Effects of UV radiation on phytoplankton

Advances in Microbial Ecology

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 1-26

  Häder, Donat P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041414359     PISSN: 01474863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (153)

1. Anderson, J. G., Toohey, D. W., and Brune, W. H., 1991, Free radicals within the Antarctic vortex: The role of CFCs in Antarctic ozone loss, Science 251:39-46.
2. Atkinson, R. J., Matthews, W. A., Newman, P. A., and Plumb, R. A., 1989, Evidence of the mid-latitude impact of Antarctic ozone depletion, Nature 340:290-294.
3. Baker, K. S., and Smith, R. C., 1982, Spectral irradiance penetration in natural waters, in: The Role of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Marine Ecosystems (J. Calkins, ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 233-246.
4. Bean, B., 1985, Microbial geotaxis, in: Membranes and Sensory Transduction (G. Colombetti and F. Lenci, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 163-198.
5. Beggs, C. J., Schneider-Ziebert, U., and Wellmann, E., 1986, UV-B radiation and adaptive mechanisms in plants, in: Stratospheric Ozone Reduction. Solar Ultraviolet Radiation and Plant Life (R. C. Worrest and M. M. Caldwell, eds.) NATO ASI Series, Vol. G8, Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 235-250.
6. Bhattacharjee, S. K., and David, K. A. V., 1987, UV-sensitivity of cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans: Part II - a model involving photosystem (PSII) reaction centre as lethal target and herbicide binding high turnover B protein as regulator of dark repair, Indian J. Exp. Biol. 25:837-842.
7. Bhattacharjee, S. K., Mathur, M., Rane, S. S., and David, K. A. V., 1987, UV-sensitivity of cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans: Part I - evidence for photosystem II (PSII) as a lethal target and constitutive nature of a dark-repair system against damage to PSII, Indian J. Exp. Biol. 25:832-836.
8. Bidigare, R. R., 1989, Potential effects of UV-B radiation on marine organisms of the Southern Ocean: Distributions of phytoplankton and krill during Austral spring, Photochem. Photobiol. 50:469-477.
9. Blumthaler, M., and Ambach, W., 1990, Indication of increasing solar ultraviolet-B radiation flux in alpine regions, Science 248:206-208.
10. Brasseur, G. P., 1989, A dent outside the hole?, Nature 342:225-226.
11. Brodhun, B., and Häder, D.-P., 1990, Photoreceptor proteins and pigments in the paraflagellar body of the flagellate Euglena gracilis, Photochem. Photobiol. 52:865-871.
12. Brown, P. C., and Cochrane, K. L., 1991, Chlorophyll a distribution in the southern Benguela: Possible effects of global warming on phytoplankton and its implication for pelagic fish, Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Wetenskap 87:233-242.
13. Brune, W. H., Anderson, J. G., Toohey, D. W., Fahey, D. W., Kawa, S. R., Jones, R. L., McKenna, D. S., and Poole, L. R., 1991, The potential for ozone depletion in the Arctic polar stratosphere, Science 252:1260-1266.
14. Büchel, C., and Wilhelm, C., 1993, In vivo analysis of slow chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics in algae: progress, problems and perspective, Photochem. Photobiol. 58:137-148.
15. Burns, N. M., and Rosa, F., 1980, In situ measurements of the settling velocity of organic carbon particles and ten species of phytoplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr. 2:855-864.
16. Cabrera, S., and Montecino, V., 1987, Productividad primaria en ecosistemas limnicos, Arch. Biol. Med. Exp. 20:105-116.
17. Calkins, J., and Thordardottir, T., 1980, The ecological significance of solar UV-B radiations on aquatic organisms, Nature 283:563-566.
18. Carpenter, E. J., and Romans, K., 1991, Major role of the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium in nutrient cycling in the North Atlantic Ocean, Science 254:1356-1358.
19. Carreto, J. J., Carignana, M. O., Daleo, G., and de Marco, S. G., 1990, Occurrence of mycosporine-like amino acids in the red tide dinoflagellate Alexandrium excavatum: UV-photoprotective compounds, J. Plankton Res. 12:909-921.
20. Cullen, J. J., and Lesser, M. P., 1991, Inhibition of photosynthesis by ultraviolet radiation as a function of dose and dosage rate: results for a marine diatom, Marine Biol. 111:183-190.
