Transcending revolutions: The tsars, the soviets and deaf culture

Journal of Social History

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 392-401

  Burch, Susan ^a  

^a GALLAUDET UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; EDUCATION; HISTORY; LEGAL ASPECT; PATIENT; POLICY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; USSR;

CULTURE; HEARING IMPAIRED PERSONS; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; PUBLIC POLICY; RUSSIA (PRE-1917); SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; USSR;

EID: 0041684525     PISSN: 00224529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jsh.2000.0130     Document Type: Review

References (28)

1. See, for example, Howard Williams, "Education of the Deaf in Russia Before 1917," Teachers of the Deaf (1959): 183-198; "Founders of Deaf Education in Russia," in Deaf History Unveiled, ed. John Van Cleve (Washington, DC, 1993). For a general study of disability in the Soviet Union see William O. McCagg and Lewis Siegelman, eds., The Disabled in the Soviet Union: Past, Present, Theory and Practice (Pittsburgh, 1991).
2. See, for example, Howard Williams, "Education of the Deaf in Russia Before 1917," Teachers of the Deaf (1959): 183-198; "Founders of Deaf Education in Russia," in Deaf History Unveiled, ed. John Van Cleve (Washington, DC, 1993). For a general study of disability in the Soviet Union see William O. McCagg and Lewis Siegelman, eds., The Disabled in the Soviet Union: Past, Present, Theory and Practice (Pittsburgh, 1991).
3. See, for example, Howard Williams, "Education of the Deaf in Russia Before 1917," Teachers of the Deaf (1959): 183-198; "Founders of Deaf Education in Russia," in Deaf History Unveiled, ed. John Van Cleve (Washington, DC, 1993). For a general study of disability in the Soviet Union see William O. McCagg and Lewis Siegelman, eds., The Disabled in the Soviet Union: Past, Present, Theory and Practice (Pittsburgh, 1991).
4. Abramov had various unpublished or untranslated tracts, but his "History of the Deaf in Russia: Myths and Realities," in Looking Back, eds. Renate Fischer and Harlan Lane (Hamburg, 1993) offers an excellent example of his work.
5. Vestnik popechitel'stva gosudarnyni imperatritsy Marii Fedorovny o glukhonemykh, 1907-1908gg. No. 1 (September 1907) St. Petersburg.
6. Antonia G. Basova, Ocherki po istorii surdopedagogiki v SSSR (Outline History of Surdopedagogics in the USSR) (Moscow, 1965), 74-5. Howard Williams offers an excellent edited translation of this work.
7. By this time there were possibly 200,000 deaf people living in the Russian empire, yet only eleven schools in the whole of Russia proper and limited outreach programs.
8. For a broader study of Russia and education, see Sheila Fitzpatrick, Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union, 1921-1934 (Cambridge, 1979) and The Cultural Front: Power and Culture in Revolutionary Russia (Ithaca, 1992).
9. For a broader study of Russia and education, see Sheila Fitzpatrick, Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union, 1921-1934 (Cambridge, 1979) and The Cultural Front: Power and Culture in Revolutionary Russia (Ithaca, 1992).
10. It also threatened the quality of education. By By dedicating the majority of school time to lip-reading and speech, deaf students had less opportunity to study academic subjects that would prepare them for employment after graduation.
11. For example, schools run by Deaf directors like Burmensky, Vasytovitch, and Zhuromsky used signed communication in the classrooms. Basova, Ocherki, 80.
12. Basova, Ocherki, 99.
13. Basova, Ocherki, 167.
14. For more on Rau, see, for example, his Metodika obucheniya gluknonemykh (Moscow, 1934); A. Dyachkov and A.D. Dobrova, Khrestomatiya po istorii vospitaniya i obucheniya glukonemykh detei v rossii, Vol. 1 (Moscow, 1949); Mnogolose tisheni: iz istorii glukhykh rossii (Moscow, 1996).
15. For more on Rau, see, for example, his Metodika obucheniya gluknonemykh (Moscow, 1934); A. Dyachkov and A.D. Dobrova, Khrestomatiya po istorii vospitaniya i obucheniya glukonemykh detei v rossii, Vol. 1 (Moscow, 1949); Mnogolose tisheni: iz istorii glukhykh rossii (Moscow, 1996).
16. For more on Rau, see, for example, his Metodika obucheniya gluknonemykh (Moscow, 1934); A. Dyachkov and A.D. Dobrova, Khrestomatiya po istorii vospitaniya i obucheniya glukonemykh detei v rossii, Vol. 1 (Moscow, 1949); Mnogolose tisheni: iz istorii glukhykh rossii (Moscow, 1996).
17. Howard Williams private collection; Burch personal interviews, 1-8 (1992; 1997)
18. The study of Deafness is also revealing. Defectology, the Russian term of Disability studies, includes deafness. Such terms, while offensive to Western Deaf people, seem less onerous to Russians. Defectology does not differentiate physical from mental impairment, and the profoundly deaf often were grouped with the mentally retarded. However, a number of defectologists were also activists for the community, once again blurring notions of the "other".
19. Igor Abramov, "History of the Deaf in Russian," in Looking Back, eds. Renate Fischer and Harlan Lane (Hamburg, 1993), 203.
20. D.L. Ginzburgski, Pervyi predsedatel' (Leningrad, 1990), 26-7.
21. Ginzburgski, Pervyi, 34.
22. Basova, Ocherki, 132.
23. By 1936, 419 deaf people were being taught in higher and secondary establishments. Basova, Ocherki, 132.
24. During the Tsarist period, there were no laws requiring deaf education, nor were there guaranteed employment opportunities for this community. The creation of state-funded organizations, publications, schools, and Deaf Rabfaks enable deaf people to enhance their abilities to support themselves and solidify thier cultural networks.
25. Ginzburgski, Pervyi, 17.
26. Ginzburgski, Pervyi, 14.
27. A. Dyachkov, "The Soviet System of Educating Deaf Children," SCR: Soviet Educational Bulletin, 7,1 (Summer 1960): 6.
28. Basova, Ocherki, 148.