncertainty: An Analysis of the Technological Culture of Risk Assessment', in Jonathan Gabe (ed.), Medicine, Health and Risk: Sociological Approaches (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 133-50.
16. Brendan Gillespie, Dave Eva and Ron Johnston, 'Carcinogenic Risk Assessment in the United States and Great Britain: The Case of Aldrin/Dieldrin', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 9, No. 3 (August 1979), 265-301; Brian L. Campbell, 'Uncertainty as Symbolic Action in Disputes Among Experts', ibid., Vol. 15, No. 3 (August 1985), 429-53; Sheila Jasanoff, 'Cultural Aspects of Risk Assessment in Britain and United States', in Branden D. Johnson and Vincent T. Covello (eds), The Social and Cultural Construction of Risk (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1987), 359-97; Frances M. Lynn, 'OSHA's Carcinogens Standard: Round One on Risk Assessment Models and Assumptions', ibid., 345-58; Brian Wynne, 'Risk Assessment of Technological Systems: Dimensions of Uncertainty', in Wynne, Risk Management and Hazardous Waste: Implementation and the Dialectics of Credibility (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987), 269-310; Wynne, 'Unruly Technology: Practical Rules, Impractical Discourses and Public Understanding', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 18, No. 1 (February 1988), 147-67; Wynne, 'Uncertainty and Environmental Learning: Reconceiving Science and Policy in the Preventive Paradigm', Global Environmental Change, Vol. 2 (1992), 111-27; Arie Rip and Peter Groenewegen, 'Les Faits Scientifique à l'Épreuve de la Politique', in Michel Callon (ed.), La science et ses réseaux: Genèse et circulation des faits scientifiques (Paris: La Découverte/Conseil de l'Europe/Unesco, 1989), 149-72; Josée van Eijndhoven and Peter Groenewegen, 'The Construction of Expert Advice on Health Risks', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 21, No. 2 (May 1991), 257-78; Silvio O. Funtowicz and Jerome R. Ravetz, 'Uncertainties and Ignorance in Policy Analysis', Risk Analysis, Vol. 4 (1984), 219-20; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Three Types of Risk Assessment: A Methodological Analysis', in V.T. Covello, Jerry L. Mumpower, Pieter J.M. Stalen and V.R.R. Uppuluri (eds), Environmental Impact Assessment, Technology Assessment and Risk Analysis: Contributions from the Psychological and Decision Sciences (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985), 831-48; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'A Framework for the Analysis of Emergencies', in Aniello Amendola and Bruna de Marchi (eds), Workshop on Emergency Management (Ispra, Italy: Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics, EC-JRC, 1993), 33-42; Funtowicz and Ravetz, 'Riesgo Global, Incertidumbre e Ignorancia', in Funtowicz and Ravetz, Epistemologia Politica: Ciencia con la Gente (Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina, 1993), 11-42; James F. Short, Jr and Lee Clarke (eds), Organizations, Uncertainties and Risk (Oxford: Westview Press, 1992); John Abraham, 'Scientific Standards and Institutional Interests: Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Benoxaprofen in the UK and US', Social Studies of Science, Vol. 23, No. 3 (August 1993), 387-444; Simon Carter, 'Boundaries of Danger and Uncertainty: An Analysis of the Technological Culture of Risk Assessment', in Jonathan Gabe (ed.), Medicine, Health and Risk: Sociological Approaches (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 133-50.
17. Wynne (1987), op. cit. note 1.
18. Funtowicz & Ravetz, 'Framework' (1993), op. cit. note 1.
19. Rip & Groenewegen, op. cit. note 1.
20. Eijndhoven & Groenewegen, op. cit. note 1.
21. For the notion of 'translations' see, for example: Michel Callon, 'Struggles and Negotiations to Decide What Is Problematic and What Is Not: The Socio-Logics of Translation', in Karin Knorr-Cetina, Roger Krohn and Richard Whitley (eds), The Social Process of Scientific Investigation, Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook No. 4 (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1980), 197-219; Callon and Bruno Latour, 'Les paradoxes de la modernité: Comment concevoir les innovations?', Prospective et Santé, Vol. 36 (1985), 13-25; Callon, 'The Sociology of an Actor-Network: The Case of the Electric Vehicle', in Callon, John Law and Arie Rip (eds), Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology: Sociology of Science in the Real World (London: Macmillan, 1986), 19-34; Callon, 'Society in the Making: The Study of Technology as a Tool for Sociological Analysis', in Wiebe Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes and Trevor Pinch (eds), The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987), 83-103; Callon, 'Introduction', in Callon (ed.), op. cit. note 1, 7-33; Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2nd edn, 1986); Latour, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987).
22. For the notion of 'translations' see, for example: Michel Callon, 'Struggles and Negotiations to Decide What Is Problematic and What Is Not: The Socio-Logics of Translation', in Karin Knorr-Cetina, Roger Krohn and Richard Whitley (eds), The Social Process of Scientific Investigation, Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook No. 4 (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1980), 197-219; Callon and Bruno Latour, 'Les paradoxes de la modernité: Comment concevoir les innovations?', Prospective et Santé, Vol. 36 (1985), 13-25; Callon, 'The Sociology of an Actor-Network: The Case of the Electric Vehicle', in Callon, John Law and Arie Rip (eds), Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology: Sociology of Science in the Real World (London: Macmillan, 1986), 19-34; Callon, 'Society in the Making: The Study of Technology as a Tool for Sociological Analysis', in Wiebe Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes and Trevor Pinch (eds), The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987), 83-103; Callon, 'Introduction', in Callon (ed.), op. cit. note 1, 7-33; Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2nd edn, 1986); Latour, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987).
23. For the notion of 'translations' see, for example: Michel Callon, 'Struggles and Negotiations to Decide What Is Problematic and What Is Not: The Socio-Logics of Translation', in Karin Knorr-Cetina, Roger Krohn and Richard Whitley (eds), The Social Process of Scientific Investigation, Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook No. 4 (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1980), 197-219; Callon and Bruno Latour, 'Les paradoxes de la modernité: Comment concevoir les innovations?', Prospective et Santé, Vol. 36 (1985), 13-25; Callon, 'The Sociology of an Actor-Network: The Case of the Electric Vehicle', in Callon, John Law and Arie Rip (eds), Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology: Sociology of Science in the Real World (London: Macmillan, 1986), 19-34; Callon, 'Society in the Making: The Study of Technology as a Tool for Sociological Analysis', in Wiebe Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes and Trevor Pinch (eds), The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987), 83-103; Callon, 'Introduction', in Callon (ed.), op. cit. note 1, 7-33; Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2nd edn, 1986); Latour, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987).
24. For the notion of 'translations' see, for example: Michel Callon, 'Struggles and Negotiations to Decide What Is Problematic and What Is Not: The Socio-Logics of Translation', in Karin Knorr-Cetina, Roger Krohn and Richard Whitley (eds), The Social Process of Scientific Investigation, Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook No. 4 (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1980), 197-219; Callon and Bruno Latour, 'Les paradoxes de la modernité: Comment concevoir les innovations?', Prospective et Santé, Vol. 36 (1985), 13-25; Callon, 'The Sociology of an Actor-Network: The Case of the Electric Vehicle', in Callon, John Law and Arie Rip (eds), Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology: Sociology of Science in the Real World (London: Macmillan, 1986), 19-34; Callon, 'Society in the Making: The Study of Technology as a Tool for Sociological Analysis', in Wiebe Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes and Trevor Pinch (eds), The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987), 83-103; Callon, 'Introduction', in Callon (ed.), op. cit. note 1, 7-33; Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2nd edn, 1986); Latour, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987).
25. For the notion of 'translations' see, for example: Michel Callon, 'Struggles and Negotiations to Decide What Is Problematic and What Is Not: The Socio-Logics of Translation', in Karin Knorr-Cetina, Roger Krohn and Richard Whitley (eds), The Social Process of Scientific Investigation, Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook No. 4 (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1980), 197-219; Callon and Bruno Latour, 'Les paradoxes de la modernité: Comment concevoir les innovations?', Prospective et Santé, Vol. 36 (1985), 13-25; Callon, 'The Sociology of an Actor-Network: The Case of the Electric Vehicle', in Callon, John Law and Arie Rip (eds), Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology: Sociology of Science in the Real World (London: Macmillan, 1986), 19-34; Callon, 'Society in the Making: The Study of Technology as a Tool for Sociological Analysis', in Wiebe Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes and Trevor Pinch (eds), The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987), 83-103; Callon, 'Introduction', in Callon (ed.), op. cit. note 1, 7-33; Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2nd edn, 1986); Latour, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987).