21. Cullen, J. C., Neale P. J., and Lesser, M. P., 1992, Biological weighting function for the inhibition of phytoplankton photosynthesis by ultraviolet radiation, Science 258: 646-650.
22. Donkor, V., and Häder, D.-P., 1991, Effects of solar and ultraviolet radiation on motility, photomovement and pigmentation in filamentous, gliding cyanobacteria, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 86:159-168.
23. Donkor, V. A., Amewowor, D. H. A. K., and Häder, D.-P., 1993a, Effects of tropical solar radiation on the motility of filamentous cyanobacteria, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 12:143-148.
24. Donkor, V.A., Amewowor, D. H. A. K., and Häder, D.-P., 1993b, Effects of tropical solar radiation on the velocity and photophobic behavior of filamentous gliding cyanobacteria, Acta Protozool. 32:67-72.
25. Eggersdorfer, B., and Häder, D.-P., 1991a, Phototaxis, gravitaxis and vertical migrations in the marine dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum micans, Eur. J. Biophys. 85:319-326.
26. Eggersdorfer, B., and Häder, D.-P., 1991b, Phototaxis, gravitaxis and vertical migrations in the marine dinoflagellates, Peridinium faeroense and Amphidinium caterii, Acta Protozool. 30:63-71.
27. Ekelund, N. G. A., 1991, The effect of UV-B radiation on dinoflagellates, J. Plant Physiol. 138:274-278.
28. El Sayed, S. Z., 1988a, Fragile life under the ozone hole, Natural History 97:73-80.
29. El Sayed, S. Z., 1988b, Productivity of the Southern Ocean: A closer look, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 90B:589-498.
30. Esquivel, D. M. S., and de Barros, H. G. P. L., 1986, Motion of magnetotactic microorganisms, J. Exp. Biol. 121:153-163.
31. Frederick, J. E., 1990, Trends in atmospheric ozone and ultraviolet radiation: Mechanisms and observations for the northern hemisphere, Photochem. Photobiol. 51:757-763.
32. Frederick, J. E., Snell, H. E., and Haywood, E. K., 1989, Solar ultraviolet radiation at the earth's surface, Photochem. Photobiol. 50:443-450.
33. Frederick, J. E., Weatherhead, E. C., and Haywood, E. K., 1991, Long-term variations in ultraviolet sunlight reaching the biosphere: Calculations for the past three decades, Photochem. Photobiol. 54:781-788.
34. Galland, P., Keiner, P., Dörnemann, D., Senger, H., Brodhun, B., and Häder, D.-P., 1990, Pterin-and flavin-like fluorescence associated with isolated flagella of Euglena gracilis, Photochem. Photobiol. 51:675-680.
35. Garcia-Pichel, F., and Castenholz, R. W., 1991. Characterization and biological implications of scytonemin, a cyanobacterial sheath pigment, J. Phycol. 27:395-409.
36. 2 release, Tellus 39B:209-213.
37. Genty, B. E., Briantais, J. M., and Baker, N. R., 1989, Relative quantum efficiencies of the two photosystems of leaves in photorespiratory and non-photorespiratory conditions, Plant Physiol. Biochem. 28:1-10.
38. Gerber, S., and Häder, D.-P., 1992, UV effects on photosynthesis, proteins and pigmentation in the flagellate Euglena gracilis: biochemical and spectroscopic observations, Biochem. System. Ecol. 20:485-492.
39. Gerber, S., and Häder, D.-P., 1993, Effects of solar irradiation on motility and pigmentation of three species of phytoplankton, Env. Exp. Biol. 33:515-521.
40. Gieskes, W. C., and Kraay, G. W., 1990, Transmission of ultraviolet light in the Weddell Sea. Report on the first measurements made in Antarctic, Biomass Newsletter 12:12-14.
41. Gosink, J. J., Irgens, R. L., and Staley, J. T., 1993, Vertical distribution of bacteria in Arctic sea ice, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 102:85-90.
42. Grant, W. B., 1988, Global stratospheric ozone and UVB radiation, Science 242:1111.
43. Häberlein, A., and Häder, D.-P., 1992, UV effects on photosynthetic oxygen production and chromoprotein composition in the freshwater flagellate Cryptomonas S2, Acta Protozool. 31: 85-92.
44. Häder, D.-P., 1985, Effects of UV-B on motility and photobehavior in the green flagellate, Euglena gracilis, Arch. Microbiol. 141:159-163.
