The gender gap in science attitudes, parental and peer influences: Changes between 1987-88 and 1997-98

Public Understanding of Science

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 71-82

  Breakwell, Glynis M ^a   Robertson, Toby ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SURREY   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041402747     PISSN: 09636625     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0963-6625/10/1/305     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. B. J. Becker, "Gender and science achievement: a reanalysis of studies from two meta-analyses," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 26 (1989): 141-169; A. Colley, C. Coomber, and D. J. Hargreaves, "Gender effects in school subject preferences: a research note," Educational Studies 20 (1994): 13-18; A. Kelly, ed., The Missing Half: girls and science education (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1981); R. A. Schibeci, "Attitudes to science: an update," Studies in Science Education 11 (1984): 26-59; R. D. Simpson and J. S. Oliver, "A summary of major influences on attitude toward and achievement in science," Science Education 74 (1990): 1-18; M. Weinburgh, "Gender differences in student attitudes toward science: A meta-analysis of the literature from 1970-1991," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 32 (1995): 387-398; and H. Weinreich-Haste, "The image of science," in The Missing Half: girls and science education ed. A. Kelly (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1981).
2. B. J. Becker, "Gender and science achievement: a reanalysis of studies from two meta-analyses," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 26 (1989): 141-169; A. Colley, C. Coomber, and D. J. Hargreaves, "Gender effects in school subject preferences: a research note," Educational Studies 20 (1994): 13-18; A. Kelly, ed., The Missing Half: girls and science education (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1981); R. A. Schibeci, "Attitudes to science: an update," Studies in Science Education 11 (1984): 26-59; R. D. Simpson and J. S. Oliver, "A summary of major influences on attitude toward and achievement in science," Science Education 74 (1990): 1-18; M. Weinburgh, "Gender differences in student attitudes toward science: A meta-analysis of the literature from 1970-1991," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 32 (1995): 387-398; and H. Weinreich-Haste, "The image of science," in The Missing Half: girls and science education ed. A. Kelly (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1981).
3. B. J. Becker, "Gender and science achievement: a reanalysis of studies from two meta-analyses," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 26 (1989): 141-169; A. Colley, C. Coomber, and D. J. Hargreaves, "Gender effects in school subject preferences: a research note," Educational Studies 20 (1994): 13-18; A. Kelly, ed., The Missing Half: girls and science education (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1981); R. A. Schibeci, "Attitudes to science: an update," Studies in Science Education 11 (1984): 26-59; R. D. Simpson and J. S. Oliver, "A summary of major influences on attitude toward and achievement in science," Science Education 74 (1990): 1-18; M. Weinburgh, "Gender differences in student attitudes toward science: A meta-analysis of the literature from 1970-1991," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 32 (1995): 387-398; and H. Weinreich-Haste, "The image of science," in The Missing Half: girls and science education ed. A. Kelly (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1981).
4. B. J. Becker, "Gender and science achievement: a reanalysis of studies from two meta-analyses," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 26 (1989): 141-169; A. Colley, C. Coomber, and D. J. Hargreaves, "Gender effects in school subject preferences: a research note," Educational Studies 20 (1994): 13-18; A. Kelly, ed., The Missing Half: girls and science education (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1981); R. A. Schibeci, "Attitudes to science: an update," Studies in Science Education 11 (1984): 26-59; R. D. Simpson and J. S. Oliver, "A summary of major influences on attitude toward and achievement in science," Science Education 74 (1990): 1-18; M. Weinburgh, "Gender differences in student attitudes toward science: A meta-analysis of the literature from 1970-1991," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 32 (1995): 387-398; and H. Weinreich-Haste, "The image of science," in The Missing Half: girls and science education ed. A. Kelly (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1981).
5. B. J. Becker, "Gender and science achievement: a reanalysis of studies from two meta-analyses," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 26 (1989): 141-169; A. Colley, C. Coomber, and D. J. Hargreaves, "Gender effects in school subject preferences: a research note," Educational Studies 20 (1994): 13-18; A. Kelly, ed., The Missing Half: girls and science education (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1981); R. A. Schibeci, "Attitudes to science: an update," Studies in Science Education 11 (1984): 26-59; R. D. Simpson and J. S. Oliver, "A summary of major influences on attitude toward and achievement in science," Science Education 74 (1990): 1-18; M. Weinburgh, "Gender differences in student attitudes toward science: A meta-analysis of the literature from 1970-1991," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 32 (1995): 387-398; and H. Weinreich-Haste, "The image of science," in The Missing Half: girls and science education ed. A. Kelly (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1981).