26. For the notion of 'translations' see, for example: Michel Callon, 'Struggles and Negotiations to Decide What Is Problematic and What Is Not: The Socio-Logics of Translation', in Karin Knorr-Cetina, Roger Krohn and Richard Whitley (eds), The Social Process of Scientific Investigation, Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook No. 4 (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1980), 197-219; Callon and Bruno Latour, 'Les paradoxes de la modernité: Comment concevoir les innovations?', Prospective et Santé, Vol. 36 (1985), 13-25; Callon, 'The Sociology of an Actor-Network: The Case of the Electric Vehicle', in Callon, John Law and Arie Rip (eds), Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology: Sociology of Science in the Real World (London: Macmillan, 1986), 19-34; Callon, 'Society in the Making: The Study of Technology as a Tool for Sociological Analysis', in Wiebe Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes and Trevor Pinch (eds), The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987), 83-103; Callon, 'Introduction', in Callon (ed.), op. cit. note 1, 7-33; Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2nd edn, 1986); Latour, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987).
27. For the notion of 'translations' see, for example: Michel Callon, 'Struggles and Negotiations to Decide What Is Problematic and What Is Not: The Socio-Logics of Translation', in Karin Knorr-Cetina, Roger Krohn and Richard Whitley (eds), The Social Process of Scientific Investigation, Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook No. 4 (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1980), 197-219; Callon and Bruno Latour, 'Les paradoxes de la modernité: Comment concevoir les innovations?', Prospective et Santé, Vol. 36 (1985), 13-25; Callon, 'The Sociology of an Actor-Network: The Case of the Electric Vehicle', in Callon, John Law and Arie Rip (eds), Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology: Sociology of Science in the Real World (London: Macmillan, 1986), 19-34; Callon, 'Society in the Making: The Study of Technology as a Tool for Sociological Analysis', in Wiebe Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes and Trevor Pinch (eds), The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and
28. Rogerio C. Leite, Pró-Álcool: A Única Alternativa Para o Futuro (Campinas, SP: Universidade de Campinas, 1990), 14.
29. Ibid., 25.
30. Between 1976 and 1979, an attempt was made to establish a methanol plant. This was unsuccessful for various reasons, among them the fact that it went against the interests of ethanol producers who at that time were receiving heavy investment from the government through subsidies and the transfer of financial resources at negative interest, a total of around US$10bn up to 1988. The ethanol producers were also employing between 600,000 and 800,000 unskilled workers, with few qualifications. For a fuller account of these developments, see Leite, op. cit. note 7, 9-14; Paulo H.N. Saldiva, José R. Moreira and Alfred Swarc, Estudo de Impacto no Meio Ambiente: O Uso do Metanol Como Combustível (São Paulo, February 1990), 5-12. The latter was an independent Environmental Impact Assessment Report commissioned in what was taken to be an emergency, and written by recognized experts from several institutions (Laboratory of Experimental Atmospheric Pollution and Energy Department, University of São Paulo; CETESB's Vehicles Laboratory).
31. Between 1976 and 1979, an attempt was made to establish a methanol plant. This was unsuccessful for various reasons, among them the fact that it went against the interests of ethanol producers who at that time were receiving heavy investment from the government through subsidies and the transfer of financial resources at negative interest, a total of around US$10bn up to 1988. The ethanol producers were also employing between 600,000 and 800,000 unskilled workers, with few qualifications. For a fuller account of these developments, see Leite, op. cit. note 7, 9-14; Paulo H.N. Saldiva, José R. Moreira and Alfred Swarc, Estudo de Impacto no Meio Ambiente: O Uso do Metanol Como Combustível (São Paulo, February 1990), 5-12. The latter was an independent Environmental Impact Assessment Report commissioned in what was taken to be an emergency, and written by recognized experts from several institutions (Laboratory of Experimental Atmospheric Pollution and Energy Department, University of São Paulo; CETESB's Vehicles Laboratory).
32. For further details of the events recounted in this section, see Saldiva, Moreira & Swarc, op. cit. note 9, 13-20.
33. G.M. Böhm, P.H.N. Saldiva, C.A.G. Pasqualucci et al., 'Biological Effects of Air Pollution in São Paulo and Cubatão', Environmental Research, Vol. 49 (1989), 208-16; E. Massad, C.D. Saldiva, L.M.N. Cardoso et al., 'Acute Toxicity of Gasoline and Ethanol Automobile Engine Exhaust Gases', Toxicology Letters, Vol. 26 (1985), 187-92; E. Massad, P.H.N. Saldiva, C.D. Saldiva et al., 'Toxicity of Prolonged Exposure to Ethanol and Gasoline Autoengine Exhaust Gases', Environmental Rescarch, Vol. 40 (1986), 479-86; P.H.N. Saldiva, M.P.R. Caldeira, E. Massad et al., 'Effects of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde Inhalation on Rat Pulmonary Mechanics', Journal of Applied Toxicology, Vol. 5 (1985), 288-92; P.H.N. Saldiva, E. Massad, M.P.R. Caldeira et al., 'Pulmonary Function of Rats Exposed to Ethanol and Gasoline Fumes', Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Vol. 18 (1985), 573-77; P.M.F. Criado, 'Funçâo Respiratória em Pequenos Animais: Aplicaçòes no Estudo de Poluição Atmosférica', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 7-12; C.F.P. Lotfi, M.M. Brentani and G.M. Böhm, 'Assessment of the Mutagenic Potential of Ethanol Auto Engine Exhaust Gases by the Salmonella typhimurium Microsomal Mutagenesis Assay, Using a Direct Exposure Method', Environmental Research, Vol. 52 (1990), 225-30; E.M. Negri, M. Komatsuzaki and R.S. Sakae, 'Alterações do Epitélio Respirato̧rio e Poluiçào', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 13-19; C.A. Pasqualucci, 'Efeitos do Monóxido de Carbono Sobre o Sistema Cardiovascular', Arq. Bras. Cardiology, Vol. 45 (1985), 151-56; C.A. Pasqualucci and G.M. Böhm, 'Efeitos Biológicos da Intoxicação Aguda Pelo Monóxido de Carbono', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 21-31; D.R. Muñoz, L.M.N. Cardoso, M.A. Gouveia et al., 'Toxicidade da Inalação do Álcool Aditivado, do Etanol, da Gasolina e do Óleo Diesel', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 40-43.
34. G.M. Böhm, P.H.N. Saldiva, C.A.G. Pasqualucci et al., 'Biological Effects of Air Pollution in São Paulo and Cubatão', Environmental Research, Vol. 49 (1989), 208-16; E. Massad, C.D. Saldiva, L.M.N. Cardoso et al., 'Acute Toxicity of Gasoline and Ethanol Automobile Engine Exhaust Gases', Toxicology Letters, Vol. 26 (1985), 187-92; E. Massad, P.H.N. Saldiva, C.D. Saldiva et al., 'Toxicity of Prolonged Exposure to Ethanol and Gasoline Autoengine Exhaust Gases', Environmental Rescarch, Vol. 40 (1986), 479-86; P.H.N. Saldiva, M.P.R. Caldeira, E. Massad et al., 'Effects of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde Inhalation on Rat Pulmonary Mechanics', Journal of Applied Toxicology, Vol. 5 (1985), 288-92; P.H.N. Saldiva, E. Massad, M.P.R. Caldeira et al., 'Pulmonary Function of Rats Exposed to Ethanol and Gasoline Fumes', Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Vol. 18 (1985), 573-77; P.M.F. Criado, 'Funçâo Respiratória em Pequenos Animais: Aplicaçòes no Estudo de Poluição Atmosférica', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 7-12; C.F.P. Lotfi, M.M. Brentani and G.M. Böhm, 'Assessment of the Mutagenic Potential of Ethanol Auto Engine Exhaust Gases by the Salmonella typhimurium Microsomal Mutagenesis Assay, Using a Direct Exposure Method', Environmental Research, Vol. 52 (1990), 225-30; E.M. Negri, M. Komatsuzaki and R.S. Sakae, 'Alterações do Epitélio Respirato̧rio e Poluiçào', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 13-19; C.A. Pasqualucci, 'Efeitos do Monóxido de Carbono Sobre o Sistema Cardiovascular', Arq. Bras. Cardiology, Vol. 45 (1985), 151-56; C.A. Pasqualucci and G.M. Böhm, 'Efeitos Biológicos da Intoxicação Aguda Pelo Monóxido de Carbono', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 21-31; D.R. Muñoz, L.M.N. Cardoso, M.A. Gouveia et al., 'Toxicidade da Inalação do Álcool Aditivado, do Etanol, da Gasolina e do Óleo Diesel', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 40-43.