45. Häder, D.-P., 1986a, Effects of solar and artificial UV irradiation on motility and phototaxis in the flagellate, Euglena gracilis, Photochem. Photobiol. 44:651-656.
46. Häder, D.-P., 1986b, The effect of enhanced solar UV-B radiation on motile microorganisms, in: Stratospheric Ozone Reduction, Solar Ultraviolet Radiation and Plant Life, (R.C. Worrest, and M.M. Caldwell, eds.), Springer Verlag, New York, pp. 223-233.
47. Häder, D.-P., 1987, Polarotaxis, gravitaxis and vertical phototaxis in the green flagellate, Euglena gracilis, Arch. Microbiol. 147:179-183.
48. Häder, D.-P., 1988a, Ecological consequences of photomovement in microorganisms, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 1:385-414.
49. Häder, D.-P., 1988b, Signal perception and amplification in photoresponses of cyanobacteria, Biophys. Chem. 29:155-159.
50. Häder, D.-P., 1991a, Effects of enhanced solar ultraviolet radiation on aquatic ecosystems, in: Biophysics of Photoreceptors and Photomovements in Microorganisms (F. Lenci, F. Ghetti, G. Colombetti, D.-P. Häder, and P.-S. Song, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 157-172.
51. Häder, D.-P., 1991b, Phototaxis and gravitaxis in Euglena gracilis, in: Biophysics of Photoreceptors and Photomovements in Microorganisms, (F. Lenci, F. Ghetti, G. Colombetti, D.-P. Häder, and P.-S. Song, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 203-221.
52. Häder, D.-P., and Brodhun, B., 1991, Effects of ultraviolet radiation on the photoreceptor proteins and pigments in the paraflagellar body of the flagellate, Euglena gracilis, J. Plant Phys. 137:641-646.
53. Häder, D.-P., and Häder, M., 1988a, Inhibition of motility and phototaxis in the green flagellate, Euglena gracilis, by UV-B radiation, Arch. Microbiol. 150:20-25.
54. Häder, D.-P., and Häder, M., 1988b, Ultraviolet-B inhibition of motility in green and dark bleached Euglena gracilis, Current Microbiol. 17:215-220.
55. Häder, D.-P., and Häder, M.A., 1989c, Effects of solar UV-B irradiation on photomovement and motility in photosynthetic and colorless flagellates, Environ. Exp. Bot. 29:273-282.
56. Häder, D.-P., and Häder, M., 1989a, Effects of solar radiation on photoorientation, motility and pigmentation in a freshwater Cryptomonas, Botanica Acta 102:236-240.
57. Häder, D.-P., and Häder, M. A., 1989b, Effects of solar and artificial radiation on motility and pigmentation in Cyanophora paradoxa, Arch. Microbiol. 152:453-457.
58. Häder, D.-P., and Häder, M., 1990a, Effects of solar radiation on motility, photomovement and pigmentation in two strains of the cyanobacterium, Phormidium uncinatum, Acta Protozool. 29:291-303.
59. Häder, D.-P., and Häder, M., 1990b, Effects of UV radiation on motility, photo-orientation and pigmentation in a freshwater Cryptomonas, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 5:105-114.
60. Häder, D.-P., and Häder, M., 1991a, Effects of solar and artificial UV radiation on motility and pigmentation in the marine Cryptomonas maculata, Env. Exp. Bot. 31:33-41.
61. Häder, D.-P., and Häder, M. A., 1991b, Effects of solar radiation on motility in Stentor coeruleus, Photochem. Photobiol. 54:423-428.
62. Häder, D.-P., and Hoiczyk, E., 1992, Gliding motility, in: Algal Cell Motility (M. Melkonian, ed.), Chapman and Hall, New York, pp. 1-38.
63. Häder, D.-P., and Liu, S.-L., 1990a, Effects of artificial and solar UV-B radiation on the gravitactic orientation of the dinoflagellate, Peridinium gatunense, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 73:331-338.
64. Häder, D.-P., and Liu, S.-M., 1990b, Motility and gravitactic orientation of the flagellate, Euglena gracilis, impaired by artificial and solar UV-B radiation, Curr. Microbiol. 21:161-168.
65. Häder, D.-P., and Schäfer, J., 1994a, In-situ measurement of photosynthetic oxygen production in the water column, Environm. Monit. Assessm. 32:259-268.