6. B. J. Becker, "Gender and science achievement: a reanalysis of studies from two meta-analyses," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 26 (1989): 141-169; A. Colley, C. Coomber, and D. J. Hargreaves, "Gender effects in school subject preferences: a research note," Educational Studies 20 (1994): 13-18; A. Kelly, ed., The Missing Half: girls and science education (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1981); R. A. Schibeci, "Attitudes to science: an update," Studies in Science Education 11 (1984): 26-59; R. D. Simpson and J. S. Oliver, "A summary of major influences on attitude toward and achievement in science," Science Education 74 (1990): 1-18; M. Weinburgh, "Gender differences in student attitudes toward science: A meta-analysis of the literature from 1970-1991," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 32 (1995): 387-398; and H. Weinreich-Haste, "The image of science," in The Missing Half: girls and science education ed. A. Kelly (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1981).
7. B. J. Becker, "Gender and science achievement: a reanalysis of studies from two meta-analyses," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 26 (1989): 141-169; A. Colley, C. Coomber, and D. J. Hargreaves, "Gender effects in school subject preferences: a research note," Educational Studies 20 (1994): 13-18; A. Kelly, ed., The Missing Half: girls and science education (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1981); R. A. Schibeci, "Attitudes to science: an update," Studies in Science Education 11 (1984): 26-59; R. D. Simpson and J. S. Oliver, "A summary of major influences on attitude toward and achievement in science," Science Education 74 (1990): 1-18; M. Weinburgh, "Gender differences in student attitudes toward science: A meta-analysis of the literature from 1970-1991," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 32 (1995): 387-398; and H. Weinreich-Haste, "The image of science," in The Missing Half: girls and science education ed. A. Kelly (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1981).
8. J. B. Kahle, L. H. Parker, L. J. Rennie, and D. Riley, "Gender differences in science education: building a model," Educational Psychologist 28 (1993): 379-404; A. Kelly, "Sex stereotypes and school science: a three year follow up," Educational Studies 14 (1988): 151-163; R. E. Myers III and J. T. Fouts, "A cluster analysis of high school science classroom environments and attitudes towards science," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 29 (1992): 929-937; D. L. Pratt, "Responsibility for student success failure and observed verbal-behavior among secondary science and mathematics teachers," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 22 (1985): 809-816; M. Spear, "Teachers' attitudes towards girls and technology," in Girl-friendly schooling, eds, J. White, R. Deem, L. Kant and M. Cruikshank (London: Methuen, 1985) 237-268; J. Archer and M. Macrae, "Gender perceptions of school subjects among 10-21 year-olds," British Journal of Educational Psychology 61 (1991): 99-103; J. Archer and S. Freedman, "Gender-stereotypic perceptions of academic disciplines," British Journal of Educational Psychology 59 (1989): 306-313; S. Sjøberg, "Gender and the image of science," Scandinavian Journal of Education Research 32 (1988): 498-560; M. Sadker, Failing at Fairness: How America's Schools Cheat Girls (New York: C. Scribner's Press, 1994).
9. J. B. Kahle, L. H. Parker, L. J. Rennie, and D. Riley, "Gender differences in science education: building a model," Educational Psychologist 28 (1993): 379-404; A. Kelly, "Sex stereotypes and school science: a three year follow up," Educational Studies 14 (1988): 151-163; R. E. Myers III and J. T. Fouts, "A cluster analysis of high school science classroom environments and attitudes towards science," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 29 (1992): 929-937; D. L. Pratt, "Responsibility for student success failure and observed verbal-behavior among secondary science and mathematics teachers," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 22 (1985): 809-816; M. Spear, "Teachers' attitudes towards girls and technology," in Girl-friendly schooling, eds, J. White, R. Deem, L. Kant and M. Cruikshank (London: Methuen, 1985) 237-268; J. Archer and M. Macrae, "Gender perceptions of school subjects among 10-21 year-olds," British Journal of Educational Psychology 61 (1991): 99-103; J. Archer and S. Freedman, "Gender-stereotypic perceptions of academic disciplines," British Journal of Educational Psychology 59 (1989): 306-313; S. Sjøberg, "Gender and the image of science," Scandinavian Journal of Education Research 32 (1988): 498-560; M. Sadker, Failing at Fairness: How America's Schools Cheat Girls (New York: C. Scribner's Press, 1994).