35. G.M. Böhm, P.H.N. Saldiva, C.A.G. Pasqualucci et al., 'Biological Effects of Air Pollution in São Paulo and Cubatão', Environmental Research, Vol. 49 (1989), 208-16; E. Massad, C.D. Saldiva, L.M.N. Cardoso et al., 'Acute Toxicity of Gasoline and Ethanol Automobile Engine Exhaust Gases', Toxicology Letters, Vol. 26 (1985), 187-92; E. Massad, P.H.N. Saldiva, C.D. Saldiva et al., 'Toxicity of Prolonged Exposure to Ethanol and Gasoline Autoengine Exhaust Gases', Environmental Rescarch, Vol. 40 (1986), 479-86; P.H.N. Saldiva, M.P.R. Caldeira, E. Massad et al., 'Effects of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde Inhalation on Rat Pulmonary Mechanics', Journal of Applied Toxicology, Vol. 5 (1985), 288-92; P.H.N. Saldiva, E. Massad, M.P.R. Caldeira et al., 'Pulmonary Function of Rats Exposed to Ethanol and Gasoline Fumes', Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Vol. 18 (1985), 573-77; P.M.F. Criado, 'Funçâo Respiratória em Pequenos Animais: Aplicaçòes no Estudo de Poluição Atmosférica', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 7-12; C.F.P. Lotfi, M.M. Brentani and G.M. Böhm, 'Assessment of the Mutagenic Potential of Ethanol Auto Engine Exhaust Gases by the Salmonella typhimurium Microsomal Mutagenesis Assay, Using a Direct Exposure Method', Environmental Research, Vol. 52 (1990), 225-30; E.M. Negri, M. Komatsuzaki and R.S. Sakae, 'Alterações do Epitélio Respirato̧rio e Poluiçào', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 13-19; C.A. Pasqualucci, 'Efeitos do Monóxido de Carbono Sobre o Sistema Cardiovascular', Arq. Bras. Cardiology, Vol. 45 (1985), 151-56; C.A. Pasqualucci and G.M. Böhm, 'Efeitos Biológicos da Intoxicação Aguda Pelo Monóxido de Carbono', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 21-31; D.R. Muñoz, L.M.N. Cardoso, M.A. Gouveia et al., 'Toxicidade da Inalação do Álcool Aditivado, do Etanol, da Gasolina e do Óleo Diesel', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 40-43.
36. G.M. Böhm, P.H.N. Saldiva, C.A.G. Pasqualucci et al., 'Biological Effects of Air Pollution in São Paulo and Cubatão', Environmental Research, Vol. 49 (1989), 208-16; E. Massad, C.D. Saldiva, L.M.N. Cardoso et al., 'Acute Toxicity of Gasoline and Ethanol Automobile Engine Exhaust Gases', Toxicology Letters, Vol. 26 (1985), 187-92; E. Massad, P.H.N. Saldiva, C.D. Saldiva et al., 'Toxicity of Prolonged Exposure to Ethanol and Gasoline Autoengine Exhaust Gases', Environmental Rescarch, Vol. 40 (1986), 479-86; P.H.N. Saldiva, M.P.R. Caldeira, E. Massad et al., 'Effects of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde Inhalation on Rat Pulmonary Mechanics', Journal of Applied Toxicology, Vol. 5 (1985), 288-92; P.H.N. Saldiva, E. Massad, M.P.R. Caldeira et al., 'Pulmonary Function of Rats Exposed to Ethanol and Gasoline Fumes', Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Vol. 18 (1985), 573-77; P.M.F. Criado, 'Funçâo Respiratória em Pequenos Animais: Aplicaçòes no Estudo de Poluição Atmosférica', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 7-12; C.F.P. Lotfi, M.M. Brentani and G.M. Böhm, 'Assessment of the Mutagenic Potential of Ethanol Auto Engine Exhaust Gases by the Salmonella typhimurium Microsomal Mutagenesis Assay, Using a Direct Exposure Method', Environmental Research, Vol. 52 (1990), 225-30; E.M. Negri, M. Komatsuzaki and R.S. Sakae, 'Alterações do Epitélio Respirato̧rio e Poluiçào', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 13-19; C.A. Pasqualucci, 'Efeitos do Monóxido de Carbono Sobre o Sistema Cardiovascular', Arq. Bras. Cardiology, Vol. 45 (1985), 151-56; C.A. Pasqualucci and G.M. Böhm, 'Efeitos Biológicos da Intoxicação Aguda Pelo Monóxido de Carbono', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 21-31; D.R. Muñoz, L.M.N. Cardoso, M.A. Gouveia et al., 'Toxicidade da Inalação do Álcool Aditivado, do Etanol, da Gasolina e do Óleo Diesel', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 40-43.
37. G.M. Böhm, P.H.N. Saldiva, C.A.G. Pasqualucci et al., 'Biological Effects of Air Pollution in São Paulo and Cubatão', Environmental Research, Vol. 49 (1989), 208-16; E. Massad, C.D. Saldiva, L.M.N. Cardoso et al., 'Acute Toxicity of Gasoline and Ethanol Automobile Engine Exhaust Gases', Toxicology Letters, Vol. 26 (1985), 187-92; E. Massad, P.H.N. Saldiva, C.D. Saldiva et al., 'Toxicity of Prolonged Exposure to Ethanol and Gasoline Autoengine Exhaust Gases', Environmental Rescarch, Vol. 40 (1986), 479-86; P.H.N. Saldiva, M.P.R. Caldeira, E. Massad et al., 'Effects of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde Inhalation on Rat Pulmonary Mechanics', Journal of Applied Toxicology, Vol. 5 (1985), 288-92; P.H.N. Saldiva, E. Massad, M.P.R. Caldeira et al., 'Pulmonary Function of Rats Exposed to Ethanol and Gasoline Fumes', Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Vol. 18 (1985), 573-77; P.M.F. Criado, 'Funçâo Respiratória em Pequenos Animais: Aplicaçòes no Estudo de Poluição Atmosférica', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 7-12; C.F.P. Lotfi, M.M. Brentani and G.M. Böhm, 'Assessment of the Mutagenic Potential of Ethanol Auto Engine Exhaust Gases by the Salmonella typhimurium Microsomal Mutagenesis Assay, Using a Direct Exposure Method', Environmental Research, Vol. 52 (1990), 225-30; E.M. Negri, M. Komatsuzaki and R.S. Sakae, 'Alterações do Epitélio Respirato̧rio e Poluiçào', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 13-19; C.A. Pasqualucci, 'Efeitos do Monóxido de Carbono Sobre o Sistema Cardiovascular', Arq. Bras. Cardiology, Vol. 45 (1985), 151-56; C.A. Pasqualucci and G.M. Böhm, 'Efeitos Biológicos da Intoxicação Aguda Pelo Monóxido de Carbono', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 21-31; D.R. Muñoz, L.M.N. Cardoso, M.A. Gouveia et al., 'Toxicidade da Inalação do Álcool Aditivado, do Etanol, da Gasolina e do Óleo Diesel', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 40-43.
