Early diagenetic transformation of organic matter in a marine-influenced lignite

Organic Geochemistry

Volumn 34, Issue 8, 2003, Pages 1081-1102

  Sandison, Carolyn M ^a,b   Alexander, Robert ^b   Kagi, Robert I ^b   Boreham, Christopher J ^a  

^a GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b Curtin University of Technology Perth Centre for Applied Organic Geochemistry   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON; COMPOSITION; FOURIER TRANSFORMS; HYDROCARBONS; LIGNITE; LIPIDS; MACROMOLECULES; OXYGEN;

MACROMOLECULAR COMPOSITIONS;

GEOCHEMISTRY;

DIAGENESIS; LIGNITE; ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY; ORGANIC MATTER;

AUSTRALIA; BREMER BASIN; WESTERN AUSTRALIA;

EID: 0041565408     PISSN: 01466380     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0146-6380(03)00068-8     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Adam, P., Schneckenburger, P., Schaeffer, P., Albrecht, P., 2000. Clues to early diagenetic sulfurisation processes from mild chemical cleavage of labile sulfur-rich geomacromolecules. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54, 3485-3503.
2. Ageta, H., Arai, Y., 1983. Fern constituents: Pentacyclic triterpenoids isolated from Polypodium niponicum and P. formosanum. Phytochemistry 22, 1801-1808.
3. Ageta, H., Shiojima, K., Arai, Y., 1987. Acid-induced rearrangement of triterpenoid hydrocarbons belonging to the hopane and migrated hopane series. Chemical Pharmacy Bulletin 35, 2705-2716.
4. Ahmed, M., Schouten, S., Baas, M., de Leeuw, J.W., 1996. Bound lipids in kerogens from the Monterey Formation, Naples Beach, U. S. A. In: Schouten, S., Structural and Stable Carbon Isotope Studies of Lipids in Immature Sulfur-Rich Sediments. PhD Dissertation, pp. 201-222.
5. Baas, W.J., 1983. Dihydronyctanthic acid methyl ester and other 3,4-seco-pentacyclic triterpenoids from Hoya lacunosa. Phytochemistry 22, 2809-2812.
6. Baddeley, G.V., Fookes, C.J.R., Nigam, S.K., 1976. The acid-catalysed rearrangement of 28-norlupenes. Australian Journal of Chemistry 29, 2707-2712.
7. Barakat, A.O., Yen, T.F., 1990. Distribution of pentacyclic triterpenoids in Green River oil shale kerogen. Organic Geochemistry 15, 299-311.
8. van Bergen, P.F., Collinson, M.E., Sinninghe Damsté J.S., de Leeuw, J.W., 1994. Chemical and microscopical characterization of inner seed coats of fossil water plants. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 231-239.
9. van Bergen, P.F., Collinson, M.E., Briggs, D.E.G., de Leeuw, J.W., Scotts, A.C., Evershed, R.P., Finch, P., 1995. Resistant biomacromolecules in the fossil record. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 44, 319-342.
10. Bourdon, S., Laggoun-Défarge, F., Disnar, J-R., Maman, O., Guillet, B., Derenne, S., Largeau, C., 2000. Organic matter sources and early diagenetic degradation in a tropical peaty marsh (Tritrivakely, Madagascar). Implications for environmental reconstruction during the Sub-Atlantic. Organic Geochemistry 31, 421-438.
11. Brassell, S.C., Comet, P.A., Eglinton, G., Isaacson, P.J., McEvoy, J., Maxwell, J.R., Thomson, I.D., Tibbetts, P.J.C., Volkman, J.K., 1979. The origin and fate of lipids in the Japan Trench. In: Douglas, A.G., Maxwell, J.R. (Eds.), Advances in Organic Geochemistry 1979, pp. 375-392.
12. Chaffee, A.L., Johns, R.B., 1983. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Australian coals. I. Angularly fused pentacyclic tri- and tetraaromatic components of Victorian brown coal. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 47, 2141-2155.