10. J. B. Kahle, L. H. Parker, L. J. Rennie, and D. Riley, "Gender differences in science education: building a model," Educational Psychologist 28 (1993): 379-404; A. Kelly, "Sex stereotypes and school science: a three year follow up," Educational Studies 14 (1988): 151-163; R. E. Myers III and J. T. Fouts, "A cluster analysis of high school science classroom environments and attitudes towards science," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 29 (1992): 929-937; D. L. Pratt, "Responsibility for student success failure and observed verbal-behavior among secondary science and mathematics teachers," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 22 (1985): 809-816; M. Spear, "Teachers' attitudes towards girls and technology," in Girl-friendly schooling, eds, J. White, R. Deem, L. Kant and M. Cruikshank (London: Methuen, 1985) 237-268; J. Archer and M. Macrae, "Gender perceptions of school subjects among 10-21 year-olds," British Journal of Educational Psychology 61 (1991): 99-103; J. Archer and S. Freedman, "Gender-stereotypic perceptions of academic disciplines," British Journal of Educational Psychology 59 (1989): 306-313; S. Sjøberg, "Gender and the image of science," Scandinavian Journal of Education Research 32 (1988): 498-560; M. Sadker, Failing at Fairness: How America's Schools Cheat Girls (New York: C. Scribner's Press, 1994).
11. J. B. Kahle, L. H. Parker, L. J. Rennie, and D. Riley, "Gender differences in science education: building a model," Educational Psychologist 28 (1993): 379-404; A. Kelly, "Sex stereotypes and school science: a three year follow up," Educational Studies 14 (1988): 151-163; R. E. Myers III and J. T. Fouts, "A cluster analysis of high school science classroom environments and attitudes towards science," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 29 (1992): 929-937; D. L. Pratt, "Responsibility for student success failure and observed verbal-behavior among secondary science and mathematics teachers," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 22 (1985): 809-816; M. Spear, "Teachers' attitudes towards girls and technology," in Girl-friendly schooling, eds, J. White, R. Deem, L. Kant and M. Cruikshank (London: Methuen, 1985) 237-268; J. Archer and M. Macrae, "Gender perceptions of school subjects among 10-21 year-olds," British Journal of Educational Psychology 61 (1991): 99-103; J. Archer and S. Freedman, "Gender-stereotypic perceptions of academic disciplines," British Journal of Educational Psychology 59 (1989): 306-313; S. Sjøberg, "Gender and the image of science," Scandinavian Journal of Education Research 32 (1988): 498-560; M. Sadker, Failing at Fairness: How America's Schools Cheat Girls (New York: C. Scribner's Press, 1994).
12. J. B. Kahle, L. H. Parker, L. J. Rennie, and D. Riley, "Gender differences in science education: building a model," Educational Psychologist 28 (1993): 379-404; A. Kelly, "Sex stereotypes and school science: a three year follow up," Educational Studies 14 (1988): 151-163; R. E. Myers III and J. T. Fouts, "A cluster analysis of high school science classroom environments and attitudes towards science," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 29 (1992): 929-937; D. L. Pratt, "Responsibility for student success failure and observed verbal-behavior among secondary science and mathematics teachers," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 22 (1985): 809-816; M. Spear, "Teachers' attitudes towards girls and technology," in Girl-friendly schooling, eds, J. White, R. Deem, L. Kant and M. Cruikshank (London: Methuen, 1985) 237-268; J. Archer and M. Macrae, "Gender perceptions of school subjects among 10-21 year-olds," British Journal of Educational Psychology 61 (1991): 99-103; J. Archer and S. Freedman, "Gender-stereotypic perceptions of academic disciplines," British Journal of Educational Psychology 59 (1989): 306-313; S. Sjøberg, "Gender and the image of science," Scandinavian Journal of Education Research 32 (1988): 498-560; M. Sadker, Failing at Fairness: How America's Schools Cheat Girls (New York: C. Scribner's Press, 1994).