38. G.M. Böhm, P.H.N. Saldiva, C.A.G. Pasqualucci et al., 'Biological Effects of Air Pollution in São Paulo and Cubatão', Environmental Research, Vol. 49 (1989), 208-16; E. Massad, C.D. Saldiva, L.M.N. Cardoso et al., 'Acute Toxicity of Gasoline and Ethanol Automobile Engine Exhaust Gases', Toxicology Letters, Vol. 26 (1985), 187-92; E. Massad, P.H.N. Saldiva, C.D. Saldiva et al., 'Toxicity of Prolonged Exposure to Ethanol and Gasoline Autoengine Exhaust Gases', Environmental Rescarch, Vol. 40 (1986), 479-86; P.H.N. Saldiva, M.P.R. Caldeira, E. Massad et al., 'Effects of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde Inhalation on Rat Pulmonary Mechanics', Journal of Applied Toxicology, Vol. 5 (1985), 288-92; P.H.N. Saldiva, E. Massad, M.P.R. Caldeira et al., 'Pulmonary Function of Rats Exposed to Ethanol and Gasoline Fumes', Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Vol. 18 (1985), 573-77; P.M.F. Criado, 'Funçâo Respiratória em Pequenos Animais: Aplicaçòes no Estudo de Poluição Atmosférica', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 7-12; C.F.P. Lotfi, M.M. Brentani and G.M. Böhm, 'Assessment of the Mutagenic Potential of Ethanol Auto Engine Exhaust Gases by the Salmonella typhimurium Microsomal Mutagenesis Assay, Using a Direct Exposure Method', Environmental Research, Vol. 52 (1990), 225-30; E.M. Negri, M. Komatsuzaki and R.S. Sakae, 'Alterações do Epitélio Respirato̧rio e Poluiçào', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 13-19; C.A. Pasqualucci, 'Efeitos do Monóxido de Carbono Sobre o Sistema Cardiovascular', Arq. Bras. Cardiology, Vol. 45 (1985), 151-56; C.A. Pasqualucci and G.M. Böhm, 'Efeitos Biológicos da Intoxicação Aguda Pelo Monóxido de Carbono', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 21-31; D.R. Muñoz, L.M.N. Cardoso, M.A. Gouveia et al., 'Toxicidade da Inalação do Álcool Aditivado, do Etanol, da Gasolina e do Óleo Diesel', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 40-43.
39. G.M. Böhm, P.H.N. Saldiva, C.A.G. Pasqualucci et al., 'Biological Effects of Air Pollution in São Paulo and Cubatão', Environmental Research, Vol. 49 (1989), 208-16; E. Massad, C.D. Saldiva, L.M.N. Cardoso et al., 'Acute Toxicity of Gasoline and Ethanol Automobile Engine Exhaust Gases', Toxicology Letters, Vol. 26 (1985), 187-92; E. Massad, P.H.N. Saldiva, C.D. Saldiva et al., 'Toxicity of Prolonged Exposure to Ethanol and Gasoline Autoengine Exhaust Gases', Environmental Rescarch, Vol. 40 (1986), 479-86; P.H.N. Saldiva, M.P.R. Caldeira, E. Massad et al., 'Effects of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde Inhalation on Rat Pulmonary Mechanics', Journal of Applied Toxicology, Vol. 5 (1985), 288-92; P.H.N. Saldiva, E. Massad, M.P.R. Caldeira et al., 'Pulmonary Function of Rats Exposed to Ethanol and Gasoline Fumes', Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Vol. 18 (1985), 573-77; P.M.F. Criado, 'Funçâo Respiratória em Pequenos Animais: Aplicaçòes no Estudo de Poluição Atmosférica', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 7-12; C.F.P. Lotfi, M.M. Brentani and G.M. Böhm, 'Assessment of the Mutagenic Potential of Ethanol Auto Engine Exhaust Gases by the Salmonella typhimurium Microsomal Mutagenesis Assay, Using a Direct Exposure Method', Environmental Research, Vol. 52 (1990), 225-30; E.M. Negri, M. Komatsuzaki and R.S. Sakae, 'Alterações do Epitélio Respirato̧rio e Poluiçào', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 13-19; C.A. Pasqualucci, 'Efeitos do Monóxido de Carbono Sobre o Sistema Cardiovascular', Arq. Bras. Cardiology, Vol. 45 (1985), 151-56; C.A. Pasqualucci and G.M. Böhm, 'Efeitos Biológicos da Intoxicação Aguda Pelo Monóxido de Carbono', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 21-31; D.R. Muñoz, L.M.N. Cardoso, M.A. Gouveia et al., 'Toxicidade da Inalação do Álcool Aditivado, do Etanol, da Gasolina e do Óleo Diesel', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 40-43.
40. G.M. Böhm, P.H.N. Saldiva, C.A.G. Pasqualucci et al., 'Biological Effects of Air Pollution in São Paulo and Cubatão', Environmental Research, Vol. 49 (1989), 208-16; E. Massad, C.D. Saldiva, L.M.N. Cardoso et al., 'Acute Toxicity of Gasoline and Ethanol Automobile Engine Exhaust Gases', Toxicology Letters, Vol. 26 (1985), 187-92; E. Massad, P.H.N. Saldiva, C.D. Saldiva et al., 'Toxicity of Prolonged Exposure to Ethanol and Gasoline Autoengine Exhaust Gases', Environmental Rescarch, Vol. 40 (1986), 479-86; P.H.N. Saldiva, M.P.R. Caldeira, E. Massad et al., 'Effects of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde Inhalation on Rat Pulmonary Mechanics', Journal of Applied Toxicology, Vol. 5 (1985), 288-92; P.H.N. Saldiva, E. Massad, M.P.R. Caldeira et al., 'Pulmonary Function of Rats Exposed to Ethanol and Gasoline Fumes', Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Vol. 18 (1985), 573-77; P.M.F. Criado, 'Funçâo Respiratória em Pequenos Animais: Aplicaçòes no Estudo de Poluição Atmosférica', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 7-12; C.F.P. Lotfi, M.M. Brentani and G.M. Böhm, 'Assessment of the Mutagenic Potential of Ethanol Auto Engine Exhaust Gases by the Salmonella typhimurium Microsomal Mutagenesis Assay, Using a Direct Exposure Method', Environmental Research, Vol. 52 (1990), 225-30; E.M. Negri, M. Komatsuzaki and R.S. Sakae, 'Alterações do Epitélio Respirato̧rio e Poluiçào', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 13-19; C.A. Pasqualucci, 'Efeitos do Monóxido de Carbono Sobre o Sistema Cardiovascular', Arq. Bras. Cardiology, Vol. 45 (1985), 151-56; C.A. Pasqualucci and G.M. Böhm, 'Efeitos Biológicos da Intoxicação Aguda Pelo Monóxido de Carbono', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 21-31; D.R. Muñoz, L.M.N. Cardoso, M.A. Gouveia et al., 'Toxicidade da Inalação do Álcool Aditivado, do Etanol, da Gasolina e do Óleo Diesel', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 40-43.
41. G.M. Böhm, P.H.N. Saldiva, C.A.G. Pasqualucci et al., 'Biological Effects of Air Pollution in São Paulo and Cubatão', Environmental Research, Vol. 49 (1989), 208-16; E. Massad, C.D. Saldiva, L.M.N. Cardoso et al., 'Acute Toxicity of Gasoline and Ethanol Automobile Engine Exhaust Gases', Toxicology Letters, Vol. 26 (1985), 187-92; E. Massad, P.H.N. Saldiva, C.D. Saldiva et al., 'Toxicity of Prolonged Exposure to Ethanol and Gasoline Autoengine Exhaust Gases', Environmental Rescarch, Vol. 40 (1986), 479-86; P.H.N. Saldiva, M.P.R. Caldeira, E. Massad et al., 'Effects of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde Inhalation on Rat Pulmonary Mechanics', Journal of Applied Toxicology, Vol. 5 (1985), 288-92; P.H.N. Saldiva, E. Massad, M.P.R. Caldeira et al., 'Pulmonary Function of Rats Exposed to Ethanol and Gasoline Fumes', Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Vol. 18 (1985), 573-77; P.M.F. Criado, 'Funçâo Respiratória em Pequenos Animais: Aplicaçòes no Estudo de Poluição Atmosférica', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 7-12; C.F.P. Lotfi, M.M. Brentani and G.M. Böhm, 'Assessment of the Mutagenic Potential of Ethanol Auto Engine Exhaust Gases by the Salmonella typhimurium Microsomal Mutagenesis Assay, Using a Direct Exposure Method', Environmental Research, Vol. 52 (1990), 225-30; E.M. Negri, M. Komatsuzaki and R.S. Sakae, 'Alterações do Epitélio Respirato̧rio e Poluiçào', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 13-19; C.A. Pasqualucci, 'Efeitos do Monóxido de Carbono Sobre o Sistema Cardiovascular', Arq. Bras. Cardiology, Vol. 45 (1985), 151-56; C.A. Pasqualucci and G.M. Böhm, 'Efeitos Biológicos da Intoxicação Aguda Pelo Monóxido de Carbono', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 21-31; D.R. Muñoz, L.M.N. Cardoso, M.A. Gouveia et al., 'Toxicidade da Inalação do Álcool Aditivado, do Etanol, da Gasolina e do Óleo Diesel', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 40-43.