13. Chaffee, A.L., Johns, R.B., 1985. Aliphatic components of Victorian brown coal lithotypes. Organic Geochemistry 8, 349-365.
14. Chaffee, A.L., Johns, R.B., Baerken, M.J., de Leeuw, J.W., Schenck, P.A., Boon, J.J., 1984. Chemical effects in gelification processes and lithotype formation in Victorian brown coal. Organic Geochemistry 6, 409-416.
15. Chaffee, A.L., Hoover, D.S., Johns, R.B, Schweighardt, F.K., 1986. Biological markers extractable from coal. In: Johns, R. B. (Ed.), Biological Markers in the Sedimentary Record, Methods in Geochemistry and Geophysics 24, pp. 311-345.
16. Chatterjee, A., Mukopadhyay, S., Chattopadhyay, K., 1976. Lewis acid catalysed rearrangement of triterpenoids. Tetrahedron 32, 3051-3053.
17. Coates, R.M., 1967. On the friedelene-oleanene rearrangement. Tetrahedron Letters 42, 4143-4146.
18. Collinson, M.E., van Bergen, P.F., Scott, A.C., de Leeuw, J.W., 1994. The oil-generating potential of plants from coal and coal-bearing strata through time: A review with new evidence from Carboniferous plants. In: Fleet, A.C., Scott, A.J. (Eds.), Coal and Coal-bearing Strata as Oil-prone Source Rocks? Geological Society Special Publication 77, pp. 31-70.
19. Corbet, B., Albrecht, P., Ourisson, G., 1980. Photochemical or photomimetic fossil triterpenoids in sediments and petroleum. Journal of the American Chemical Society 102, 1171-1173.
20. Courtney, J.L., Gascoigne, R.M., Szumer, A.Z., 1958. Triterpenes of the friedelane series. Part III. The course of the friedelene-oleanene rearrangement. Journal of the Chemical Society 881-886.
21. 35 ketones and aldehydes of the hopane series. Journal of Chemical Research (S) 166-167.
22. Dastillung, M., Albrecht, P., Ourisson, G., 1980b. Aliphatic and polycyclic alcohols in sediments: Hydroxylated derivatives of hopane and of 3-methylhopane. Journal of Chemical Research (S) 168-169.
23. Dehmer, J., 1993. Petrology and organic geochemistry of peat samples from a raised bog in Kalimantan (Borneo). Organic Geochemistry 20, 349-362.
24. 35) as ubiquitous geochemical markers. Tetrahedron Letters 14, 1349-1352.
25. Eglinton, G., Hunneman, D.H., McCormick, A., 1968. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric studies of long chain hydroxy acids. - III. The mass spectra of methyl esters trimethylsilyl ethers of aliphatic hydroxy acids. A facile method of double bond location. Organic Mass Spectrometry 1, 593-611.
26. Eglinton, T.I., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Kohnen, M.E.L., de Leeuw, J.W., 1990. Rapid estimation of the organic sulfur content of kerogens, coals and asphaltenes by pyrolysis-gas chromatography. Fuel 69, 1394-1404.
27. Farrimond, P., Flanagan, R.L., 1996. Lipid stratigraphy of a Flandrian peat bed (Northumberland, UK): Comparison with the pollen record. The Holocene 6, 69-74.
28. 13C and plant macrofossil stratigraphy of a Scottish montane peat bog over the last two millenia. Organic Geochemistry 28, 217-237.
29. Filley, T.R., Freeman, K.H., Wilkin, R.T., Hatcher, P.G., 2002. Biogeochemical controls on reaction of sedimentary organic matter and aqueous sulfides in Holocene sediments of Mud Lake, Florida. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66, 937-954.
30. Given, P.H., 1971. Biological aspects of the geochemistry of coal. Advances in Organic Geochemistry 1971, 69-92.
31. Given, P.H., Dickinson, C.H., 1975. Biochemistry and microbiology of peats. In: Paul, E.A., McLaren, A.D. (Eds.), Soil Biochemistry, Vol. 3, pp. 123-212.
32. Hatcher, P.G., Clifford, D.J., 1997. The organic geochemistry of coal: from plant materials to coal. Organic Geochemistry 27, 251-274.
