Parasite Systematics in the 21st Century: Opportunities and Obstacles

Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

Volumn 95, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2000, Pages 99-107

  Brooks, Daniel R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Parasites; Systematics

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CLASSIFICATION; ECOSYSTEM; GENETICS; METHODOLOGY; PARASITE; PARASITOLOGY; PHYLOGENY;

ANIMALS; ECOSYSTEM; PARASITES; PARASITOLOGY; PHYLOGENY;

EID: 0041688992     PISSN: 00740276     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1590/S0074-02762000000700018     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Balick MJ 1996. Transforming ethnobotany for the new millenium. Ann Missouri Bot Gard 83: 58-66.
2. Barta JR 1989. Phylogenetic analysis of the class Sporozoea (Phylum Apicomplexa Levine, 1970): evidence for the independent evolution of heteroxenous life cycles. J Parasitol 75: 195-206.
3. Baverstock PR, Fielke R, Johnson AM, Bray RA, Beveridge I 1991. Conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses for the parasitic platyhelminthes tested by partial sequencing of 18S ribosomal RNA. Int J Parasitol 21: 329-339.
4. Beveridge I, Campbell RA, Palm HW 1999. Preliminary cladistic analysis of the cestode order Trypanorhyncha Diesing, 1863. Syst Parasitol 42: 29-49.
5. Blackmore S 1996. Knowing the Earth's biodiversity: challenges for the infrastructure of systematic biology. Science 274: 63-64.
6. Blair D 1993. The phylogenetic position of the Aspidobothrea within the parasitic flatworms inferred from ribosomal RNA sequence data. Int J Parasitol 23: 169-178.
7. Bowler PJ 1983. The Eclipse of Darwinism, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
8. Bray RA, Jones A, Hoberg EP 1999. Observations on the phylogeny of the cestode order Pseudophyllidea Carus, 1863. Syst Parasitol 42: 13-20.
9. Brooks DR 1985. Historical ecology: a new approach to studying the evolution of ecological associations. Ann Mo Bot Garden 72: 660-680.
10. Brooks DR 1989a. A summary of the database pertaining to the phylogeny of the major groups of parasitic platyhelminths, with a revised classification. Can J Zool 67: 714-720.
11. Brooks DR 1989b. The phylogeny of the Cercomeria (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) and general evolutionary principles. J Parasitol 75: 606-616.
12. Brooks DR 1998. Triage for the Biosphere. In GB Softing, G Benneh, K Hindar, A Wijkman (eds), The Brundtland Commission's Report - 10 Years, Scandinavian University Press, Oslo, p. 71-80.
13. Brooks DR, Hoberg EP 2000. Triage for the biosphere: The need and rationale for taxonomic inventories and phylogenetic studies of parasites. Comp Parasitol 68: 1-25.
14. Brooks DR, McLennan DA 1991. Phylogeny, Ecology and Behavior: A Research Program in Comparative Biology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 434 pp.
15. Brooks DR, McLennan DA 1992. The evolutionary origin of Plasmodium falciparum. J Parasitol 78: 564-566.
16. Brooks DR, McLennan DA 1993. Parascript: Parasites and the Language of Evolution, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 430 pp.
17. Brooks DR, McLennan DA 1994. Historical ecology as a research programme: scope, limitations and the future. In P Eggleton, R Vane-Wright (eds), Phylogenetics and Ecology, Linn. Soc. Symp. Series No. 17, Academic Press, London, p. 1-27.
18. Brooks DR, León-Règagnon V, Pérez Ponce de León G in press. Parasitos y la biodiversidad. In MH Hernandez, AN Garcia, M Ulloa, NF Alvarez (eds), Enfoques Contemporaneos para el Estudio de la Biodiversidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City.
19. Brooks DR, Mayden RL, McLennan DA 1992. Phylogeny and biodiversity: conserving our evolutionary legacy. Trends Ecol Evol 7: 55-59.
20. Brooks DR, McLennan DA, Carpenter JM, Weller SG, Coddington JA 1995. Systematics, ecology and behavior. Bioscience 45: 687-695.
21. Brooks DR, O'Grady RT, Glen DR 1985. Phylogenetic analysis of the Digenea (Platyhelminthes: Cercomeria) with comments on their adaptive radiation. Can J Zool 63: 411-443.
22. Brooks DR, Pérez Ponce de León G, León-Règagnon 2000. Phylogenetic analysis of the genera of the Enenterinae (Digenea: Lepocreadiidae) and discussion of the evolution of the helminth fauna of Kyphosid fishes. Zool Scripta in press.