42. G.M. Böhm, P.H.N. Saldiva, C.A.G. Pasqualucci et al., 'Biological Effects of Air Pollution in São Paulo and Cubatão', Environmental Research, Vol. 49 (1989), 208-16; E. Massad, C.D. Saldiva, L.M.N. Cardoso et al., 'Acute Toxicity of Gasoline and Ethanol Automobile Engine Exhaust Gases', Toxicology Letters, Vol. 26 (1985), 187-92; E. Massad, P.H.N. Saldiva, C.D. Saldiva et al., 'Toxicity of Prolonged Exposure to Ethanol and Gasoline Autoengine Exhaust Gases', Environmental Rescarch, Vol. 40 (1986), 479-86; P.H.N. Saldiva, M.P.R. Caldeira, E. Massad et al., 'Effects of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde Inhalation on Rat Pulmonary Mechanics', Journal of Applied Toxicology, Vol. 5 (1985), 288-92; P.H.N. Saldiva, E. Massad, M.P.R. Caldeira et al., 'Pulmonary Function of Rats Exposed to Ethanol and Gasoline Fumes', Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Vol. 18 (1985), 573-77; P.M.F. Criado, 'Funçâo Respiratória em Pequenos Animais: Aplicaçòes no Estudo de Poluição Atmosférica', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 7-12; C.F.P. Lotfi, M.M. Brentani and G.M. Böhm, 'Assessment of the Mutagenic Potential of Ethanol Auto Engine Exhaust Gases by the Salmonella typhimurium Microsomal Mutagenesis Assay, Using a Direct Exposure Method', Environmental Research, Vol. 52 (1990), 225-30; E.M. Negri, M. Komatsuzaki and R.S. Sakae, 'Alterações do Epitélio Respirato̧rio e Poluiçào', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 13-19; C.A. Pasqualucci, 'Efeitos do Monóxido de Carbono Sobre o Sistema Cardiovascular', Arq. Bras. Cardiology, Vol. 45 (1985), 151-56; C.A. Pasqualucci and G.M. Böhm, 'Efeitos Biológicos da Intoxicação Aguda Pelo Monóxido de Carbono', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 21-31; D.R. Muñoz, L.M.N. Cardoso, M.A. Gouveia et al., 'Toxicidade da Inalação do Álcool Aditivado, do Etanol, da Gasolina e do Óleo Diesel', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 40-43.
43. G.M. Böhm, P.H.N. Saldiva, C.A.G. Pasqualucci et al., 'Biological Effects of Air Pollution in São Paulo and Cubatão', Environmental Research, Vol. 49 (1989), 208-16; E. Massad, C.D. Saldiva, L.M.N. Cardoso et al., 'Acute Toxicity of Gasoline and Ethanol Automobile Engine Exhaust Gases', Toxicology Letters, Vol. 26 (1985), 187-92; E. Massad, P.H.N. Saldiva, C.D. Saldiva et al., 'Toxicity of Prolonged Exposure to Ethanol and Gasoline Autoengine Exhaust Gases', Environmental Rescarch, Vol. 40 (1986), 479-86; P.H.N. Saldiva, M.P.R. Caldeira, E. Massad et al., 'Effects of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde Inhalation on Rat Pulmonary Mechanics', Journal of Applied Toxicology, Vol. 5 (1985), 288-92; P.H.N. Saldiva, E. Massad, M.P.R. Caldeira et al., 'Pulmonary Function of Rats Exposed to Ethanol and Gasoline Fumes', Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Vol. 18 (1985), 573-77; P.M.F. Criado, 'Funçâo Respiratória em Pequenos Animais: Aplicaçòes no Estudo de Poluição Atmosférica', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 7-12; C.F.P. Lotfi, M.M. Brentani and G.M. Böhm, 'Assessment of the Mutagenic Potential of Ethanol Auto Engine Exhaust Gases by the Salmonella typhimurium Microsomal Mutagenesis Assay, Using a Direct Exposure Method', Environmental Research, Vol. 52 (1990), 225-30; E.M. Negri, M. Komatsuzaki and R.S. Sakae, 'Alterações do Epitélio Respirato̧rio e Poluiçào', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 13-19; C.A. Pasqualucci, 'Efeitos do Monóxido de Carbono Sobre o Sistema Cardiovascular', Arq. Bras. Cardiology, Vol. 45 (1985), 151-56; C.A. Pasqualucci and G.M. Böhm, 'Efeitos Biológicos da Intoxicação Aguda Pelo Monóxido de Carbono', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 21-31; D.R. Muñoz, L.M.N. Cardoso, M.A. Gouveia et al., 'Toxicidade da Inalação do Álcool Aditivado, do Etanol, da Gasolina e do Óleo Diesel', Jornal de Pneumologia, Vol. 13 (1987), 40-43.
44. Paulo H.N. Saldiva, A.J.F.C. Lichtenfels, P.S.O. Paiva et al., 'Association Between Air Pollution and Mortality Due to Respiratory Diseases in Children in São Paulo, Brazil: A Preliminary Report', Environmental Research, Vol. 65 (1984), 218-25; Gabriel M. Branco, A Participaçào dos Veiculos Automotores na Poluiçào Atmosférica (São Paulo: CETESB, 1985).
45. Paulo H.N. Saldiva, A.J.F.C. Lichtenfels, P.S.O. Paiva et al., 'Association Between Air Pollution and Mortality Due to Respiratory Diseases in Children in São Paulo, Brazil: A Preliminary Report', Environmental Research, Vol. 65 (1984), 218-25; Gabriel M. Branco, A Participaçào dos Veiculos Automotores na Poluiçào Atmosférica (São Paulo: CETESB, 1985).
46. x, and above all CO. However, according to the Health Effects Institute, nowadays the introduction of the widespread use of methanol as a fuel is hindered by the absence of technologies that can annul (or at least reduce significantly) the emissions of its two main gaseous pollutants: formaldehyde and methanol vapours. See, for example: Health Effects Institute, Automotive Methanol Vapors and Human Health: An Evaluation of Existing Scientific Information and Issues for Future Research (Cambridge, MA: HEI, 1987).
47. x, and above all CO. However, according to the Health Effects Institute, nowadays the introduction of the widespread use of methanol as a fuel is hindered by the absence of technologies that can annul (or at least reduce significantly) the emissions of its two main gaseous pollutants: formaldehyde and methanol vapours. See, for example: Health Effects Institute, Automotive Methanol Vapors and Human Health: An Evaluation of Existing Scientific Information and Issues for Future Research (Cambridge, MA: HEI, 1987).
48. x, and above all CO. However, according to the Health Effects Institute, nowadays the introduction of the widespread use of methanol as a fuel is hindered by the absence of technologies that can annul (or at least reduce significantly) the emissions of its two main gaseous pollutants: formaldehyde and methanol vapours. See, for example: Health Effects Institute, Automotive Methanol Vapors and Human Health: An Evaluation of Existing Scientific Information and Issues for Future Research (Cambridge, MA: HEI, 1987).
49. x, and above all CO. However, according to the Health Effects Institute, nowadays the introduction of the widespread use of methanol as a fuel is hindered by the absence of technologies that can annul (or at least reduce significantly) the emissions of its two main gaseous pollutants: formaldehyde and methanol vapours. See, for example: Health Effects Institute, Automotive Methanol Vapors and Human Health: An Evaluation of Existing Scientific Information and Issues for Future Research (Cambridge, MA: HEI, 1987).