33. Hatcher, P.G., Lerch III., H.E., Verheyen, T.V., 1989. Organic geochemical studies of the transformation of gymnospermous xylem during peatification and coalification to subbituminous coal. In: Lyons, P.C., Alpern, B. (Eds.), Coal: Classification, Coalification, Mineralogy, Trace-element Chemistry and Oil and Gas Potential, International Journal of Coal Geology, Vol. 13, pp. 65-97.
34. ten Haven, H.L., 1987. Restricted utility of the pristane/phytane ratio as a paleoenvironmental indicator. Nature 330, 641-643.
35. ten Haven, H.L., Rullkötter, J., 1988. The diagenetic fate of taraxer-14-ene and oleanene isomers. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52, 2543-2548.
36. ten Haven, H.L., Peakman, T.M., Rullkötter, J., 1992. Early diagenetic transformation of higher-plant triterpenoids in deep-sea sediments from Baffin Bay. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 56, 2001-2024.
37. van der Heijden, E., Boon, J.J., 1994. A combined pyrolysis mass spectrometric and light microscopic study of peatified Calluna wood isolated from raised bog peat deposits. Organic Geochemistry 22, 903-919.
38. Hirota, H., Moriyama, Y., Takahiko, T., Tanahashi, Y., Takahashi, T., Katoh, Y., Satoh, H., 1975. The high resolution mass spectra of shionane and friedelane derivatives. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 48, 1884-1888.
39. Holloway, P.J., Deas, A.H.B., 1971. Occurrence of positional isomers of dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid in plant cutins and suberins. Phytochemistry 10, 2781-2785.
40. Huang, Y., Lockheart, M.J., Logan, G.A., Eglinton, G., 1996. Isotope and molecular evidence for the diverse origins of carboxylic acids in leaf fossils and sediments from the Miocene Lake Clarkia deposit, Idaho, U.S.A.. Organic Geochemistry 24, 289-299.
41. Hunneman D. H., Eglinton G., 1968. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric identification of long chain hydroxy acids in plants and sediments. In: Schenck, P.A., Havenaar, I. (Eds.), Advances in Organic Geochemistry 1968, pp. 157-166.
42. Innes, H.E., Bishop, A.N., Head, I.M., Farrimond, P., 1997. Preservation and diagenesis of hopanoids in Recent lacustrine sediments of Priest Pot, England. Organic Geochemistry 26, 565-576.
43. Ioppolo-Armanios, M., 1996. The Occurrence and Origins of Some Alkylphenols in Crude Oils. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, School of Applied Chemistry, Curtin University of Technology, Perth.
44. Jaffé, R., Albrecht, P., Oudin, J.L., 1988. Carboxlic acids as indicators of oil migration: II. Case of the Mahakam Delta, Indonesia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52, 2599-2607.
45. Killops, S.D., Frewin, N.L., 1994. Triterpenoid diagenesis and cuticular preservation. Organic Geochemistry 21, 1193-1209.
46. Kok, M.D., Rijpstra, W.I.C., Volkman, J.K., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 2000. Early steroid sulfurisation in surface sediments of a permanently stratified lake (Ace Lake, Antarctica). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64, 1425-1436.
47. Kolattukudy, P.E., Kronman, K., Poulose, A.J., 1975. Determination of structure and composition of suberin from the roots of carrot, parsnip, rutabaga, turnip, red beet, and sweet potato by combined gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Plant Physiology 55, 567-573.
48. Köster, J., van Kaam-Peters, H.M.E., Koopmans, M.P., de Leeuw, J.W., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., 1997. Sulfurisation of homohopanoids: effects on carbon number distribution, speciation, and 22S/22R epimer ratios. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, 2431-2452.
49. Krein, E.B., 1993. Organic sulfur in the geosphere: analysis, structures and chemical processes. In: Patai, S., Rappoport, Z. (Eds.), Supplement S: The Chemistry of Sulfur-Containing Functional Groups, pp. 975-1032.