13. J. B. Kahle, L. H. Parker, L. J. Rennie, and D. Riley, "Gender differences in science education: building a model," Educational Psychologist 28 (1993): 379-404; A. Kelly, "Sex stereotypes and school science: a three year follow up," Educational Studies 14 (1988): 151-163; R. E. Myers III and J. T. Fouts, "A cluster analysis of high school science classroom environments and attitudes towards science," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 29 (1992): 929-937; D. L. Pratt, "Responsibility for student success failure and observed verbal-behavior among secondary science and mathematics teachers," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 22 (1985): 809-816; M. Spear, "Teachers' attitudes towards girls and technology," in Girl-friendly schooling, eds, J. White, R. Deem, L. Kant and M. Cruikshank (London: Methuen, 1985) 237-268; J. Archer and M. Macrae, "Gender perceptions of school subjects among 10-21 year-olds," British Journal of Educational Psychology 61 (1991): 99-103; J. Archer and S. Freedman, "Gender-stereotypic perceptions of academic disciplines," British Journal of Educational Psychology 59 (1989): 306-313; S. Sjøberg, "Gender and the image of science," Scandinavian Journal of Education Research 32 (1988): 498-560; M. Sadker, Failing at Fairness: How America's Schools Cheat Girls (New York: C. Scribner's Press, 1994).
14. J. B. Kahle, L. H. Parker, L. J. Rennie, and D. Riley, "Gender differences in science education: building a model," Educational Psychologist 28 (1993): 379-404; A. Kelly, "Sex stereotypes and school science: a three year follow up," Educational Studies 14 (1988): 151-163; R. E. Myers III and J. T. Fouts, "A cluster analysis of high school science classroom environments and attitudes towards science," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 29 (1992): 929-937; D. L. Pratt, "Responsibility for student success failure and observed verbal-behavior among secondary science and mathematics teachers," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 22 (1985): 809-816; M. Spear, "Teachers' attitudes towards girls and technology," in Girl-friendly schooling, eds, J. White, R. Deem, L. Kant and M. Cruikshank (London: Methuen, 1985) 237-268; J. Archer and M. Macrae, "Gender perceptions of school subjects among 10-21 year-olds," British Journal of Educational Psychology 61 (1991): 99-103; J. Archer and S. Freedman, "Gender-stereotypic perceptions of academic disciplines," British Journal of Educational Psychology 59 (1989): 306-313; S. Sjøberg, "Gender and the image of science," Scandinavian Journal of Education Research 32 (1988): 498-560; M. Sadker, Failing at Fairness: How America's Schools Cheat Girls (New York: C. Scribner's Press, 1994).
15. J. B. Kahle, L. H. Parker, L. J. Rennie, and D. Riley, "Gender differences in science education: building a model," Educational Psychologist 28 (1993): 379-404; A. Kelly, "Sex stereotypes and school science: a three year follow up," Educational Studies 14 (1988): 151-163; R. E. Myers III and J. T. Fouts, "A cluster analysis of high school science classroom environments and attitudes towards science," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 29 (1992): 929-937; D. L. Pratt, "Responsibility for student success failure and observed verbal-behavior among secondary science and mathematics teachers," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 22 (1985): 809-816; M. Spear, "Teachers' attitudes towards girls and technology," in Girl-friendly schooling, eds, J. White, R. Deem, L. Kant and M. Cruikshank (London: Methuen, 1985) 237-268; J. Archer and M. Macrae, "Gender perceptions of school subjects among 10-21 year-olds," British Journal of Educational Psychology 61 (1991): 99-103; J. Archer and S. Freedman, "Gender-stereotypic perceptions of academic disciplines," British Journal of Educational Psychology 59 (1989): 306-313; S. Sjøberg, "Gender and the image of science," Scandinavian Journal of Education Research 32 (1988): 498-560; M. Sadker, Failing at Fairness: How America's Schools Cheat Girls (New York: C. Scribner's Press, 1994).