23. Claridge MF 1995. Introducing Sysematics Agenda 2000. Biodiv Conserv 4: 451-454.
24. Cracraft J 1995. The urgency of building global capacity for biodiversity science. Biodiv Conserv 4: 463-475.
25. Cresswell ID 2000. The Global Taxonomy Initiative -Quo vadis? Biol Int 38: 12-16.
26. Davis G 1995. Systematics and public health. Bioscience 45: 705-714.
27. Davis G 1996. Collections of biological specimens essential for science and society. Assoc Syst Collec Newsletter 24: 77-78, 88-90.
28. Dobson AP, Carper R 1992. Global warming and potential changes in host-parasite and disease-vector relationships. In RL Peters, TE Lovejoy (eds), Global Warming and Biological Diversity, Yale University Press, New Haven, p. 201-217.
29. Dobson AP, Hudson PJ 1986. Parasites, disease and the structure of ecological communities. Trends Ecol Evol 1: 11-15.
30. Dobson AP, May RM 1986a. Disease and conservation. In ME Soulé, Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, p. 345-365.
31. Dobson AP, May RM 1986b. Patterns of invasions by pathogens and parasites. In HA Moore, JA Drake (eds), Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii, Ecological Studies Vol. 58, Springer-Verlag, New York, p. 58-76.
32. Eshbaugh, WH 1995. Systematics Agenda 2000: an historical perspective. Biodiv Conserv 4: 455-462.
33. Faith DP 1991. Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity. Biol Conserv 61: 1-10.
34. Faith DP 1992. Systematics and conservation: on predicting the feature subsets of taxa. Cladistics 8: 361-373.
35. Faith DP 1996. Conservation priorities and phylogenetic pattern. Conserv Biol 10: 1286-1289.
36. Forey PL, Humphries CJ, Vane-Wright RI 1994. Systematics and Conservation Evaluation, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
37. Gallagher JC 1989. Toward a cladistic view of phytoplankton physiology. Biol Oceanogr 6: 279-289.
38. Glowka L, Burhenne-Guilmin F, Synge H, McNeely JA, Gündling L 1994. A Guide to the Convention on Biological Diversity, International Union CN, Gland, U.K.
39. Grenfell BT 1992. Parasitism and the dynamics of ungulate grazing systems. Am Nat 139: 907-929.
40. GTI - Global Taxonomy Initiative 1999. Using systematic inventories to meet country and regional needs. A Report of the DIVERSITAS/Systematics Agenda 2000 International Workshop, September 17-19, 1998, The Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, 34 pp.
41. Gulland FMD 1995. The impact of infectious diseases on wild animal populations - a review. In BT Grenfell, AP Dobson (eds). Ecology of Infectious Diseases in Natural Populations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 20-51.
42. Harvey PH, Pagel M 1991. The Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
43. Hoagland KE 1996. The taxonomic impediment and the convention on biodiversity. Assoc Syst Collec Newsletter 24: 62-62, 66-67.
44. Hoberg EP 1997a. Phylogeny and historical reconstruction: host-parasite systems as keystones in biogeography and ecology. In ML Reaka-Kudla, DE Wilson, EO Wilson (eds), Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources, Joseph Henry Press, Washington, DC, p. 243-261.
45. Hoberg EP 1997b. Parasite biodiversity and emerging pathogens: a role for systematics in limiting impacts on genetic resources. In KE Hoagland, AY Rossman (eds), Global Genetic Resources: Access, Ownership and Intellectual Property Rights. Association of Systematics Collections, Washington, DC, p. 71-83.
46. Hoberg EP, Lichtenfels JR 1994. Phylogenetic systematic analysis of the Trichostrongylidae (Nematoda) with an initial assessment of coevolution and biogeography J Parasitol 80: 976-996.
47. Hoberg EP, Jones A, Bray R 1999a. Systematics of the Eucestoda: advances toward a new phylogenetic paradigm, and observations on the early diversification of tapeworms and vertebrates. Syst Parasitol 42: 1-12.
48. Hoberg EP, Jones A, Bray R 1999b. Phylogenetic analysis among the families of the Cyclophyllidea (Eucestoda) based on comparative morphology, with new hypotheses for co-evolution in vertebrates. Syst Parasitol 42: 51-73.
49. Hoberg EP, Jones A, Rausch RL, Eom KS, Gardner SL 2000. A phylogenetic hypothesis for species of the genus Taenia (Eucestoda: Cyclophyllidea). J Parasitol 86: 89-98.
50. Hoberg EP, Mariaux J, Brooks DR in press. Phylogeny among orders of the Eucestoda (Cercomeromorphae): Integrating morphology, molecules and total evidence. In DTJ Littlewood, RA Bray (eds), The Platyhelminthes- Phylogenetic Perspectives, Taylor and Francis, London.
51. Holmes JC, Bethel WM 1972. Modification of intermediate host behavior by parasites. Zool J Linn Soc 1 (Suppl.): 123-149.