50. de Leeuw, J.W., Largeau, C., 1993. A review of macromolecular organic compounds that comprise living organisms and their role in kerogen, coal and petroleum formation. In: Engel, M.H., Macko, S.A. (Eds.) Organic Geochemistry, pp. 23-72.
51. Lehtonen, K., Ketola, M., 1990. Occurrence of long-chain acyclic methyl ketones in Sphagnum and Carex peats of various degrees of humification. Organic Geochemistry 15, 275-280.
52. Lehtonen, K., Ketola, M., 1993. Solvent-extractable lipids of Sphagnum, Carex, Bryales and Carex-Bryales peats: content and compositional features vs peat humification. Organic Geochemistry 20, 363-380.
53. Lichtfouse, É., Chenu, C., Baudin, F., LeBlond, C., da Silva, M., Behar, F., Derenne, S., Largeau, C., Wehrung, P., Albrecht, P., 1998. A novel pathway of soil organic matter formation by selective preservation of resistant straight-chain biopolymers: chemical and isotope evidence. Organic Geochemistry 28, 411-415.
54. Lohmann, F., Trendel, J.-M., Hetru, C., Albrecht, P., 1990. C-29 Tritiated β-amyrin: Chemical synthesis aiming at the study of aromatization processes in sediments. Journal of Labelled Compounds in Radiopharmacy 28, 377-386.
55. Marzi, R., Torkelson, B.E., Olson, R.K., 1993. A revised carbon preference index. Organic Geochemistry 20, 1303-1306.
56. Moldowan, J.M., Sundararaman, P., Salvatori, T., Alajbeg, A., Gjulic, B., Lee, C.Y., Demaison, G.J., 1992. Source correlation and maturity assessment of selected oils and rocks from the Central Adriatic Basin (Italy and Yugoslavia). In: Moldowan, J.M., Albrecht, P., Philp, R.P. (Eds.), Biological Markers in Sediments and Petroleums. Prentice Hall, Engelwood Cliffs, pp. 370-401.
57. Moldowan, J.M., Dahl, J., Huizinga, B.J., Fago, F.J., Hickey, L.J., Peakman, T.M., Winship Taylor, D., 1994. The molecular fossil record of oleanane and its relation to angiosperms. Science 265, 768-771.
58. Murray, A.P., Sosrowidjojo, I.B., Alexander, R., Kagi, R.I., Norgate, C.M., Summons, R.E., 1997. Oleananes in oils and sediments: evidence of marine influence during early diagenesis? Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, 1261-1276.
59. Nip, M., Tegelaar, E.W., Brinkhuis, H., de Leeuw, J.W., Schenck, P.A., Holloway, P.J., 1986. Analysis of modern and fossil plant cuticles by Curie point Py-GC and Curie point Py-GC-MS: recognition of a new, highly aliphatic and resistant biopolymer. Organic Geochemistry 10, 769-778.
60. Ourisson, G., Albrecht, P., 1992. Hopanoids. 1. Geohopanoids: the most abundant natural products on earth? Accounts of Chemical Research 25, 398-402.
61. Painter, P.C., Snyder, R.W., Starsinic, M., Coleman, M.M., Kuehn, D.W., Davis, A., 1981. Concerning the application of FT-IR to the study of coal: a critical assessment of band assignments and the application of spectral analysis programs. Applied Spectroscopy 35, 475-485.
62. Pant, P., Rastogi, R.P., 1979. The triterpenoids. Phytochemistry 18, 1095-1108.
63. Peakman, T.M., ten Haven, H.L., Rullkötter, J., Curiale, J.A., 1991a. Characterisation of 24-nor-triterpenoids occurring in sediments and crude oils by comparison with synthesized standards. Tetrahedron 47, 3779-3786.
64. Peakman, T.M., Paul C., Rullkötter, J., ten Haven, H.L., de Leeuw, J.W., Baas, J.M.A., 1991b. The significance of the acid-catalysed rearrangement of olean-12-ene in determining the diagenetic fate of some higher plant triterpenoids. In: Manning, D. (Ed.), Organic Geochemistry. Advances and Applications in the Natural Environment, pp. 249-252.