66. Häder, D.-P., and Schäfer, J., 1994b, Photosynthetic oxygen production in macroalgae and phytoplankton under solar irradiation, J. Plant Physiol. 144:293-299.
67. Häder, D.-P., and Worrest, R. C., 1991, Effects of enhanced solar ultraviolet radiation on aquatic ecosystems, Photochem. Photobiol. 53:717-725.
68. Häder, D.-P., Colombetti, G., Lenci, F., and Quaglia, M., 1981, Phototaxis in the flagellates, Euglena gracilis and Ochromonas danica, Arch. Microbiol. 130:78-82.
69. Häder, D.-P., Watanabe, M., and Furuya, M., 1986, Inhibition of motility in the cyanobacterium, Phormidium uncinatum, by solar and monochromatic UV irradiation, Plant Cell Physiol. 27:887-894.
70. Häder, D.-P., Rhiel, E., and Wehrmeyer, W., 1988, Ecological consequences of photomovement and photobleaching in the marine flagellate Cryptomonas maculata, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 53:9-18.
71. Häder, D.-P., Worrest, R. C., and Kumar, H. D., 1989, Aquatic ecosystems, UNEP Environmental Effects Panel Report, pp. 39-48.
72. Häder, D.-P., Häder, M., Liu, S.-M., and Ullrich, W., 1990a, Effects of solar radiation on photoorientation, motility and pigmentation in a freshwater Peridinium, BioSystems 23:335-343.
73. Häder, D.-P., Liu, S.-M., Häder, M., and Ullrich, W., 1990b, Photoorientation, motility and pigmentation in a freshwater Peridinium affected by ultraviolet radiation, Gen. Physiol. Biophys. 9:361-371.
74. Häder, D.-P., Worrest, R. C., and Kumar, H. D., 1991, Aquatic ecosystems, UNEP Environmental Effects Panel Report, pp. 33-40.
75. Häder, D.-P., Worrest, R. C., Kumar, H. D., and Smith, R. C., 1994, Effects of increased solar ultraviolet radiation on aquatic ecosystems, UNEP Environmental Effects Panel Report, pp. 65-77.
76. Häder, D.-P., Worrest, R. C., Kumar, H. D., and Smith, R. C., 1995, Effects of increased solar ultraviolet radiation on aquatic ecosystems, AMBIO 24:174-180.
77. Hardy, J., and Gucinski, H., 1989, Stratospheric ozone depletion: implications for marine ecosystems, Oceanogr. Mag. 2:18-21.
78. Heath, D. F., 1988. Non-seasonal changes in total column ozone from satellite observations, 1970-86, Nature 332:219-227.
79. Helbing, E. W., Villafane, V., Ferrario, M., and Holm-Hansen, O., 1991, Impact of natural ultraviolet radiation on rates of photosynthesis and on specific marine phytoplankton species, Marine Ecology Progress Series 80:89-100.
80. Hirosawa, T., and Miyachi, S., 1983, Inactivation of Hill reaction by long-wavelength ultraviolet radiation (UV-A) and its photoreactivation by visible light in the cyanobacterium, Anacystis nidulans, Arch. Microbiol. 135:98-102.
81. Hofmann, D. J., and Deshler, T., 1991, Evidence from balloon measurements for chemical depletion of stratospheric ozone in the Arctic winter of 1989-90, Nature 349:300-305.
82. Hough, A. M., and Derwent, R. G., 1990. Changes in the global concentration of tropospheric ozone due to human activities, Nature 344:645-648.
83. Houghton, R. A., and Woodwell, G. M., 1989, Global climatic change, Sci. Amer. 260:18-26.
84. Huang, T.-C., and Chow, T.-J., 1988, Comparative studies of some nitrogen-fixing unicellular cyanobacteria isolated from rice fields, J. Gen. Microbiol. 134:3089-3097.
85. Ignatiades, L., 1990, Photosynthetic capacity of the surface microlayer during the mixing period, J. Plankton Res. 12:851-860.
86. Ito, T., 1983, Photodynamic agents as tools for cell biology, in: Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews (K.C. Smith, ed.), Volume 7, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 141-186.
87. Jerlov, N. G., 1970, Light-general introduction, in: Marine Ecology (O. Kinne, ed.), Volume 1 Wiley, New York, pp. 95-102.