16. J. B. Kahle, L. H. Parker, L. J. Rennie, and D. Riley, "Gender differences in science education: building a model," Educational Psychologist 28 (1993): 379-404; A. Kelly, "Sex stereotypes and school science: a three year follow up," Educational Studies 14 (1988): 151-163; R. E. Myers III and J. T. Fouts, "A cluster analysis of high school science classroom environments and attitudes towards science," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 29 (1992): 929-937; D. L. Pratt, "Responsibility for student success failure and observed verbal-behavior among secondary science and mathematics teachers," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 22 (1985): 809-816; M. Spear, "Teachers' attitudes towards girls and technology," in Girl-friendly schooling, eds, J. White, R. Deem, L. Kant and M. Cruikshank (London: Methuen, 1985) 237-268; J. Archer and M. Macrae, "Gender perceptions of school subjects among 10-21 year-olds," British Journal of Educational Psychology 61 (1991): 99-103; J. Archer and S. Freedman, "Gender-stereotypic perceptions of academic disciplines," British Journal of Educational Psychology 59 (1989): 306-313; S. Sjøberg, "Gender and the image of science," Scandinavian Journal of Education Research 32 (1988): 498-560; M. Sadker, Failing at Fairness: How America's Schools Cheat Girls (New York: C. Scribner's Press, 1994).
17. G. Breakwell and S. Beardsell, "Gender, parental and peer influences upon science attitudes and activities," Public Understanding of Science 1 (1992): 183-197; A. C. Howe and B. Durr, "Using concrete materials and peer interaction to enhance learning in chemistry," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 19 (1982): 225-232; J. Keeves, "The home, the school and achievement in mathematics and science," Science Education 59 (1975): 439-460; and E. L. Talton and R. D. Simpson, "Relationships between peer and individual attitudes towards science," Science Education 69 (1985): 19-24.
18. G. Breakwell and S. Beardsell, "Gender, parental and peer influences upon science attitudes and activities," Public Understanding of Science 1 (1992): 183-197; A. C. Howe and B. Durr, "Using concrete materials and peer interaction to enhance learning in chemistry," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 19 (1982): 225-232; J. Keeves, "The home, the school and achievement in mathematics and science," Science Education 59 (1975): 439-460; and E. L. Talton and R. D. Simpson, "Relationships between peer and individual attitudes towards science," Science Education 69 (1985): 19-24.
19. G. Breakwell and S. Beardsell, "Gender, parental and peer influences upon science attitudes and activities," Public Understanding of Science 1 (1992): 183-197; A. C. Howe and B. Durr, "Using concrete materials and peer interaction to enhance learning in chemistry," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 19 (1982): 225-232; J. Keeves, "The home, the school and achievement in mathematics and science," Science Education 59 (1975): 439-460; and E. L. Talton and R. D. Simpson, "Relationships between peer and individual attitudes towards science," Science Education 69 (1985): 19-24.
20. G. Breakwell and S. Beardsell, "Gender, parental and peer influences upon science attitudes and activities," Public Understanding of Science 1 (1992): 183-197; A. C. Howe and B. Durr, "Using concrete materials and peer interaction to enhance learning in chemistry," Journal of Research in Science Teaching 19 (1982): 225-232; J. Keeves, "The home, the school and achievement in mathematics and science," Science Education 59 (1975): 439-460; and E. L. Talton and R. D. Simpson, "Relationships between peer and individual attitudes towards science," Science Education 69 (1985): 19-24.
21. J. Archer, "Gender stereotyping of school subjects," The Psychologist 5 (1992): 66-69; J. Archer and M. Macrae, "Gender perceptions of school subjects among 10-21 year-olds," British Journal of Educational Psychology 61 (1991): 99-103; J. Archer and M. McDonald, "Gender roles and school subjects in adolescent girls," Educational Research 33 (1991): 55-64; A. Colley, C. Coomber, and D. J. Hargreaves, "Gender effects in school subject preferences: a research note," Educational Studies 20 (1994): 13-18; and J. Meece and G. Jones, "Girls in mathematics and science: Constructivism as a feminist perspective," The High School Journal 79 (1996): 242-248.