50. Conselho Nacional De Meio Ambiente (CONAMA), 15 de junho de 1989, Resolução No. 4 (Brasília: Diário Oficial da União - Executivo 25/08/89).
51. G.M. Branco, A. Swarc, E. Farah et al., A Evolução das Emissões Veículares com a Implantanção do PROCONVE (São Paulo: CETESB, 1988); Companhia Estadual De Tecnologia e Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB), A crise do Ácool, o Metanol e o Meio Ambiente (São Paulo: CETESB, n/d).
52. G.M. Branco, A. Swarc, E. Farah et al., A Evolução das Emissões Veículares com a Implantanção do PROCONVE (São Paulo: CETESB, 1988); Companhia Estadual De Tecnologia e Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB), A crise do Ácool, o Metanol e o Meio Ambiente (São Paulo: CETESB, n/d).
53. G.M. Branco and A. Swarc, 'A Poluição do Ar por Veículos à Álcool: Visão Atualizada', in Seminario Sobre Efeitos Dos Aldeidos Atmosfericos na Saude e No Meio Ambiente (São Paulo: CETESB, 1989), 3-4.
54. Interview at the CETESB's Vehicles Laboratory with the expert in charge (10 June 1991).
55. For a complete review of these tests, see the three formal reports cited in note 13.
56. Branco (1989), op. cit. note 13, 2.
57. Branco et al. (1989), op. cit. note 13, 4.
58. Branco et al. (1990), op. cit. note 13, 7.
59. Ibid., 7-8.
60. See, for example: Campbell, op. cit. note 1, 429-31; Rip & Groenewegen, op. cit. note 1, 170-72; Eijndhoven & Groenewegen, op. cit. note 1, 269-74; Wynne (1992), op. cit. note 1, 119-23. The first three of these references are more concerned with the issue of how a risk assessment's formulation reflects the social context; Wynne's work shows how those formulations reflect and simultaneously affect the social context.
61. See, for example: Campbell, op. cit. note 1, 429-31; Rip & Groenewegen, op. cit. note 1, 170-72; Eijndhoven & Groenewegen, op. cit. note 1, 269-74; Wynne (1992), op. cit. note 1, 119-23. The first three of these references are more concerned with the issue of how a risk assessment's formulation reflects the social context; Wynne's work shows how those formulations reflect and simultaneously affect the social context.
62. See, for example: Campbell, op. cit. note 1, 429-31; Rip & Groenewegen, op. cit. note 1, 170-72; Eijndhoven & Groenewegen, op. cit. note 1, 269-74; Wynne (1992), op. cit. note 1, 119-23. The first three of these references are more concerned with the issue of how a risk assessment's formulation reflects the social context; Wynne's work shows how those formulations reflect and simultaneously affect the social context.
63. See, for example: Campbell, op. cit. note 1, 429-31; Rip & Groenewegen, op. cit. note 1, 170-72; Eijndhoven & Groenewegen, op. cit. note 1, 269-74; Wynne (1992), op. cit. note 1, 119-23. The first three of these references are more concerned with the issue of how a risk assessment's formulation reflects the social context; Wynne's work shows how those formulations reflect and simultaneously affect the social context.
64. For this particular point, see Jasanoff, op. cit. note 1, and Wynne (1992), op. cit. note 1.
65. For this particular point, see Jasanoff, op. cit. note 1, and Wynne (1992), op. cit. note 1.
66. For discussions of how political conceptions of society interfere directly in the risk concept, as well as in risk assessment, see Daniel J. Fiorino, 'Technical and Democratic Values in Risk Analysis', Risk Analysis, Vol. 9 (1984), 293-99, and Judith A. Bradbury, 'The Policy Implications of Differing Concepts of Risk', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 14, No. 4 (Autumn 1989), 380-99. For detailed case studies showing how experts tend to end up assuming positions and producing scientific results closely related to their own political conceptions of society, see the works by Campbell, Rip & Groenewegen, and Eijndhoven & Groenewegen (all op. cit. note 1), and Callon (1986 & 1987), op. cit. note 6.
67. For discussions of how political conceptions of society interfere directly in the risk concept, as well as in risk assessment, see Daniel J. Fiorino, 'Technical and Democratic Values in Risk Analysis', Risk Analysis, Vol. 9 (1984), 293-99, and Judith A. Bradbury, 'The Policy Implications of Differing Concepts of Risk', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 14, No. 4 (Autumn 1989), 380-99. For detailed case studies showing how experts tend to end up assuming positions and producing scientific results closely related to their own political conceptions of society, see the works by Campbell, Rip & Groenewegen, and Eijndhoven & Groenewegen (all op. cit. note 1), and Callon (1986 & 1987), op. cit. note 6.
68. For discussions of how political conceptions of society interfere directly in the risk concept, as well as in risk assessment, see Daniel J. Fiorino, 'Technical and Democratic Values in Risk Analysis', Risk Analysis, Vol. 9 (1984), 293-99, and Judith A. Bradbury, 'The Policy Implications of Differing Concepts of Risk', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 14, No. 4 (Autumn 1989), 380-99. For detailed case studies showing how experts tend to end up assuming positions and producing scientific results closely related to their own political conceptions of society, see the works by Campbell, Rip & Groenewegen, and Eijndhoven & Groenewegen (all op. cit. note 1), and Callon (1986 & 1987), op. cit. note 6.
69. For discussions of how political conceptions of society interfere directly in the risk concept, as well as in risk assessment, see Daniel J. Fiorino, 'Technical and Democratic Values in Risk Analysis', Risk Analysis, Vol. 9 (1984), 293-99, and Judith A. Bradbury, 'The Policy Implications of Differing Concepts of Risk', Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 14, No. 4 (Autumn 1989), 380-99. For detailed case studies showing how experts tend to end up assuming positions and producing scientific results closely related to their own political conceptions of society, see the works by Campbell, Rip & Groenewegen, and Eijndhoven & Groenewegen (all op. cit. note 1), and Callon (1986 & 1987), op. cit. note 6.
70. This will come as no surprise to readers familiar with the work cited in the last three footnotes.
71. Sindicato Do Comercio Varejista De Derivados De Petroleo Do Municipio Do Rio De Janeiro (SINDEPE), Seminário: A Escassez do Álcool: A Mistura com Metanol é a Solução? (Rio de Janeiro: SINDEPE, 1991), 2.
72. Branco (1989), op. cit. note 13, 2-3; Branco et al. (1989), op. cit. note 13, 4-5.
73. Branco (1989), op. cit. note 13, 2-3; Branco et al. (1989), op. cit. note 13, 4-5.
74. Branco et al. (1990), op. cit. note 13, 9.
75. In studying this case, it is important to note that CETESB was simultaneously responsible for the risk assessment that would subsidize the decision of the (national) Ministry of Industry and Trade Development to import 1.5 billion litres of methanol, and for the management of the risks. When this combination of roles occurs, the analyses become quite complex, and often the risk assessment will be dependent on, and dictated by, the type of strategy for risk management that has been chosen. With regard to this, Eijndhoven & Groenewegen (op. cit. note 1) have noted that in these cases, where experts clearly take the political situation into consideration when constructing scientific support for prospective policies, a clear division between 'risk assessment' and 'risk management' is not established.
76. This form of words occurs in all three reports cited in note 13: Branco (1989), 3; Branco et al. (1989), 5; Branco et al. (1990), 9.
77. SINDEPE, op. cit. note 27, 7.
78. See, for example: Karin D. Knorr-Cetina, The Manufacture of Knowledge: An Essay on the Constructivist and Contextual Nature of Science (Oxford: Pergamon, 1981), Chapter 2; Latour & Woolgar, op. cit. note 6, Chapter 5; Latour, op. cit. note 6, Chapter 2; and Callon, 'Introduction' (1989), op. cit. note 6, 11-14.
79. See, for example: Karin D. Knorr-Cetina, The Manufacture of Knowledge: An Essay on the Constructivist and Contextual Nature of Science (Oxford: Pergamon, 1981), Chapter 2; Latour & Woolgar, op. cit. note 6, Chapter 5; Latour, op. cit. note 6, Chapter 2; and Callon, 'Introduction' (1989), op. cit. note 6, 11-14.
