Influence of vertical mixing on the thermohaline hysteresis: Analyses of an OGCM

Journal of Physical Oceanography

Volumn 33, Issue 8, 2003, Pages 1707-1721

  Prange, Matthias ^a   Lohmann, Gerrit ^a   Paul, André ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BREMEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DIFFUSION; MATHEMATICAL MODELS;

VERTICAL DIFFUSIVITY;

OCEANOGRAPHY;

DIFFUSION; HYSTERESIS; OCEANIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; VERTICAL MIXING;

(NORTH); ATLANTIC OCEAN;

EID: 0041724867     PISSN: 00223670     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2389.1     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Bryan, F., 1986: High-latitude salinity effects and interhemispheric thermohaline circulation. Nature, 323, 301-304.
2. Bryan, F., 1987: Parameter sensitivity of primitive equation ocean general circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 970-986.
3. Bryan, K., and L. J. Lewis, 1979: A water mass model of the World Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 2503-2517.
4. Clark, P. U., S. J. Marshall, G. K. C. Clarke, S. W. Hostetler, J. M. Licciardi, and J. T. Teller, 2001: Freshwater forcing of abrupt climate change during the last glaciation. Science, 293, 283-287.
5. Cummins, P. F., G. Holloway, and A. E. Gargett, 1990: Sensitivity of the GFDL ocean general circulation model to a parameterization of vertical diffusion. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 817-830.
6. Farrow, D. E., and D. P. Stevens, 1995: A new tracer advection scheme for Bryan and Cox type ocean general circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1731-1741.
7. Ganachaud, A., and C. Wunsch, 2000: Improved estimates of global ocean circulation, heat transport and mixing from hydrographic data. Nature, 408, 453-457.
8. Ganopolski, A., and S. Rahmstorf, 2001: Rapid changes of glacial climate simulated in a coupled climate model. Nature, 409, 153-158.
9. Ganopolski, A., V. Petoukhov, S. Rahmstorf, V. Brovkin, M. Claussen, A. Eliseev, and C. Kubatzki, 2001: CLIMBER-2: A climate system model of intermediate complexity. Part II: Model sensitivity. Climate Dyn., 17, 735-751.
10. Gerdes, R., C. Köberle, and J. Willebrand, 1991: The influence of numerical advection schemes on the results of ocean general circulation models. Climate Dyn., 5, 211-226.
11. Hall, M. M., and H. L. Bryden, 1982: Direct estimates and mechanisms of ocean heat transport. Deep-Sea Res., 29, 339-359.
12. Keigwin, L. D., and S. J. Lehman, 1994: Deep circulation change linked to Heinrich Event I and Younger Dryas in a mid-depth North Atlantic core. Paleoceanography, 9, 185-194.
13. Klinger, B. A., and J. Marotzke, 1999: Behavior of double hemisphere thermohaline flows in a single basin. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 382-399.
14. Leonard, B. P., 1979: A stable and accurate convective modelling procedure based on quadratic upstream interpolation. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 19, 59-98.
15. Levitus, S., 1982: Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean. NOAA Prof. Paper 13, 173 pp. and 17 microfiche.
16. Lohmann, G., R. Gerdes, and D. Chen, 1996: Stability of the thermohaline circulation in a simple coupled model. Tellus, 48A, 465-476.
17. Maier-Reimer, E., and U. Mikolajewicz, 1989: Experiments with an OGCM on the cause of the Younger Dryas. MPI Rep. 39. Hamburg, Germany, 13 pp.
18. Maier-Reimer, E., U. Mikolajewicz, and K. Hasselmann, 1993: Mean circulation of the Hamburg LSG OGCM and its sensitivity to the thermohaline surface forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 731-757.
19. Manabe, S., and R. J. Stouffer, 1988: Two stable equilibria of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate, 1, 841-866.
20. Manabe, S., and R. J. Stouffer, 1999: Are two modes of thermohaline circulation stable? Tellus, 51A, 400-411.
21. Marotzke, J., 1997: Boundary mixing and the dynamics of three-dimensional thermohaline circulations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1713-1728.
22. Marotzke, J., and J. Willebrand, 1991: Multiple equilibria of the global thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 1372-1385.
23. Mesinger, F., and A. Arakawa, 1976: Numerical methods used in atmospheric models, volume I. GARP Publications Series 17, WMO, 64 pp.
24. Mikolajewicz, U., and E. Maier-Reimer, 1994: Mixed boundary conditions in ocean general circulation models and their influence on the stability of the model's conveyor belt. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 22 633-22 644.
25. Molenkamp, C. R., 1968: Accuracy of finite-difference methods applied to the advection equation. J. Appl. Meteor., 7, 160-167.
26. Munk, W. H., 1966: Abyssal recipes. Deep-Sea Res., 13, 707-730.
27. Munk, W. H., and C. Wunsch, 1998: Abyssal recipes II: Energetics of tidal and wind mixing. Deep-Sea Res., 45, 1977-2010.
28. Prange, M., G. Lohmann, and R. Gerdes, 1997: Sensitivity of the thermohaline circulation for different climates-Investigations with a simple atmosphere-ocean model. Palaeoclimates, 2, 71-99.
29. Rahmstorf, S., 1995: Bifurcations of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation in response to changes in the hydrological cycle. Nature, 378, 145-149.
30. Rahmstorf, S., and J. Willebrand, 1995: The role of temperature feedback in stabilizing the thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 787-805.
31. Roeckner, E., and Coauthors, 1992: Simulation of the present-day climate with the ECHAM model: Impact of model physics and resolution. MPI Rep. 93, Hamburg, Germany, 171 pp.
32. Schäfer-Neth, C., and A. Paul, 2001: Circulation of the glacial Atlantic: A synthesis of global and regional modeling. The Northern North Atlantic: A Changing Environment, P. Schäfer et al., Eds., Springer, 441-462.
33. Schmittner, A., and T. F. Stocker, 2001: A seasonally forced ocean-atmosphere model for paleoclimate studies. J. Climate, 14, 1055-1068.
34. Schmittner, A., and A. J. Weaver, 2001: Dependence of multiple climate states on ocean mixing parameters. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1027-1030.
35. Scott, J. R., and J. Marotzke, 2002: The location of diapycnal mixing and the meridional overturning circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 3579-3595.
36. Stocker, T. F., and D. G. Wright, 1991: Rapid transitions of the ocean's deep circulation induced by changes in surface water fluxes. Nature, 351, 729-732.
37. Stocker, T. F., D. G. Wright, and L. A. Mysak, 1992: A zonally averaged, coupled ocean-atmosphere model for paleoclimate studies. J. Climate, 5, 773-797.
38. Toggweiler, J. R., and B. Samuels, 1995: Effect of Drake Passage on the global thermohaline circulation. Deep-Sea Res., 42, 477-500.
39. Weber, S. L., 1998: Parameter sensitivity of a coupled atmosphere-ocean model. Climate Dyn., 14, 201-212.
40. Willebrand, J., 1993: Forcing the ocean by heat and freshwater fluxes. Energy and Water Cycles in the Climate System, E. Raschke and D. Jacob, Eds., Springer, 215-233.
41. Winton, M., 1996: The role of horizontal boundaries in parameter sensitivity and decadal-scale variability of coarse-resolution ocean general circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 289-304.
42. Wright, D. G., and T. F. Stocker, 1992: Sensitivities of a zonally averaged global ocean circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 12 707-12 730.
43. Zhang, J., R. W. Schmitt, and R. X. Huang, 1999: The relative influence of diapycnal mixing and hydrologic forcing on the stability of the thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 1096-1108.