88. Karentz, D., 1991, Ecological considerations of Antarctic ozone depletion, Antarctic Sci. 3:3-11.
89. Karentz, D., and Lutze, L. H., 1990, Evaluation of biologically harmful ultraviolet radiation in Antarctica with a biological dosimeter designed for aquatic environments, Limnol. Oceanogr. 35:549-561.
90. Karentz, D., Cleaver, J. E., and Mitchell, D. L., 1991a, DNA damage in the Antarctic, Nature 28:350.
91. Karentz, D., Cleaver, J. E., and Mitchell, D. L., 1991b, Cell survival characteristics and molecular responses of Antarctic phytoplankton to ultraviolet-B radiation, J. Phycol. 27:326-341.
92. Karentz, D., Mc Euen, F. S., Land, M.C., and Dunlap, W. C., 1991c, Survey of mycosporine-like amino acid compounds in Antarctic marine organisms: Potential protection from ultraviolet exposure, Marine Biology 108:157-166.
93. Kerr, R. A., 1990, Another deep Antarctic ozone hole, Science 250:370.
94. Kumar, A., and Kumar, H. D., 1988, Nitrogen fixation by blue-green algae, in: Plant Physiology Research (S.P. Seu, ed.), Society for Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, First International Congress of Plant Physiology, New Delhi, pp. 15-22.
95. Lindholm, T., 1992, Ecological role of depth maxima of phytoplankton, Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 35:33-45.
96. Lohrenz, S. E., Arnone, R. A., Wiesenburg, D. A., and DePalma, I. P., 1988, Satellite detection of transient enhanced primary production in the western Mediterranean Sea, Nature 335:245-247.
97. Lorenzen, C. J., 1979, UV radiation and phytoplankton photosynthesis, Limnol. Oceanogr. 24:1117-1120.
98. Lubin, D., Frederick J. E., Booth, C. R., Lucas, T., and Neuschuler, D., 1989, Measurements of enhanced springtime ultraviolet radiation at Palmer Station, Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett. 16:783-785.
99. MacNab, R. M., 1985, Biochemistry of sensory transduction in bacteria, in: Sensory Perception and Transduction in Aneural Organisms (G. Colombetti, F. Lenci, and P.-S. Song, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 31-46.
100. Madronich, S., McKenzie, R. L., Caldwell, M. M. and Björn, L. O., 1994, Changes in ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface, Environmental Effects Panel Report, United Nations Environmental Program, pp. 1-13.
101. Maske, H., 1984, Daylight ultraviolet radiation and the photoinhibition of phytoplankton carbon uptake, J. Plankton Res. 6:351-357.
102. McLeod, G. C. and McLachlan, J., 1959, The sensitivity of several algae to ultraviolet radiation of 2537 Å. Physiol. Plant. 12:306-309.
103. Mitchell, B. G., 1990, Action spectra of ultraviolet photoinhibition of Antarctic phytoplankton and a model of spectral diffuse attenuation coefficients, in: Proceedings of Workshop on Response of Marine Phytoplankton to Natural Variations in UV-B Flux, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Appendix H.
104. Murali, N. S., and Teramura, A. H., 1985, Effects of ultraviolet-B irradiance on soybean. VI. Influence of phosphorus nutrition on growth and flavonoid content, Physiol. Plant. 63:413-416.
105. Nultsch, W., and Agel, G., 1986, Fluence rate and wavelength dependence of photobleaching in the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis, Arch. Microbiol. 144:268-271.
106. Nultsch, W., and Häder, D.-P., 1988, Photomovement in motile microorganisms II, Photochem. Photobiol. 47:837-86.
107. Padhy, R. N., 1985, Cyanobacteria employed as fertilizers and waste disposers, Nature 317:475-476.
108. 2 fixation, Science 241:441-445.
109. Peak, J. G., Peak, M. J., Sikorski, R. S., and Jones, C. A., 1985, Induction of DNA-protein crosslinks in human cells by ultraviolet and visible radiations: action spectrum, Photochem. Photobiol. 41:295-302.
110. Piazena, H., and Häder, D.-P., 1994, Penetration of solar UV irradiation in coastal lagoons of the Southern Baltic Sea and its effect on phytoplankton communities, Photochem. Photobiol. 60:463-469.
111. Poff, K. L., 1985, Temperature sensing in microorganisms, in: Sensory Perception and Transduction in Aneural Organisms (G. Colombetti, F. Lenci, and P.-S.Song, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 299-307.