65. Peiseler, B., Rohmer, M., 1991. Prokaryotic triterpenoids. (22R, 32R)-34,35-Dinorbacteriohopane-32,33-diols from Acetobacter aceti ssp. xylinum: new bacteriohopane derivatives with shortened side chain. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1 2449-2453.
66. Perkins, G.M., Bull, I.D., ten Haven, H.L., Rullkötter J., Smith, Z.E.F., Peakman, T.M., 1995. First positive identification of triterpenes of the Taraxastane Family in petroleums and oil shales: 19α(H)-Taraxastane and 24-nor19α(H)-Taraxastane. Evidence for a previously unrecognised diagenetic alteration pathway of Lup-20(29)-ene derivatives. In: Grimalt, J., Dorronsoro, C. (Eds.), Organic Geochemistry: Developments and Applications to Energy, Climate, Environments and Human History, pp. 247-279.
67. Poinsot, J., Schneckenburger, P., Adam, P., Trendel, J.M., Riva, A., Albrecht, P., 1998. Novel polycyclic sulfides derived from regular polyprenoids in sediments: Characterization, distribution, and geochemical significance. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 62, 805-814.
68. Quirk, M.M., Wardroper, A.M.K., Wheatley, R.E., Maxwell, J.R., 1984. Extended hopanoids in peat environments. Chemical Geology 42, 25-43.
69. Rieley, G., Collier, R.J., Jones, D.M., Eglinton, G., 1991. The biogeochemistry of Ellesmere Lake, U.K. - I: Source correlation of leaf wax inputs to the sedimentary lipid record. Organic Geochemistry 17, 901-912.
70. Ries-Kautt, M., Albrecht, P., 1989. Hopane-derived triterpenoids in soils. Chemical Geology 76, 143-151.
71. Rontani, J.-F., Raphel, D., Cuny, P., 1996. Early diagenesis of the intact and photooxidized chlorophyll phytyl chain in a recent temperate sediment. Organic Geochemistry 24, 825-832.
72. Rosa-Putra, S., Nalin, R., Domenach, A.-M., Rohmer, M., 2001. Novel hopanoids from Frankia spp. and related soil bacteria. Squalene cyclization and significance of geological biomarkers revisited. European Journal of Biochemistry 268, 4300-4306.
73. Rouxhet, P.G., Robin, P.L., Nicaise, G., 1980. Characterization of kerogens and of their evolution by infrared spectroscopy. In: Durand, B. (Ed.), Kerogen. Insoluble Organic Matter from Sedimentary Rocks, pp 163-190.
74. Rullkötter, J., Michaelis, W., 1990. The structure of kerogen and related materials. A review of recent progress and future trends. Organic Geochemistry 16, 829-852.
75. Rullkötter, J., Leythaeuser, D., Wendisch, D., 1982. Novel 23,28-bisnorlupanes in Tertiary sediments. Widespread occurrence of nuclear demethylated triterpanes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 46, 2501-2509.
76. Sandison, C.M., Alexander, R., Kagi, R.I., Boreham, C.B., 2002. Sulfurisation of lipids in a marine-influenced lignite. Organic Geochemistry 33, 1053-1077.
77. Schmidt, J., Huneck, S., 1979. Mass spectroscopy of natural products. V. Mass spectroscopic studies of ring A substituted allobetullane derivatives. Organic Mass Spectrometry 14, 646-655.
78. - in natural environments. Tetrahedron Letters 39, 447-450.
79. Schouten, S., Pavlovic, D., Sinninghe Damsté J.S., de Leeuw, J.W., 1993. Selective cleavage of acyclic sulphide moieties of sulfur-rich geomacromolecules by superheated methyl iodide. Organic Geochemistry 20, 911-916.
80. Schouten, S., de Graaf, W., Sinninghe Damsté J.S., van Driel, G.B., de Leeuw, J.W., 1994a. Laboratory simulation of natural sulfurisation: II. Reaction of multi-functionalized lipids with inorganic polysulphides at low temperatures. Organic Geochemistry 22, 825-834.