80. See, for example: Karin D. Knorr-Cetina, The Manufacture of Knowledge: An Essay on the Constructivist and Contextual Nature of Science (Oxford: Pergamon, 1981), Chapter 2; Latour & Woolgar, op. cit. note 6, Chapter 5; Latour, op. cit. note 6, Chapter 2; and Callon, 'Introduction' (1989), op. cit. note 6, 11-14.
81. See, for example: Karin D. Knorr-Cetina, The Manufacture of Knowledge: An Essay on the Constructivist and Contextual Nature of Science (Oxford: Pergamon, 1981), Chapter 2; Latour & Woolgar, op. cit. note 6, Chapter 5; Latour, op. cit. note 6, Chapter 2; and Callon, 'Introduction' (1989), op. cit. note 6, 11-14.
82. G.M. Branco, Metanol: Técnica ou Política (São Paulo: CETESB, 1990), 2.
83. This phrase can be found in all the three reports cited in note 13: Branco (1989), 3; Branco et al. (1989), 9; Branco et al. (1990), 16-17.
84. Branco et al. (1989), op. cit note 13, 4.
85. Interview, loc. cit. note 17.
86. Only after their second technical report did the CETESB's experts give more detailed information about standards and norms that oriented the tests in the laboratory. See: Branco et al. (1989), op. cit. note 13, 10-11; Branco et al. (1990), op. cit. note 13, 18-20.
87. Only after their second technical report did the CETESB's experts give more detailed information about standards and norms that oriented the tests in the laboratory. See: Branco et al. (1989), op. cit. note 13, 10-11; Branco et al. (1990), op. cit. note 13, 18-20.
88. Branco et al. (1989), 12; Branco et al. (1990), 20-23 (both op. cit. note 13).
89. Branco et al. (1989), 13; Branco et al. (1990), 23-24 (both op. cit. note 13).
90. Branco et al. (1989), 13-14; Branco et al. (1990), 24-25 (both op. cit. note 13).
91. For discussion and exposition of the notion of 'inscription', see, for example: Latour & Woolgar, op. cit. note 6, Chapter 2; Latour, op. cit. note 6, Chapter 2.
92. For discussion and exposition of the notion of 'inscription', see, for example: Latour & Woolgar, op. cit. note 6, Chapter 2; Latour, op. cit. note 6, Chapter 2.
93. Branco (1989), 4; Branco et al. (1989), 15; Branco et al. (1990), 29 (all op. cit. note 13).
94. Interview, loc. cit. note 17.
95. Branco (1989), op. cit. note 13, 4-5.
96. Ibid., 5.
97. Ibid.
98. Luis Pinquelli Rosa, Relato do Seminário Sobre Desbastecimento do Álcool e o Risco do Metanol (Rio de Janeiro: Sociedade Brasileira de Planejamento Energético [SBPE], 1989); Rosa, Critica ao Informe da CETESB de 15/12/89 Sobre o Metanol (Rio de Janeiro: SBPE, 1989).
99. Luis Pinquelli Rosa, Relato do Seminário Sobre Desbastecimento do Álcool e o Risco do Metanol (Rio de Janeiro: Sociedade Brasileira de Planejamento Energético [SBPE], 1989); Rosa, Critica ao Informe da CETESB de 15/12/89 Sobre o Metanol (Rio de Janeiro: SBPE, 1989).
100. Assembleia Permanente Em Defesa Do Meio Ambiente (APDMA), Ação Civil Pública (Rio de Janeiro: APDMA, 1989); Carlos Minc, Dossiê Metanol (Rio de Janeiro: Câmara dos Deputados do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 1990).
101. Assembleia Permanente Em Defesa Do Meio Ambiente (APDMA), Ação Civil Pública (Rio de Janeiro: APDMA, 1989); Carlos Minc, Dossiê Metanol (Rio de Janeiro: Câmara dos Deputados do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 1990).
102. S.A.M. Carneiro, E.A. Freitas, A.V.A.C. Pradal et al., Manuseio do Metanol Sent Equipamentos de Segurança (São Paulo: Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador do Municipio de São Paulo, 1991); Departemento Intersindical De Estudio e Pesquisas De Saude Nos Ambientes De Trabalho (DIESAT), Saúde do Trabalhador Não Conta nas Decisões Governamentais (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1990); N.B.B. Freitas, Laudo Técnico: Estudo Comparativo e Análise dos Riscos da Mistura Etanol, Metanol e Gasolina (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1989); Manoel F. Lima, F.D. Marcondes e E. Sobrinho, Combustiveis Automotivos: Influência Sobre o Ecossistema: Medidas de Controle e Prevenção Para a Saúde Coletiva e dos Trabalhadores Expostos (São Paulo: Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador do Municipio de São Paulo, 1989); M.F. Lima, Relatório Grupo de Trabalho do Metanol (São Paulo: Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador do Município de São Paulo, 1990); J.H. Machado, Parecer do Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (PST-SSE) Sobre o Uso do Metanol no Estado (Rio de Janeiro: PST-SSE, 1990); Edith S. Silva, Parecer Referente à Adoção da Mistura Combustível Contendo Metanol Para a Cidade de São Paulo (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1990); E.S. Silva, Metanol: Riscos Ocupacionais nas Oficinas de Reparo de Carros (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1990).
103. S.A.M. Carneiro, E.A. Freitas, A.V.A.C. Pradal et al., Manuseio do Metanol Sent Equipamentos de Segurança (São Paulo: Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador do Municipio de São Paulo, 1991); Departemento Intersindical De Estudio e Pesquisas De Saude Nos Ambientes De Trabalho (DIESAT), Saúde do Trabalhador Não Conta nas Decisões Governamentais (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1990); N.B.B. Freitas, Laudo Técnico: Estudo Comparativo e Análise dos Riscos da Mistura Etanol, Metanol e Gasolina (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1989); Manoel F. Lima, F.D. Marcondes e E. Sobrinho, Combustiveis Automotivos: Influência Sobre o Ecossistema: Medidas de Controle e Prevenção Para a Saúde Coletiva e dos Trabalhadores Expostos (São Paulo: Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador do Municipio de São Paulo, 1989); M.F. Lima, Relatório Grupo de Trabalho do Metanol (São Paulo: Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador do Município de São Paulo, 1990); J.H. Machado, Parecer do Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (PST-SSE) Sobre o Uso do Metanol no Estado (Rio de Janeiro: PST-SSE, 1990); Edith S. Silva, Parecer Referente à Adoção da Mistura Combustível Contendo Metanol Para a Cidade de São Paulo (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1990); E.S. Silva, Metanol: Riscos Ocupacionais nas Oficinas de Reparo de Carros (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1990).
104. S.A.M. Carneiro, E.A. Freitas, A.V.A.C. Pradal et al., Manuseio do Metanol Sent Equipamentos de Segurança (São Paulo: Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador do Municipio de São Paulo, 1991); Departemento Intersindical De Estudio e Pesquisas De Saude Nos Ambientes De Trabalho (DIESAT), Saúde do Trabalhador Não Conta nas Decisões Governamentais (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1990); N.B.B. Freitas, Laudo Técnico: Estudo Comparativo e Análise dos Riscos da Mistura Etanol, Metanol e Gasolina (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1989); Manoel F. Lima, F.D. Marcondes e E. Sobrinho, Combustiveis Automotivos: Influência Sobre o Ecossistema: Medidas de Controle e Prevenção Para a Saúde Coletiva e dos Trabalhadores Expostos (São Paulo: Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador do Municipio de São Paulo, 1989); M.F. Lima, Relatório Grupo de Trabalho do Metanol (São Paulo: Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador do Município de São Paulo, 1990); J.H. Machado, Parecer do Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (PST-SSE) Sobre o Uso do Metanol no Estado (Rio de Janeiro: PST-SSE, 1990); Edith S. Silva, Parecer Referente à Adoção da Mistura Combustível Contendo Metanol Para a Cidade de São Paulo (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1990); E.S. Silva, Metanol: Riscos Ocupacionais nas Oficinas de Reparo de Carros (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1990).