22. J. Archer, "Gender stereotyping of school subjects," The Psychologist 5 (1992): 66-69; J. Archer and M. Macrae, "Gender perceptions of school subjects among 10-21 year-olds," British Journal of Educational Psychology 61 (1991): 99-103; J. Archer and M. McDonald, "Gender roles and school subjects in adolescent girls," Educational Research 33 (1991): 55-64; A. Colley, C. Coomber, and D. J. Hargreaves, "Gender effects in school subject preferences: a research note," Educational Studies 20 (1994): 13-18; and J. Meece and G. Jones, "Girls in mathematics and science: Constructivism as a feminist perspective," The High School Journal 79 (1996): 242-248.
23. J. Archer, "Gender stereotyping of school subjects," The Psychologist 5 (1992): 66-69; J. Archer and M. Macrae, "Gender perceptions of school subjects among 10-21 year-olds," British Journal of Educational Psychology 61 (1991): 99-103; J. Archer and M. McDonald, "Gender roles and school subjects in adolescent girls," Educational Research 33 (1991): 55-64; A. Colley, C. Coomber, and D. J. Hargreaves, "Gender effects in school subject preferences: a research note," Educational Studies 20 (1994): 13-18; and J. Meece and G. Jones, "Girls in mathematics and science: Constructivism as a feminist perspective," The High School Journal 79 (1996): 242-248.
24. J. Archer, "Gender stereotyping of school subjects," The Psychologist 5 (1992): 66-69; J. Archer and M. Macrae, "Gender perceptions of school subjects among 10-21 year-olds," British Journal of Educational Psychology 61 (1991): 99-103; J. Archer and M. McDonald, "Gender roles and school subjects in adolescent girls," Educational Research 33 (1991): 55-64; A. Colley, C. Coomber, and D. J. Hargreaves, "Gender effects in school subject preferences: a research note," Educational Studies 20 (1994): 13-18; and J. Meece and G. Jones, "Girls in mathematics and science: Constructivism as a feminist perspective," The High School Journal 79 (1996): 242-248.
25. J. Archer, "Gender stereotyping of school subjects," The Psychologist 5 (1992): 66-69; J. Archer and M. Macrae, "Gender perceptions of school subjects among 10-21 year-olds," British Journal of Educational Psychology 61 (1991): 99-103; J. Archer and M. McDonald, "Gender roles and school subjects in adolescent girls," Educational Research 33 (1991): 55-64; A. Colley, C. Coomber, and D. J. Hargreaves, "Gender effects in school subject preferences: a research note," Educational Studies 20 (1994): 13-18; and J. Meece and G. Jones, "Girls in mathematics and science: Constructivism as a feminist perspective," The High School Journal 79 (1996): 242-248.
26. J. Archer and M. Macrae, "Gender perceptions of school subjects among 10-21 year-olds," British Journal of Educational Psychology 61 (1991): 99-103; and J. Archer and M. McDonald, "Gender roles and school subjects in adolescent girls," Educational Research 33 (1991): 55-64.
27. J. Archer and M. Macrae, "Gender perceptions of school subjects among 10-21 year-olds," British Journal of Educational Psychology 61 (1991): 99-103; and J. Archer and M. McDonald, "Gender roles and school subjects in adolescent girls," Educational Research 33 (1991): 55-64.
28. J. Keeves, "The home, the school and achievement in mathematics and science," Science Education 59 (1975): 439-460; and E. L. Talton and R. D. Simpson, "Relationships between peer and individual attitudes towards science," Science Education 69 (1985): 19-24.
29. J. Keeves, "The home, the school and achievement in mathematics and science," Science Education 59 (1975): 439-460; and E. L. Talton and R. D. Simpson, "Relationships between peer and individual attitudes towards science," Science Education 69 (1985): 19-24.
30. G. Breakwell and S. Beardsell, "Gender, parental and peer influences upon science attitudes and activities," Public Understanding of Science 1 (1992): 183-197.
31. K. Prandy, A. Stewart, and R. M. Blackburn, White Collar Work, (London: Macmillan, 1982).
32. G. Breakwell and S. Beardsell, "Gender, parental and peer influences upon science attitudes and activities," Public Understanding of Science 1 (1992): 183-197.
33. ibid.
34. ibid.