112. Proffitt, M. H., Fahey, D. W., Kelly, K. K., and Tuck, A. F., 1989, High-latitude ozone loss outside the Antarctic ozone hole, Nature 342:233-237.
113. Raven, J. A., 1991, Responses of aquatic photosynthetic organisms to increased solar UVB, J. Photochem. Photobiol., B: Biol. 9:239-244.
114. Renger, G., and Schreiber, U. 1986, Practical applications of flourometric methods to algae and higher plant research, in: Light Emission by Plants and Bacteria, Volume 47 (Govindjee, J. Amesz, and D.C. Fork, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 587-619.
115. Renger, G., Völker, M., Eckert, H. J., Fromme, R., Hohm-Veit, S., and Gräber, P., 1989, On the mechanisms of photosystem II deterioration by UV-B irradiation, Photochem. Photobiol. 49:97-105.
116. Rowland, F. S., 1989, Chlorofluorocarbons and the depletion of stratospheric ozone, Am. Scientist 77:36-46.
117. Schäfer, J., Sebastian, C., and Häder, D.-P., 1993, Effects of solar radiation on motility, orientation, pigmentation and photosynthesis in a green dinoflagellate Gvmnodinium, Acta Protozool. 33:59-65.
118. Schneider, S. H., 1989, The changing climate, Sci. Am. 261:38-47.
119. Schnell, R. C., Liu, S. C., Oltmans, S. J., Stone, R. S., Hofmann, D. J., Dutton, E. G., Deshler, T., Sturges, W. T., Harder, J. W., Sewell, S. D., Trainer, M., and Harris, J. M., 1991, Decrease of summer tropospheric ozone concentrations in Antarctica, Nature 351:726-729.
120. Schoeberl, M. R., and Hartmann, D. L., 1991, The dynamics of the stratospheric polar vortex and its relation to springtime ozone depletions, Science 251:46-52.
121. Schreiber, U., Schliwa, U., and Bilger, W., 1986, Continuous recording of photochemical and non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching with a new type of modulation fluorometer, Photosynth. Res. 10:51-62.
122. Schreiber, U., Bilger, W., and Neubauer, C., 1994, Chlorophyll fluorescence as a nonintrusive indicator for rapid assessment of in vivo photosynthesis, in: Ecophysiology of Photosynthesis. Ecological Studies, Volume 100 (E. D. Schulze, and M. M. Caldwell, eds.), Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 49-70.
123. Schreiber, U., Endo, T., Mi, H., and Asada, K., 1995, Quenching analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence by the saturation pulse method: particular aspects relating to the study of eukaryotic algae and cyanobacteria, Plant Cell Physiol. 36:873-882.
124. Shibata, H., Baba, K., and Ochiai, H., 1991, Near-UV irradiation induces shock proteins in Anacystis nidulans R-2; possible role of active oxygen, Plant Cell Physiol. 32:771-776.
125. Siebeck, O., and Böhm, U., 1987, Untersuchungen zur Wirkung der UV-B-Strahlung auf kleine Wassertiere, BPT Bericht, Gesellschaft für Strahlen-und Umweltforschung, Munich, pp. 84.
126. Sinha, R. P, and Kumar, A., 1992, Screening of blue-green algae for biofertilizer, in: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Organic Farming (P. L. Patil, ed.), Pune, India, 95-97.
127. Sinha, R. P., Kumar, H. D., Kumar, A., and Häder, D.-P., 1995a, Effects of UV-B irradiation on growth, survival, pigmentation and nitrogen metabolism enzymes in cyanobacteria, Acta Protozool. 34:187-192.
128. Sinha, R. P., Lebert, M., Kumar, A., Kumar, H. D., and Häder, D.-P., 1995b, Spectroscopic and biochemical analyses of UV effects of phycobiliproteins of Anabaena sp. and Nostoc carmium, Bot. Acta 108:87-92.
129. Smith, R., 1989, Ozone, middle ultraviolet radiation and the aquatic environment, Photochem. Photobiol. 50:459-468.
130. Smith, R. C., and Baker, K. S., 1978, Penetration of UV-B and biologically effective dose-rates in natural waters, Photochem. Photobiol. 29:311-323.
131. Smith, R. C., Baker, K. S., Holm-Hansen, O., and Olson, R., 1980, Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in natural waters, Photochem. Photobiol. 31:585-592.