105. S.A.M. Carneiro, E.A. Freitas, A.V.A.C. Pradal et al., Manuseio do Metanol Sent Equipamentos de Segurança (São Paulo: Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador do Municipio de São Paulo, 1991); Departemento Intersindical De Estudio e Pesquisas De Saude Nos Ambientes De Trabalho (DIESAT), Saúde do Trabalhador Não Conta nas Decisões Governamentais (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1990); N.B.B. Freitas, Laudo Técnico: Estudo Comparativo e Análise dos Riscos da Mistura Etanol, Metanol e Gasolina (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1989); Manoel F. Lima, F.D. Marcondes e E. Sobrinho, Combustiveis Automotivos: Influência Sobre o Ecossistema: Medidas de Controle e Prevenção Para a Saúde Coletiva e dos Trabalhadores Expostos (São Paulo: Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador do Municipio de São Paulo, 1989); M.F. Lima, Relatório Grupo de Trabalho do Metanol (São Paulo: Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador do Município de São Paulo, 1990); J.H. Machado, Parecer do Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (PST-SSE) Sobre o Uso do Metanol no Estado (Rio de Janeiro: PST-SSE, 1990); Edith S. Silva, Parecer Referente à Adoção da Mistura Combustível Contendo Metanol Para a Cidade de São Paulo (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1990); E.S. Silva, Metanol: Riscos Ocupacionais nas Oficinas de Reparo de Carros (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1990).
106. S.A.M. Carneiro, E.A. Freitas, A.V.A.C. Pradal et al., Manuseio do Metanol Sent Equipamentos de Segurança (São Paulo: Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador do Municipio de São Paulo, 1991); Departemento Intersindical De Estudio e Pesquisas De Saude Nos Ambientes De Trabalho (DIESAT), Saúde do Trabalhador Não Conta nas Decisões Governamentais (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1990); N.B.B. Freitas, Laudo Técnico: Estudo Comparativo e Análise dos Riscos da Mistura Etanol, Metanol e Gasolina (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1989); Manoel F. Lima, F.D. Marcondes e E. Sobrinho, Combustiveis Automotivos: Influência Sobre o Ecossistema: Medidas de Controle e Prevenção Para a Saúde Coletiva e dos Trabalhadores Expostos (São Paulo: Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador do Municipio de São Paulo, 1989); M.F. Lima, Relatório Grupo de Trabalho do Metanol (São Paulo: Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador do Município de São Paulo, 1990); J.H. Machado, Parecer do Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (PST-SSE) Sobre o Uso do Metanol no Estado (Rio de Janeiro: PST-SSE, 1990); Edith S. Silva, Parecer Referente à Adoção da Mistura Combustível Contendo Metanol Para a Cidade de São Paulo (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1990); E.S. Silva, Metanol: Riscos Ocupacionais nas Oficinas de Reparo de Carros (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1990).
107. S.A.M. Carneiro, E.A. Freitas, A.V.A.C. Pradal et al., Manuseio do Metanol Sent Equipamentos de Segurança (São Paulo: Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador do Municipio de São Paulo, 1991); Departemento Intersindical De Estudio e Pesquisas De Saude Nos Ambientes De Trabalho (DIESAT), Saúde do Trabalhador Não Conta nas Decisões Governamentais (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1990); N.B.B. Freitas, Laudo Técnico: Estudo Comparativo e Análise dos Riscos da Mistura Etanol, Metanol e Gasolina (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1989); Manoel F. Lima, F.D. Marcondes e E. Sobrinho, Combustiveis Automotivos: Influência Sobre o Ecossistema: Medidas de Controle e Prevenção Para a Saúde Coletiva e dos Trabalhadores Expostos (São Paulo: Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador do Municipio de São Paulo, 1989); M.F. Lima, Relatório Grupo de Trabalho do Metanol (São Paulo: Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador do Município de São Paulo, 1990); J.H. Machado, Parecer do Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (PST-SSE) Sobre o Uso do Metanol no Estado (Rio de Janeiro: PST-SSE, 1990); Edith S. Silva, Parecer Referente à Adoção da Mistura Combustível Contendo Metanol Para a Cidade de São Paulo (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1990); E.S. Silva, Metanol: Riscos Ocupacionais nas Oficinas de Reparo de Carros (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1990).
108. S.A.M. Carneiro, E.A. Freitas, A.V.A.C. Pradal et al., Manuseio do Metanol Sent Equipamentos de Segurança (São Paulo: Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador do Municipio de São Paulo, 1991); Departemento Intersindical De Estudio e Pesquisas De Saude Nos Ambientes De Trabalho (DIESAT), Saúde do Trabalhador Não Conta nas Decisões Governamentais (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1990); N.B.B. Freitas, Laudo Técnico: Estudo Comparativo e Análise dos Riscos da Mistura Etanol, Metanol e Gasolina (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1989); Manoel F. Lima, F.D. Marcondes e E. Sobrinho, Combustiveis Automotivos: Influência Sobre o Ecossistema: Medidas de Controle e Prevenção Para a Saúde Coletiva e dos Trabalhadores Expostos (São Paulo: Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador do Municipio de São Paulo, 1989); M.F. Lima, Relatório Grupo de Trabalho do Metanol (São Paulo: Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador do Município de São Paulo, 1990); J.H. Machado, Parecer do Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (PST-SSE) Sobre o Uso do Metanol no Estado (Rio de Janeiro: PST-SSE, 1990); Edith S. Silva, Parecer Referente à Adoção da Mistura Combustível Contendo Metanol Para a Cidade de São Paulo (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1990); E.S. Silva, Metanol: Riscos Ocupacionais nas Oficinas de Reparo de Carros (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1990).
109. S.A.M. Carneiro, E.A. Freitas, A.V.A.C. Pradal et al., Manuseio do Metanol Sent Equipamentos de Segurança (São Paulo: Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador do Municipio de São Paulo, 1991); Departemento Intersindical De Estudio e Pesquisas De Saude Nos Ambientes De Trabalho (DIESAT), Saúde do Trabalhador Não Conta nas Decisões Governamentais (São Paulo: DIESAT, 1990); N.B.B. Freitas, Laudo Técnico: Estudo Comparativo e Análise dos Riscos da Mistura
110. The risk assessment carried out by CETESB, as presented in its first Technical Report (Branco et al. [1989], op. cit. note 13), incorporates those uncertainties, and these groups focused on (some of) them.
111. Rosa, Relato, op. cit. note 48; APDMA, op. cit. note 49; Silva, Parecer and Metanol, opera cit. note 50.
112. Rosa, Relato, op. cit. note 48; APDMA, op. cit. note 49; Silva, Parecer and Metanol, opera cit. note 50.
113. Rosa, Relato, op. cit. note 48; APDMA, op. cit. note 49; Silva, Parecer and Metanol, opera cit. note 50.
114. Lima, 6; Lima et al., 9 (both op. cit. note 50).
115. Freitas, 5; Silva, Parecer, 5; Silva, Metanol, 2 (all op. cit. note 50).
116. Freitas, 5; Silva, Parecer, 5; Silva, Metanol, 2 (all op. cit. note 50).
117. Carneiro et al., 3; Lima et al., 11; Silva, Parecer, 10 (all op. cit. note 50).
118. Fundacao Estadual De Engenharia Do Meio Ambiente (FEEMA), Usa da Mistura Etanol/Metanol/Gasolina Como Combustível Automotor - Programa de Monitoramento da Qualidade do Ar nos Principais Corredores de Tráfego da Região Metropolitana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro: FEEMA, 1990), 6.
119. Ibid., 6-7.
120. Ibid., 7.
121. Branco (1989), op. cit. note 13, 5.
122. FEEMA, op. cit. note 56, 8.
123. S. Jasanoff, 'Bridging the Two Cultures of Risk Analysis', Risk Analysis, Vol. 13 (1993), 123-28.
124. Branco et al. (1989), op. cit. note 13, 4.
125. Funtowicz & Ravetz, 'Riesgo Global', op. cit. note 1, 18-22.
126. See, for example, Wynne (1992), op. cit. note 1, 126-27; see also note 25.
127. Fiorino, op.cit. note 25, 298.
128. Wynne (1992), op.cit. note 1, 119-23.