81. Schouten, S., van Driel, G.B., Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., de Leeuw, J.W., 1994b. Natural sulfurisation of ketones and aldehydes: a key reaction in the formation of organic sulfur compounds. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 5111-5116.
82. Shiojima, K., Arai, Y., Masuda, K., Takase, Y., Ageta, T., Ageta, H., 1992. Mass spectra of pentacyclic triterpenoids. Chemical Pharmacy Bulletin 40, 1683-1690.
83. Sikora, L.J., Keeney, D.R., 1983. Further aspects of soil chemistry under anaerobic conditions. In Gore, A.J.P. (Ed.), Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor, Ecosystems of the World Vol. 4A, pp. 247-256.
84. Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., de las Heras, F.X.C., de Leeuw, J.W., 1992. Molecular analysis of sulfur-rich brown coals by flash pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography 607, 361-376.
85. Suggate, R.P., Boudou, J.P., 1993. Coal rank and type variation in Rock-Eval assessment of New Zealand coals. Journal of Petroleum Geology 16, 73-88.
86. Tegelaar, E.W., Noble, R.A., 1994. Kinetics of hydrocarbon generation as a function of the molecular structure of kerogen as revealed by pyrolysis-gas chromatography. Organic Geochemistry 22, 543-574.
87. Tegelaar, E.W., de Leeuw, J.W., Largeau, C., Derenne, S., Schulten, H.-R., Müller, R., Boon, J.J., Nip, M., Sprenkels, J.C.M., 1989a. Scope and limitations of several pyrolysis methods in the structural elucidation of macromolecular plant constituent in the leaf cuticle of Agave Americana L.. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 15, 29-54.
88. Tegelaar, E.W., de Leeuw, J.W., Holloway, P.J., 1989b. Some mechanisms of flash pyrolysis of naturally occurring higher plant polyesters. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 15, 289-295.
89. Tegelaar, E.W., Hollman, G., van der Vegt, P., de Leeuw, J.W., Holloway, P.J., 1995. Chemical characterization of the periderm tissue of some angiosperm species: Recognition of an insoluble, non-hydrolyzable, aliphatic biomacromolecle (Suberan). Organic Geochemistry 23, 239-250.
90. Tissot, B.P., Welte, D.H., 1984. Petroleum Formation and Occurrence, second ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
91. Trendel, J.M., Lohmann, F., Kintzinger, J.P., Albrecht, P., Chiaroni, A., Riche, C., Cesario, M., Guilhem, J., Pascard, C., 1989. Identification of des-A-triterpenoid hydrocarbons occurring in surface sediments. Tetrahedron 45, 4457-4470.
92. Trendel, J.M., Graft, R., Albrecht, P., Riva, A., 1991. 24,28-Dinor-18α-oleanane, a novel demethylated higher plant derived triterpene hydrocarbon in petroleum. Tetrahedron Letters 32, 2959-2962.
93. Tritz, J.-P., Herrmann, D., Bisseret, P., Connan, J., Rohmer, M., 1999. Abiotic and biological hopanoid transformation: Towards the formation of molecular fossils of the hopane series. Organic Geochemistry 30, 499-514.
94. Tulloch, A.P., 1976. Chemistry of waxes of higher plants. In: Kolattukudy, P.E. (Ed.), Chemistry and Biochemistry of Natural Waxes, pp. 235-287.
95. Venkatesan, M.I., Ruth, E., Kaplan, I.R., 1990. Triterpenols from sediments of Santa Monica Basin, Southern California Bight, U. S. A.. Organic Geochemistry 16, 1015-1024.
96. Verheyen, T.V., Johns, R.B., 1981. Structural investigations of Australian coals-I. A characterization of Victorian brown coal lithotypes and their kerogen and humic acid fractions by i.r. spectroscopy. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45, 1899-1908.
97. Wolff, G.A., Trendel, J.M., Albrecht, P., 1989. Novel monoaromatic triterpenoid hydrocarbons occurring in sediments. Tetrahedron 45, 6721-6728.