52. Hudson PJ, Dobson AP, Newborn D 1998. Prevention of population cycles by parasite removal. Science 282: 2256-2258.
53. Humphries CJ, Williams PH, Vane-Wright RI 1995. Measuring biodiversity value for conservation. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 26: 93-111.
54. Ivanov VA, Hoberg EP 1999. Preliminary comments on a phylogenetic study of the order Diphyllidea van Beneden in Carus, 1863. Syst Parasitol 42: 21-27.
55. Jablonski D 1991. Extinctions: a paleontological perspective. Science 253: 754-757.
56. Jones T 1995. Down in the woods they have no names -BioNET-INTERNATIONAL. Strengthening systematics in developing countries. Biodiv Conserv 4: 501-509.
57. Lauder GV, Huey RB, Monson RK, Jensen RJ 1995. Systematics and the study of organismal form and function. BioScience 45: 696-704.
58. León-Règagnon V 1998. Machidatrema n. gen. (Digenea: Hemiuridae: Bunocotylinae) and phylogenetic analysis of its species. J Parasitol 84: 140-146.
59. León-Règagnon V. Brooks DR, Pérez-Ponce de León G 1999. Differentiation of Mexican species of Haematoloechus Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Plagiorchiformes): combining molecular and morphological evidence. J Parasitol 85: 935-946.
60. León-Règagnon V, Pérez-Ponce de León G, Brooks DR 1996. Phylogenetic analysis of Opisthadena (Digenea: Hemiuridae). J Parasitol 82: 1005-1010.
61. León-Règagnon V, Pérez-Ponce de León G, Brooks DR 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of the Bunocotylinae Dollfus, 1950 (Digenea: Hemiuridae). J Parasitol 84: 147-152.
62. Littlewood DTJ, Bray RA, Clough KA. 1998. A phylogeny of the platyhelminthes: towards a total-evidence solution. Hydrobiologia 383: 155-160.
63. Littlewood DTJ, Rohde K, Clough KA 1999. The interrelationships of all major groups of platyhelminthes: phylogenetic evidence from morphology and molecules. Biol J Linn Soc 66: 75-114.
64. Marcogliese DJ, Cone DK 1997. Food webs: a plea for parasites. Trends Ecol Evol 12: 320-325.
65. Marcogliese DJ, Price J 1997. The paradox of parasites. Global Biodiversity 7: 7-15.
66. McNeely JA 1995. Keep all the pieces: Systematics Agenda 2000 and world conservation. Biodiv Conserv 4: 510-519.
67. Miller DR, Rossman AY 1995. Systematics, biodiversity, and agriculture. BioScience 45: 680-686.
68. Minchella D, Scott ME 1991. Parasitism: a cryptic determinant of animal community structure. Trends Ecol Evol 6: 250-254.
69. Monson RK 1996. The use of phylogenetic perspective in comparative plant physiology and developmental biology. Ann Missouri Bot Garden 83: 3-16.
70. Nadler AS, Hudspeth DSS 2000. Phylogeny of the Ascaridoidea (Nematoda: Ascaridida) based on three genes and morphology: hypotheses of structural and sequence evolution. J Parasitol 86: 380-394.
71. Oliver Jr JH 1996. Importance of systematics to public health: ticks, microbes and disease. Ann Missouri Bot Garden 83: 37-46.
72. PCAST - President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology. 1998. Teaming with life: investing in science to understand and use America's living capital. PCAST Panel on Biodiversity and Ecosystems, Washington, DC, 86 pp.
73. Pérez-Ponce de León G 1997. La taxonomia en Mexico: el papel de la sistematica filogenetica. Ciencia 48: 33-39.
74. Pérez-Ponce de León G, Brooks DR 1995a. Phylogenetic relationships of the genera of the Pronocephalidae Looss, 1902 (Digenea: Paramphistomiformes). J Parasitol 81: 267-277.
75. Pérez-Ponce de León G, Brooks DR 1995b. Phylogenetic relationships of Pyelosomum Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Pronocephalidae). J Parasitol 81: 278-280.
76. Pérez-Ponce de León G, León-Règagnon V, Garcia-Prieto L 1997. ¿Que es la sistematica filogenetica? Ciencia y Desarollo 135: 61-65.
77. Pérez-Ponce de Leo¿n G, Leo¿n-Règagnon V, Mendoza-Garfias B 1997. Ana¿lisis filogenético de la familia Pterinotrematidae Bychowsky y Nagibina, 1959 (Platyhelminthes: Cercomerida: Monogenea). Ann Inst Biol Univ Nac Aut Mexico, Serie Zoología 68: 193-205.