132. Smith, R. C., Prezelin, B. B., Baker, K. S., Bidigare, R. R., Boucher, N. P., Coley, T., Karentz, D., MacIntyre, S., Matlick, H. A., Menzies, D., Ondrusek, M., Wan, Z., and Waters, K. J., 1992, Ozone depletion: Ultraviolet radiation and phytoplankton biology in Antarctic waters, Science 255:952-959.
133. 2-fixing cyanobacteria, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 34:497-536
134. Storch, T. A., Saunders, G. W., and Ostrofsky, M. L., 1990, Diel nitrogen fixation by cyanobacterial surface blooms in Sanctuary Lake, Pennsylvania, Appl. Environm. Microbiol. 56:466-471.
135. Tevini, M., Thoma, U., and Iwanzik, W., 1983, Effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on germination, seedling growth, leaf anatomy and pigments of some crop plants, Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 109:435-448.
136. Ting, C. S., and Owens, T. G., 1992, Limitations of the pulse-modulated technique for measuring the fluorescence characteristics of algae, Plant Physiol. 100:367-373.
137. Tirlapur, U., Scheuerlein, R., and Häder, D.-P., 1993, Motility and orientation of a dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium, impaired by solar and ultraviolet radiation, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 102:167-174.
138. Vaida, V., Solomon, S., Richard, E. C., Rühl, E., and Jefferson, A., 1989, Photoisomerization of OCIO: a possible mechanism for polar ozone depletion, Nature 342:405-408.
139. Venkataraman, G. S., 1981, Blue-green algae: a possible remedy to nitrogen scarcity, Curr. Sci. 50:253-256.
140. Viollier, M., Tanré, D., and Deschampes, P. Y., 1980, An algorithm for remote sensing of water color from space, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 18:247-267.
141. Vosjan, J. H., Döhler, G., and Nieuwland, G., 1990, Effect of UV-B irradiance on the ATP content of microorganisms of the Weddell Sea Antarctica, Neth. J. Sea Res. 25:391-394.
142. Walsby, A. E., Kinsman, R., and George, K. I., 1992, The measurement of gas volume and buoyant density in planktonic bacteria, J. Microbiol. Meth. 15:293-309.
143. Webb, A. R., 1991, Solar ultraviolet radiation in Southeast England: the case for spectral measurements, Photochem. Photobiol. 54:789-794.
144. Wei, D.-W., 1991, On the formation of the Antarctic ozone hole and its trend predictions, Science in China B 34:95-103.
145. Weis, E., and Berry, J., 1987, Quantum efficiency of photosystem II in relation to energy-dependent quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 894:198-208.
146. Worrest, R. C., 1982, Review of literature concerning the impact of UV-B radiation upon marine organisms, in: The Role of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Marine Ecosystems (J. Calkins, ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 429-457.
147. Worrest R. C., van Dyke, H., and Thomson, D., 1978, Impact of enhanced simulated solar ultraviolet radiation upon a marine community, Photochem. Photobiol. 27:471-478.
148. Worrest, R. C., Brooker, D. L., and van Dyke, H., 1980, Results of a primary productivity study as affected by the type of glass in the culture bottle, Limnol. Oceanogr. 25:360-364.
149. Worrest, R. C., Thompson, B. E., and van Dyke, H., 1981a, Impact of UV-B radiation upon estuarine microcosms, Photochem. Photobiol. 33:861-867.
150. Worrest, R. C., Wolniakowski, K. U., Scott, J. D., Brooker, D. L., Thompson B. E., and van Dyke, H., 1981b, Sensitivity of marine phytoplankton to UV-B radiation: Impact upon a model ecosystem, Photochem. Photobiol. 33:223-227.
151. Yamamoto, K. M., Satake, M., Shinagawa, H., and Fujiwara, Y., 1983, Amelioration of the ultraviolet sensitivity of an Escherichia coli recA mutant in the dark by photoreactivating enzyme, Mol. Gen. Genet. 190:511-515.
152. Yasuhira, S., Mitani, H., and Shima, A., 1992, Enhancement of photorepair of ultraviolet-induced pyrimidine dimers by preillumination with fluorescent light in the goldfish cell line. The relationship between survival and yield of pyrimidine dimers, Photochem. Photobiol. 55:97-101.
153. Zündorf, I., and Häder, D.-P., 1991, Biochemical and spectroscopic analysis of UV effects in the marine flagellate Cryptomonas maculata, Arch. Microbiol. 156:405-411.