78. Platt TR, Brooks DR 1997. Evolution of the schistosomes. J Parasitol 83: 1035-1044.
79. Poulin R 1997. Evolutionary Ecology of Parasites, Chapman and Hall, New York.
80. Prance GT 1995. Systematics, conservation and sustainable development. Biodiv Conserv 4: 490-500.
81. Rego AA, de Chambrier A, Hanzelova V, Hoberg EP, Scholz T, Weekes P, Zehnder M 1999. Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the Proteocpehalidea (Eucestoda). Syst Parasitol 42: 1-19.
82. Richardson PM 1996. The Systematics Agenda 2000 Symposium: Introduction. Ann Missouri Bot Garden 83: 1-2.
83. Ronquist F 1994. Evolution of parasitism among closely related species: phylogenetic relationships and the origin of inquilinism in gall wasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae). Evolution 48: 241-266.
84. Rossman AY, Miller DR 1996. Systematics solves problems in agriculture and forestry. Ann Missouri Bot Garden 83: 17-28.
85. Rózsa L 1992. Endangered parasite species. Int J Parasitol 22: 265-266.
86. SA2000 - Systematics Agenda 2000. 1994. Systematics Agenda 2000: Charting the Biosphere, Technical Report, American Museum of Natural History, New York, 34 pp.
87. Samuel WM, Pybus MJ, Welch DA, Wilke CJ 1992. Elk as a potential host for meningeal worm: implications for translocation. J Wild Management 56: 629-639.
88. Sanderson MJ, Purvis A, Henze C 1998. Phylogenetic supertrees: assembling the trees of life. Trends Ecol Evol 13: 105-109.
89. Savage JM 1995. Systematics and the biodiversity crisis. BioScience 45: 613-619.
90. Scholz T, Cappellaro H 1993. The first record of Corallobothrium parafimbiratum Befus et Freeman, 1973 (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea), a parasite of North American catfishes (Ictalurus spp.), in Europe. Folia Parasitol 40: 105-108.
91. Scott ME 1988. The impact of infection and disease on animal populations: implications for conservation biology. Conserv Biol 2: 40-56.
92. Simpson BB, Cracraft J 1995. Systematics: The science of biodiversity. BioScience 45: 670-672.
93. Smith FDM, May RM, Pellew R, Johnson YH, Walker KR 1993. How much do we know about the current extinction rate. Trends Ecol Evol 8: 375-378.
94. Soulé ME 1991. Conservation: tactics for a constant crisis. Science 253: 744-750.
95. Stiassny ML 1993. Phylogenetic analysis and the role of systematics in the biodiversity crisis. In N Eldredge, Systematics. Ecology and the Biodiversity Crisis, Columbia Univ. Press, New York, p. 109-120.
96. Takacs D 1996. The Idea of Biodiversity, Philosophies of Paradise. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 393 pp.
97. Vane-Wright RI 1996. Systematics and the conservation of biological diversity. Ann Mo Bot Garden 83: 47-57.
98. Veccione M, Collette BB. 1996. Fisheries agencies and marine biodiversity. Ann Missouri Bot Garden 83: 29-36.
99. Vitousek PM, D'Antonio CM, Loope LL, Westbrooks R 1996. Biological invasions as global environmental change. Am Sci 84: 468-478.
100. Wanntorp H-E, Brooks DR, Nilsson T. Nylin S, Ronqvist F, Stearns SC, Weddell N 1990. Phylogenetic approaches in ecology. Oikos 57: 119-132.
101. Wheeler QD 1990. Insect diversity and cladistic constraints. Ann Entomol Soc Amer 83: 1031-1047.
102. Wheeler QD 1993. A crisis of biodiversity, systematics and ecology. BioScience 43: 578-580.
103. Wheeler QD 1995. Systematics, the scientific basis for inventories of biodiversity. Biodiv Conserv 4: 476-489.
104. Wiley EO, Siegel-Causey D, Brooks DR, Funk VA 1991. The Compleat Cladist: A Primer of Phylogenetic Procedures, University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 158 pp.
105. Wiley EO, Siegel-Causey D, Brooks DR, Funk VA in press. The Compleat Cladist: A Primer of Phylogenetic Procedures, University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Press Lawrence, Kansas.
106. Woodford MH, Rossiter PB 1994. Disease risks associated with wildlife translocation projects. In PJS Olney, GM Mace, ATC Feistner (eds), Creative Conservation: Interactive Management of Wild and Captive Animals, Chapman and Hall, London, p. 178-200.
107. Zamparo D, Brooks DR, Barriga R 1999. Pararhinebothroides hobergi n. gen. n.sp. (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea) in Urolophus tumbesensis (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes) from coastal Ecuador. J Parasitol 85: 534-539.
108. Zamparo D, Brooks DR, Hoberg EP, DA McLennan in press. Phylogenetic analysis of the Rhabdocoela (Platyhelminthes) with emphasis on the Neodermata and relatives. Zool Scripta.